AP European History at GRCHS/The First Quarter

2A
I.	Age of Exploration:  A time when Europeans were trying to find a new route to Asia


 * a.	Reasons to go… God, Gold, & Glory


 * i.	God - people wanted to convert the newly discovered peoples to Christianity
 * ii.	Gold
 * iii.	Glory
 * iv.	The Realities


 * v.	Early Leaders in Exploration Potugal + Spain
 * b.	Technology of Exploration
 * i.	Cannon
 * ii.	Caravels over Galleys
 * iii.	Sails
 * iv.	Compass
 * v.	Astrolabe
 * c.	European Sponsorship


 * i.	In return for sponsorship

II. Exploration & Discovery: 
 * a.	Portugal & Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)


 * i.	Bartholomew Dias (1487)
 * ii.	Vasco da Gama (1497-99)
 * iii.	Pedro Cabral (1500-01)
 * b.	Spain & Ferdinand and Isabella
 * i.	Christopher Columbus (1492)


 * ii.	Ferdinand Magellan (1519-1521)


 * iii.	Hernando Cortes (1519-1522)
 * iv.	Francisco Pizarro (1531-1536)
 * c.	England & the British East/West India Company


 * i.	John Cabot (1497)
 * ii.	Sir Francis Drake (1577-1580)


 * iii.	Joint Stock Companies


 * a.	Virginia & London Companies
 * b.	Cash Crops
 * d.	France
 * i.	Jacques Cartier (1534-1541)
 * e.	Netherlands & the Dutch East/West India Company


 * f.	Golden Century of Spain was a time when the Spanish controlled much of the New World and was a powerful force in Europe.


 * g.	Price (Commercial) Revolution (16th Century)

III. Columbian Exchange:


 * a.	Definition
 * b.	From the New World
 * c.	From the Old World
 * d.	Triangle Trade & the Atlantic Economy
 * i.	From EUR
 * ii.	From AFR
 * a.	Bartolommeo de las Casas (1515)


 * b.	Atlantic Slave Trade


 * iii.	From AME
 * iv.	From EUR

IV. Roots of the Reformation (1400-1517): 


 * a.	Secularism


 * b.	Simony
 * c.	Pluralism
 * d.	Indulgences


 * e.	Immorality


 * i.	Alexander VI (1492-1503)
 * ii.	Julius II (1503-1513)


 * iii.	Leo X (1513-1521)
 * iv.	Clement VII (1523-1534)
 * f.	Early Reformers


 * i.	Heretics, Excommunication, & Execution

V.	The Reformation: 

VI. The Protestant Reformation: 


 * a.	Martin Luther (1483-1546)


 * b.	Ninety-Five Theses (1517)
 * i.	It Said


 * ii.	His Intentions


 * c.	Luther & his Doctrine


 * i.	Faith Alone
 * ii.	Interpret the Bible
 * iii.	Two Sacraments
 * iv.	Scripture Alone (sola scriptura)
 * v.	Consubstantiation
 * a.	Transubstantiation
 * d.	Leo X & the Summons to Augsburg (1519)
 * i.	Luther thinks
 * ii.	The Cardinals think
 * iii.	In the end


 * e.	Prince Frederick III of Saxony (1520)


 * i.	German Princes, Luther, & the Politics of the Reformation


 * f.	Charles V, Luther, & the Pope


 * g.	Diet of Worms (1521)


 * i.	The problem

VII. Reaction to Luther’s Ideas in Germany:
 * a.	Clergy


 * b.	Nobles
 * i.	Diet of Speyer (1526)


 * ii.	Diet of Speyer & Protestatio (1529)


 * c.	Peasants & “Christian Freedom”


 * i.	On Christian Liberty (1520) & An Admonition to Peace (1525)


 * ii.	German Peasant Revolt/Swabian Peasant Revolt (1524-1525)


 * iii.	Their Demands in the Twelve Articles
 * iv.	Luther’s Response in the Against the Murdering, Thieving Hordes of Peasants


 * a.	Why did Luther side with the German Princes?


