AP Biology/Heredity

Introduces how traits are passed down from one generation to the next.

Objectives and Skills
Topics may include:
 * The process and function of meiosis
 * The concepts genetic diversity
 * Mendel’s laws and probability
 * Non-mendelian Inheritance
 * Factors affecting inheritance and gene expression

Pedigree

 * Dominant - One of the parents must have the trait; every affected child of non-affected parents has one affected parent.
 * Recessive - Neither parents are required to have it as they're heterozygous; the male parent is affected, but there is an offspring with parents that are not affected; if any affected individual has 2 parents to which they're not affected, then it's recessive.
 * Autosomal - Both males and females are equally liked; parents aren't affected. Son or daughter is affected; affected son with an affected parent.
 * Sex-linked - Males are more affected.
 * X-linked - Carrier's female.

Deletion of a particular segment of chromosome 15 causes...
 * Polygenic traits - Traits controlled by multiple genes instead of just one gene.
 * Recombinant phenotypes - Combinations of traits that are different from either parent. Crossing over causes this.
 * Non-disjunction - Failure of the chromatids of the homologous chromosomes/sister chromatids to separate.
 * Polyploidy - A condition in which the cells of an organism have more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes.
 * Trisomic - Down Syndrome
 * Monosomic - Turner's Syndrome
 * Alteration of chromosome structure
 * Deletion - Removes a chromosomal segment.
 * Duplication - Repeats a segment.
 * Inversion - Reverses a segment within a chromosome.
 * Translocation - Moves a segment from 1 chromosome to another, non-homologous one.
 * Inheritance from Dad
 * Prader-Willi Syndrome - Intellectual disability, catatonia, excessive weight gain, and small hands and feet.
 * Angelman syndrome - Uncontrollable laughter and jerk movements.