 * d.	Believers, the Augsburg Confession, & the Lutheran Church (1530)


 * e.	Charles V & his Lackluster Response
 * i.	Habsburg-Valois Wars


 * ii.	Ottomans Turks & the 1530’s


 * iii.	Schmalkaldic League & War (1546-1547)


 * iv.	Peace of Augsburg (1555)


 * v.	Death of Charles V (1556)
 * a.	His Son, Phillip II (1556-1598) & the Spanish Habsburgs
 * b.	His Brother, Ferdinand I (1556-1564) & the Austrian Habsburgs

VIII. Reformation Throughout Europe: 
 * a.	Switzerland
 * i.	Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) of Zurich
 * a.	His Reforms
 * ii.	Anabaptists (1525)
 * a.	Their Reforms


 * iii.	Jean Calvin (1509-1564)


 * a.	Institutions of the Christian Religion (1536)
 * i.	Predestination


 * ii.	Good Works
 * iii.	Protestant Work Ethnic


 * b.	Theocracy at Geneva & his Ecclesiastical Ordinances


 * i.	Presbyters


 * ii.	Michael Servetus
 * c.	French Calvinists (Huguenots)
 * b.	Low Countries
 * c.	Scotland, John Knox, & Presbyterianism


 * i.	Book of Common Order (1564)
 * d.	England & Henry VIII


 * i.	Henry VIII (1509-1547), Catherine of Aragon, & Succession


 * a.	Mary Tudor
 * ii.	Anne Boleyn, Separation, & Elizabeth I


 * a.	Elizabeth I
 * b.	Act in Restraint of Appeals (1533)
 * c.	Act of Succession (1534)


 * d.	Act of Supremacy (1534)


 * e.	Book of Common Prayer
 * iii.	Religious Reform for the Anglican Church


 * a.	Pilgrimage of Grace (1536)
 * iv.	Edward VI (1547-1553)
 * v.	Mary Tudor (1553-1558)
 * vi.	Elizabeth I (1558-1603)

IX. Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation):


 * a.	Reaction to Protestantism under Pope Paul III (1534-1549)


 * i.	Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office (1542)
 * b.	Reaction to Protestantism under Pope Paul IV (1555-1559)


 * i.	Index of Forbidden Books
 * c.	Council of Trent (1545-1563)


 * i.	Rejected Protestant ideas


 * ii.	Seminary Education
 * iii.	No Indulgences/Simony/Pluralism
 * d.	Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)


 * i.	Society of Jesus (Jesuit Order) & Spiritual Exercises (1548)


 * a.	Basic Tenets


 * b.	Results
 * e.	Baroque


 * i.	Basic Ideas


 * ii.	Gianlorenzo Bernini (1598-1680) & The Ecstasy of Saint Theresa
 * iii.	Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640) & The Horrors of War, Massacre of the Innocents
 * f.	Results

X.	Culture during the Two Reformations:
 * a.	Role of Women in the Protestant Reformation


 * b.	Role of Women in Catholic Reformation
 * i.	Witch Hunts

I.Unit 2 I.D. Terms:

1)Age of Exploration:

2)Bartholomew Dias:

3)Vasco de Gama:

4)Christopher Columbus:

5)Ferdinand Magellan:

6)Hernando Cortez:

7)Francisco Pizarro:

8)Joint-Stock Companies:

9)Golden Century of Spain:

10)Price (Commercial) Revolution:

11)Columbian Exchange:

12)Triangle Trade:

13)Atlantic Economy:

14)Protestant Reformation:

15)Pluralism:

16)Simony:

17)Indulgences:

18)Martin Luther:

19)Charles V:

20)Diet of Worms:

21)German Peasant Revolt:

22)Schmalkaldic War:

23)Peace of Augsburg:

24)John Calvin:

25)Predestination:

26)Theocracy:

27)John Knox:

28)Henry VIII:

29)Act of Supremacy:

30)Catholic Reformation:

31)Baroque:

32)Council of Trent:

33)Ignatius Loyola:

2B
I.	Wars of Religion (1572-1648):


 * a.	Medieval Idea of Christendom


 * b.	Protestant Realities
 * c.	Catholic Realities
 * d.	Major Conflicts in Europe

II. France III. Low Countries

IV. Holy Roman Empire

V.	France, King Francis I (1515-1547), & the Huguenots:


 * a.	Problems w/ Taxation(taille [land] tax)


 * b.	Problems w/ the Nobility


 * a.	Huguenot Minority in France


 * c.	Problems w/ the People


 * d.	The Solution: the Concordat of Bologna (1516)
 * a.	It Said
 * b.	Significance on the Nobility


 * c.	Significance on Revenue
 * d.	Significance on the Clergy


 * e.	Significance on the Huguenots
 * e.	Henry II (1547-1559) [son of Francis I], Calvinism, & Persecution


 * f.	Catherine de’ Medici (1519-1589) [wife of Henry II] & Her Regency


 * a.	The Problem w/ Catherine
 * b.	The Problem w/ Regencies


 * c.	House of Guise [C], the House of Montmorency [C], & the House of Bourbon [P]


 * g.	Charles IX (1560-1574) [1st son of Henry II] & Marriage to Navarre (1572)


 * a.	Henry of Navarre (1553-1610) [Leader of House Bourbon] & His Sister


 * b.	Problems w/ the House of Guise
 * c.	Henry Guise [Leader of House Guise] & the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572)


 * i.	Results
 * h.	Henry III (1574-1589) [2nd son of Henry II] & Financial Crisis


 * a.	Problems w/ the Nobles


 * i.	Catholic League (1576) & Henry Guise


 * b.	Henry of Navarre & Heir to the Throne (1584)


 * i.	Henry & Politiques


 * i.	War of the Three Henry’s (1584-1589)


 * a.	Henry of Guise’s Execution (1588)


 * b.	Henry III’s Assassination (1589)
 * c.	Henry of Navarre’s Win (1589)
 * j.	Henry of Navarre, Unity, & “Paris is worth a Mass” (1593)


 * k.	Henry IV of the Bourbon Dynasty & the Edict of Nantes (1598)
 * a.	Edict of Nantes
 * i.	La Rochelle
 * l.	Rebuilding France in the Aftermath
 * a.	Maximilien Bethune & the Duke of Sully


 * b.	Taxation & the Paulette (Office Inheritance)


 * c.	Colonization
 * d.	Infrastructure
 * e.	Bureaucracy


 * f.	Ignored Provincial Complaints, Parlements (royal law courts), & Estates General (Legislature)
 * i.	Charles Loyseau & Treatise on Orders and Plain Dignities


 * g.	Henry’s Life, marriage to Marie de’ Medici, & Death (1610)


 * m.	Louis XIII (1610-1643) [son of Henry VI]


 * a.	Called Estates General (1616)


 * b.	Ignored the Edict of Nantes (1627)


 * c.	Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642) & Reasons of the State


 * i.	Intendant System & Generalities


 * a.	Political Purpose


 * ii.	Religious Views & Foreign Policy

VI. Low Countries & the Dutch Revolt: 


 * a.	Charles V & Dutch Happiness
 * b.	Phillip II & Dutch Unhappiness


 * c.	Dutch Revolt (1556-1587)


 * d.	Duke of Alva & the Council of Blood


 * e.	William of Orange [the Silent] (1576) & Protestant Revival


 * f.	Alexander Farnese (Phillip’s nephew)
 * a.	Ten Southern Counties (Spanish Netherlands) [Belgium]


 * b.	Seven Northern Counties (Dutch United Provinces) [the Netherlands]


 * i.	Union of Utrecht (1579)
 * ii.	Dutch United Provinces (1581)
 * a.	Phillip II’s Reality


 * g.	Elizabeth I (1558-1603), Dutch Support, War w/ Spain


 * a.	English Textiles
 * b.	Fear of Dutch Conquest


 * c.	Assassination Attempt by Phillip & Mary


 * h.	Phillip’s Invasion & the Spanish Armada (1588)


 * a.	Why Spain Lost


 * b.	Why England Won
 * c.	Significance


 * i.	Phillip III (1598-1621) [son of Phillip II] & Peace (1609)


 * j.	Spain’s Decline
 * a.	Wars w/ England & the Dutch
 * b.	Gold Trade Slowed
 * c.	Population Increase & Lack of a Middle Class


 * d.	Rise of Northern European States


 * i.	Miguel de Cervantes (1547-1616) & Don Quixote


 * e.	Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659)


 * i.	Spanish/French Border
 * ii.	French Italian Possessions
 * iii.	Austrian Italian Possessions

VII. Holy Roman Empire & the Thirty Years’ War:


 * a.	Peace of Augsburg to 1618


 * b.	Prelude to War: Ferdinand II (1578-1637) [Habsburg King of Austria] & Holy Roman Emperorship


 * a.	Bohemian Diet (1618)
 * b.	Problem w/ Bohemia
 * c.	Defenestration of Prague (1618)


 * a.	Catholic League
 * b.	Protestant Union
 * d.	The Bohemian Phase of the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1625)


 * a.	Protestant Union led by Prince Frederick V of the Palatinate


 * b.	Catholic League led by Ferdinand II, Phillip III (Spain), & Johannes von Tilly


 * c.	Results of the Bohemian Phase


 * e.	The Danish Phase of the Thirty Years’ War (1625-1629)


 * a.	Protestant Union led by Christian IV (1588-1648)


 * b.	Catholic League led by Ferdinand II, Phillip III (Spain), Johannes von Tilly, & Albrecht Wallenstein


 * c.	Results of the Danish Phase


 * i.	Edict of Restitution (1629)
 * f.	The Swedish Phase of the Thirty Years’ War (1629-1635)


 * a.	Protestant Union led by Gustavus Adolphus (1594-1632)


 * b.	Catholic League led by Ferdinand II, Phillip III (Spain), Johannes von Tilly, & Albrecht Wallenstein


 * c.	Results of the Swedish Phase


 * g.	The French Phase of the Thirty Years’ War (1635-1648)


 * a.	Protestant Union led by Louis XIII


 * b.	Catholic League led by Ferdinand III (1637-1657) & Phillip IV (1621-1665)


 * c.	Results of the French Phase


 * h.	Peace of Westphalia (1648)


 * a.	Spain & the Dutch
 * b.	Switzerland
 * c.	France & Alsace & Lorraine


 * d.	Papal Limitations
 * e.	Bohemia & Austria
 * f.	Brandenburg-Prussia
 * g.	Peace of Augsburg
 * h.	German Princes
 * i.	Results of the Thirty Years’ War


 * a.	Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592) & Essays

V.	Unit 2 I.D. Terms:

1)	Huguenots:

2)	Concordat of Bologna:

3)	Henry III:

4)	Henry of Navarre:

5)	War of the Three Henry’s:

6)	Edict of Nantes:

7)	Louis XIII:

8)	Cardinal Richelieu:

9)	Intendant System:

10)	Dutch Revolt:

11)	Phillip II:

12)	Spanish Armada:

13)	Elizabeth I:

14)	Treaty of the Pyrenees:

15)	Thirty Years’ War:

16)	Ferdinand II:

17)	Defenestration of Prague:

18)	Bohemian Phase:

19)	Danish Phase:

20)	Swedish Phase:

21)	French Phase:

22)	Pease of Westphalia:

3A
I.	Absolutism: 
 * a.	Absolutism is

A political philosophy, system of govenrment that says the King should be powerful.


 * a.	Examples of Absolutist States

France, Russia, Austria, Prussia
 * b.	Philosophical Support of Absolutism
 * i.	Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) & Leviathan


 * ii.	Jacques Bossuet (1627-1704)

Devine Right of Kings- God said they should have a powerful King
 * b.	Absolutism was a reaction to


 * c.	Absolutism in Reality
 * a.	Law & Tradition
 * b.	Nobles’ Role in GOV


 * c.	Economy of the State
 * d.	Breaking Point of the People
 * d.	Characteristics of an Absolutist State
 * a.	Centralized Monarchy
 * b.	Royal Dynasty


 * c.	Role of the Nobility

The King reduced their power but increased their status.


 * d.	Ignoring of Legislatures

King ignores town councils and other courts, they can only meet if they are called by the King.
 * e.	Oppression of the Peasants

Take away their rights.
 * f.	Strengthening of the Bureaucracy


 * i.	Problems


 * g.	Expansion of the Citizen Military

Wants a standing army.


 * i.	War as a “Reason of the State”

Everything you do should improve the state; War should increase territory.
 * h.	State Religion

State should control, King appoints state religious leaders.
 * i.	Architecture & Construction

Symbols of Power; victories
 * i.	Baroque
 * ii.	Neoclassicism

Artistic painting (classical themes) II. Absolutism in France: “One Law, One King, One Faith”: Louis XIV goal to a Absolute Monarchy; centralized government
 * a.	Louis XIV (1638-1715) [reigns 1643-1715], the Sun King

The King who put absolutism in place in France, only 5 years old when he took reign
 * a.	Anne of Austria (1601-1666) & Cardinal Jules Mazarin (1602-1661)


 * b.	Mazarin’s Rule of France


 * i.	Fronde (1648-1653)


 * ii.	Mazarin’s Response
 * iii.	Louis XIV’s Response (1653)


 * a.	Results


 * b.	Louis XIV, the Absolute & his Reign


 * a.	Louis as God’s Representative on Earth


 * b.	Louis, his Nobles, & Taxation (capitation [head tax] & vingtieme [5% tax on land])


 * i.	Status as a Control


 * a.	Everything Has A Place & Every Place Has A Thing


 * ii.	Levels of Status & Appointments


 * a.	Nobility of the Robe & Merchants


 * b.	Nobility of the Sword & Court Life


 * c.	Louis XIV, the Palace at Versailles, & the Supreme Symbol of Royal Power


 * i.	Palace at Versailles (construction 1669-1686)


 * ii.	Baroque Architecture at Versailles


 * iii.	Political Purposes
 * a.	Foreign Diplomats
 * b.	Peasants
 * c.	Nobility of the Sword


 * i.	Those Not Participating
 * iv.	Court Life


 * a.	Ceremonies
 * i.	Conduct


 * ii.	The French Playwright, Moliere


 * a.	The Bourgeois Gentlemen & Tartuffe
 * v.	Impact of Versailles on Europe


 * a.	St. Petersburg under Peter I & the Potsdam Palace under Frederick II
 * d.	Louis XIV & Mercantilism


 * i.	Mercantilism


 * a.	Mercantilist Principles
 * i.	Wealth in Finite (Limited)


 * ii.	Wealth as Power
 * iii.	Wealth & Competition


 * iv.	Wealth, Power, & Influence


 * b.	Mercantilist Economic Policies


 * ii.	Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683), Louis XIV’s Finance Minister (1661)


 * a.	His Domestic Policies


 * e.	Louis XIV’s Persecution of Minorities


 * i.	The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685)


 * a.	Results


 * b.	Economic Significance


 * f.	Limits to French Absolutism
 * i.	No Nation-State


 * ii.	Provincial Estates


 * iii.	Parlements


 * a.	Parlement of Paris & the Jansenists


 * iv.	Uncontrollable Factors by Jean Bodin


 * v.	Reality for France

III. The Habsburg Monarchy & the Holy Roman Empire: 


 * a.	The Limits of the Holy Roman Emperor


 * b.	The Rise of Austria


 * a.	Possessions
 * b.	The Metropolitan Monarchy


 * c.	Problems with the Nobles


 * d.	Problems with Hungary (Magyars)


 * i.	Hungarian Rebellion (1679)


 * ii.	The Siege of Vienna (1683) & Leopold I (1658-1705) [King of Austria & Holy Roman Emperor]
 * iii.	Poland, the Great Vanquisher of the Turks


 * iv.	Lifting of the Siege of Vienna


 * v.	Pope Innocent XI & Formation of the Holy League (1684)


 * vi.	War of the Holy League (1686-1687)


 * vii.	Peace of Karlowitz (1699)


 * a.	It Said


 * e.	Reality for Austria

IV. The Rise of Prussia & the Hohenzollern Dynasty:


 * a.	Brandenburg-Prussia
 * b.	Benefits from the Thirty Years’ War


 * a.	Junkers & the Peasants


 * c.	Problems from the Thirty Years’ War


 * d.	Frederick William, the Great Elector (1640-1688) & the Path to Centralization


 * a.	Agreement with the Junkers (1653)


 * b.	With the Money from Taxation


 * c.	His Goal


 * i.	Results


 * d.	Creation of State Officials


 * e.	General Directory over Finance, War, and Royal Domains


 * f.	Results Under Frederick William


 * e.	King Frederick I of Prussia (1688-1713) [son of Frederick William]
 * f.	Frederick William I (1713-1740) [son of Frederick I], the Sergeant King


 * a.	Creation of Fiscals


 * b.	Appointment of Commoners


 * c.	“Prussia is not an country with an army, it is an army with a country”


 * i.	Size of the Army
 * d.	Reality for Prussia

V.	The Expansion of Muscovy & the Creation of Russia: 


 * a.	Russia & the Mongols (13th Century to 15th Century)


 * b.	Rise of the Muscovy & Ivan III (1462-1505)


 * a.	Poland to the West, Mongols to the East, Crimean Tartars to the South
 * c.	Ivan IV (1533-1584), the Terrible, & Expansion of the Muscovite State


 * a.	His Goals


 * b.	Territorial Expansion
 * c.	Control of the Boyars


 * d.	 The Terrible Years (1570’s)


 * i.	War with Poland


 * ii.	Oprinchnina


 * iii.	Murder of his Daughter-in-Law, unborn-Grandson, & Son (Ivan)


 * a.	Fyodor (Ivan IV’s other son)
 * d.	Time of Troubles (1584-1613)


 * a.	Rise of the Cossacks


 * b.	Multiple Czars


 * e.	Michael Romanov (1613-164), the Assembly of Nobles, & Stability
 * a.	Why Him?
 * f.	Romanov Russia
 * a.	Russian Orthodox Church & the Romanovs


 * i.	The Old Believers


 * b.	Peasant Life


 * c.	Foreign Enemies
 * d.	Westward Expansion & War with Poland (1640’s)
 * i.	Treaty of Andrussovo (1667)


 * g.	Sweden, Muscovite Russia’s Great Enemy


 * a.	Charles XII (1697-1718)


 * h.	Peter I [the Great] (1682-1725), Tsar of Russia, Vanquisher of the Swedes


 * a.	His Problems with Russian Culture


 * b.	Peter’s European Tour & Modernization (Westernization)


 * c.	Peter & His Reforms in Russia
 * i.	Bureaucracy


 * a.	Creation of a Senate


 * ii.	Table of Ranks (1722) & the Service State


 * a.	Use of Commoners


 * iii.	Cultural Shift


 * a.	St. Petersburg


 * iv.	Old Believers & Other Objectors
 * v.	Economy & Taxation


 * vi.	Military


 * vii.	Territorial Expansion & the Port of Azoz (1696)


 * d.	Great Northern War (1700-1721)


 * i.	Battle of Narva (1700)


 * ii.	Battle of Poltava (1709)


 * iii.	Treaty of Nystadt (1721)


 * a.	Territorial Gains
 * i.	Limitations to Russian Absolutism


 * j.	Reality for Russia

VI. European Balance of Power Politics: 


 * a.	Renaissance Idea of Balance of Power


 * b.	International Law


 * a.	Samuel von Pufendorf (1632 – 1694) & Of the Law of Nature and Nations (1672)


 * c.	Wars to Maintain Balance of Power


 * a.	Louis XIV & France’s “Natural Borders”


 * b.	War of the League of Augsburg (1688-1697)
 * i.	England/Dutch United Provinces/Austria/Spain vs. France
 * ii.	Treaty of Ryswick (1692)


 * c.	War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714)


 * i.	Spain, Charles II, & Succession (1700)


 * ii.	Philip of Anjou (Louis XIV’s grandson)


 * iii.	Philip V, King of Spain (1700)
 * iv.	Philip V, Heir to the French Throne (1701)


 * v.	England/Dutch United Provinces/Austria/Prussia vs. Spain/France


 * vi.	Peace of Utrecht (1713)
 * a.	It Said
 * b.	Territorial Exchanges for Austria
 * c.	Territorial Exchanges for England


 * vii.	 Louis XV (1715-1774)


 * d.	Creation of the Modern State

I.	Unit 3 I.D. Terms:

1)	Absolutism:

2)	Reasons of the State:

3)	Baroque:

4)	“One Law, One King, One Faith”:

5)	Louis XIV:

6)	Fronde:

7)	Parlement:

8)	Palace at Versailles:

9)	Mercantilism:

10)	Jean-Baptiste Colbert:

11)	Metropolitan Monarchy:

12)	Siege of Vienna:

13)	Leopold I:

14)	War of the Holy League:

15)	Junkers:

16)	Frederick William, the Great Elector:

17)	Frederick William I:

18)	Ivan IV:

19)	Time of Troubles:

20)	Michael Romanov:

21)	Peter I:

22)	Modernization:

23)	Great Northern War:

24)	Treaty of Nystadt:

25)	European Balance of Power:

26)	War of the League of Augsburg:

27)	Treaty of Ryswick:

28)	War of Spanish Succession:

29)	Philip of Anjou:

30)	Peace of Utrecht:

3B
I.	’’’Absolutism: ’’’


 * a.	Absolutism is


 * a.	Examples of Absolutist States


 * b.	Philosophical Support of Absolutism


 * i.	Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) & Leviathan


 * ii.	Jacques Bossuet (1627-1704)


 * b.	Absolutism was a reaction to


 * c.	Absolutism in Reality


 * a.	Law & Tradition


 * b.	Nobles’ Role in GOV


 * c.	Economy of the State


 * d.	Breaking Point of the People


 * d.	Characteristics of an Absolutist State


 * a.	Centralized Monarchy


 * b.	Royal Dynasty


 * c.	Role of the Nobility


 * d.	Ignoring of Legislatures


 * e.	Oppression of the Peasants


 * f.	Strengthening of the Bureaucracy


 * i.	Problems


 * g.	Expansion of the Citizen Military


 * i.	War as a “Reason of the State”


 * h.	State Religion


 * i.	Architecture & Construction


 * i.	Baroque


 * ii.	Neoclassicism

II. ’’’Absolutism in France: “One Law, One King, One Faith”:’’’


 * a.	Louis XIV (1638-1715) [reigns 1643-1715], the Sun King


 * a.	Anne of Austria (1601-1666) & Cardinal Jules Mazarin (1602-1661)


 * b.	Mazarin’s Rule of France


 * i.	Fronde (1648-1653)


 * ii.	Mazarin’s Response


 * iii.	Louis XIV’s Response (1653)


 * a.	Results


 * b.	Louis XIV, the Absolute & his Reign


 * a.	Louis as God’s Representative on Earth


 * b.	Louis, his Nobles, & Taxation (capitation [head tax] & vingtieme [5% tax on land])


 * i.	Status as a Control


 * a.	Everything Has A Place & Every Place Has A Thing


 * ii.	Levels of Status & Appointments


 * a.	Nobility of the Robe & Merchants


 * b.	Nobility of the Sword & Court Life


 * c.	Louis XIV, the Palace at Versailles, & the Supreme Symbol of Royal Power


 * i.	Palace at Versailles (construction 1669-1686)


 * ii.	Baroque Architecture at Versailles


 * iii.	Political Purposes


 * a.	Foreign Diplomats


 * b.	Peasants


 * c.	Nobility of the Sword


 * i.	Those Not Participating


 * iv.	Court Life


 * a.	Ceremonies


 * i.	Conduct


 * ii.	The French Playwright, Moliere


 * a.	The Bourgeois Gentlemen & Tartuffe


 * v.	Impact of Versailles on Europe


 * a.	St. Petersburg under Peter I & the Potsdam Palace under Frederick II


 * d.	Louis XIV & Mercantilism


 * i.	Mercantilism


 * a.	Mercantilist Principles


 * i.	Wealth in Finite (Limited)


 * ii.	Wealth as Power


 * iii.	Wealth & Competition


 * iv.	Wealth, Power, & Influence


 * b.	Mercantilist Economic Policies


 * ii.	Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683), Louis XIV’s Finance Minister (1661)


 * a.	His Domestic Policies


 * e.	Louis XIV’s Persecution of Minorities


 * i.	The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685)


 * a.	Results


 * b.	Economic Significance


 * f.	Limits to French Absolutism


 * i.	No Nation-State


 * ii.	Provincial Estates


 * iii.	Parlements


 * a.	Parlement of Paris & the Jansenists


 * iv.	Uncontrollable Factors by Jean Bodin


 * v.	Reality for France

III. ’’’The Habsburg Monarchy & the Holy Roman Empire: ’’’


 * a.	The Limits of the Holy Roman Emperor


 * b.	The Rise of Austria


 * a.	Possessions


 * b.	The Metropolitan Monarchy


 * c.	Problems with the Nobles


 * d.	Problems with Hungary (Magyars)


 * i.	Hungarian Rebellion (1679)


 * ii.	The Siege of Vienna (1683) & Leopold I (1658-1705) [King of Austria & Holy Roman Emperor]


 * iii.	Poland, the Great Vanquisher of the Turks


 * iv.	Lifting of the Siege of Vienna


 * v.	Pope Innocent XI & Formation of the Holy League (1684)


 * vi.	War of the Holy League (1686-1687)


 * vii.	Peace of Karlowitz (1699)


 * a.	It Said


 * e.	Reality for Austria

IV. ’’’The Rise of Prussia & the Hohenzollern Dynasty: ’’’


 * a.	Brandenburg-Prussia


 * b.	Benefits from the Thirty Years’ War


 * a.	Junkers & the Peasants


 * c.	Problems from the Thirty Years’ War


 * d.	Frederick William, the Great Elector (1640-1688), & the Path to Centralization


 * a.	Agreement with the Junkers (1653)


 * b.	With the Money from Taxation


 * c.	His Goal


 * i.	Results


 * d.	Creation of State Officials


 * e.	General Directory over Finance, War, and Royal Domains


 * f.	Results Under Frederick William


 * e.	King Frederick I of Prussia (1688-1713) [son of Frederick William]


 * f.	Frederick William I (1713-1740) [son of Frederick I], the Sergeant King


 * a.	Creation of Fiscals


 * b.	Appointment of Commoners


 * c.	“Prussia is not an country with an army, it is an army with a country”


 * i.	Size of the Army


 * d.	Reality for Prussia

V.	’’’The Expansion of Muscovy & the Creation of Russia: ’’’


 * a.	Russia & the Mongols (13th Century to 15th Century)


 * b.	Rise of the Muscovy & Ivan III (1462-1505)


 * a.	Poland to the West, Mongols to the East, Crimean Tartars to the South


 * c.	Ivan IV (1533-1584), the Terrible, & Expansion of the Muscovite State


 * a.	His Goals


 * b.	Territorial Expansion


 * c.	Control of the Boyars


 * d.	 The Terrible Years (1570’s)


 * i.	War with Poland


 * ii.	Oprinchnina


 * iii.	Murder of his Daughter-in-Law, unborn-Grandson, & Son (Ivan)


 * a.	Fyodor (Ivan IV’s other son)


 * d.	Time of Troubles (1584-1613)


 * a.	Rise of the Cossacks


 * b.	Multiple Czars


 * e.	Michael Romanov (1613-1645), the Assembly of Nobles, & Stability


 * a.	Why Him?


 * f.	Romanov Russia


 * a.	Russian Orthodox Church & the Romanovs


 * i.	The Old Believers


 * b.	Peasant Life


 * c.	Foreign Enemies


 * d.	Westward Expansion & War with Poland (1640’s)


 * i.	Treaty of Andrussovo (1667)


 * g.	Sweden, Muscovite Russia’s Great Enemy


 * a.	Charles XII (1697-1718)


 * h.	Peter I [the Great] (1682-1725), Tsar of Russia, Vanquisher of the Swedes


 * a.	His Problems with Russian Culture


 * b.	Peter’s European Tour & Modernization (Westernization)


 * c.	Peter & His Reforms in Russia


 * i.	Bureaucracy


 * a.	Creation of a Senate


 * ii.	Table of Ranks (1722) & the Service State


 * a.	Use of Commoners


 * iii.	Cultural Shift


 * a.	St. Petersburg


 * iv.	Old Believers & Other Objectors


 * v.	Economy & Taxation


 * vi.	Military


 * vii.	Territorial Expansion & the Port of Azoz (1696)


 * d.	Great Northern War (1700-1721)


 * i.	Battle of Narva (1700)


 * ii.	Battle of Poltava (1709)


 * iii.	Treaty of Nystadt (1721)


 * a.	Territorial Gains


 * i.	Limitations to Russian Absolutism


 * j.	Reality for Russia

VI. ’’’European Balance of Power Politics: ’’’


 * a.	Renaissance Idea of Balance of Power


 * b.	International Law


 * a.	Samuel von Pufendorf (1632 – 1694) & Of the Law of Nature and Nations (1672)


 * c.	Wars to Maintain Balance of Power


 * a.	Louis XIV & France’s “Natural Borders”


 * b.	War of the League of Augsburg (1688-1697)


 * i.	Also Called King William’s War (North America), Nine Years War, War of the Grand Alliance, & War of Palatine Succession


 * ii.	England/Dutch United Provinces/Austria/Spain vs. France


 * iii.	Treaty of Ryswick (1697)


 * c.	War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714)


 * i.	Spain, Charles II, & Succession (1700)


 * ii.	Philip of Anjou (Louis XIV’s grandson)


 * iii.	Philip V, King of Spain (1700)


 * iv.	Philip V, Heir to the French Throne (1701)


 * v.	England/Dutch United Provinces/Austria/Prussia vs. Spain/France


 * vi.	Peace of Utrecht (1713)


 * a.	It Said


 * b.	Territorial Exchanges for Austria


 * c.	Territorial Exchanges for England


 * vii.	 Louis XV (1715-1774)


 * d.	Creation of the Modern State

VII. Unit 3 I.D. Terms:

1)	Absolutism:

2)	Reasons of the State:

3)	Baroque:

4)	“One Law, One King, One Faith”:

5)	Louis XIV:

6)	Fronde:

7)	Parlement:

8)	Palace at Versailles:

9)	Mercantilism:

10)	Jean-Baptiste Colbert:

11)	Metropolitan Monarchy:

12)	Siege of Vienna:

13)	Leopold I:

14)	War of the Holy League:

15)	Junkers:

16)	Frederick William, the Great Elector:

17)	Frederick William I:

18)	Ivan IV:

19)	Time of Troubles:

20)	Michael Romanov:

21)	Peter I:

22)	Modernization:

23)	Great Northern War:

24)	Treaty of Nystadt:

25)	European Balance of Power:

26)	War of the League of Augsburg:

27)	Treaty of Ryswick:

28)	War of Spanish Succession:

29)	Philip of Anjou:

30)	Peace of Utrecht: