Aflatoxin/Quiz 1

Sociodemographic information
{What is your gender? + Male. - Female. - Prefer not to say.
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{What is your age? { 1234567 }
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{Are you married? - Yes - No + Prefer not to say
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{What is the highest degree or level of education you have completed? - Lower primary school (grades 1-3) - Middle primary school (grades 4-5) - Secondary school (Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE)) - Post-secondary (Variety of post-secondary diplomas and certificates from technical training institutes and institutes of technology) - Vocational (Variety of Certificates and Craft Certificates) - Bachelor - Master - Doctorate - None of these - Prefer not to say
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{In which district/s is/are your farm/s located? - Baringo - Bomet - Bungoma - Busia - Elgeyo-Marakwet - Embu - Garissa - Homa Bay - Isiolo - Kajiado - Kakamega - Kericho - Kiambu - Kilifi - Kirinyaga - Kisii - Kisumu - Kitui - Kwale - Laikipia - Lamu - Machakos - Makueni - Mandera - Marsabit - Meru - Migori - Mombasa (County) - Murang'a - Nairobi (County) - Nakuru - Nandi - Narok - Nyamira - Nyandarua - Nyeri - Samburu - Siaya - Taita–Taveta - Tana River - Tharaka-Nithi - Trans-Nzoia - Turkana - Uasin Gishu - Vihiga - Wajir - West Pokot + Prefer not to say
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{Do you live on (one of) your farm(s)? - Yes - No + Prefer not to say
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{Where do you live - Same county as farm(s) (rural) - Same county as farm(s) (city) - Other county as farm(s) (rural) - Other county as farm(s) (city) - Nairobi - Outside Kenya + Prefer not to say
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Agricultural practice
{How large is your total farming area? - < 5 ha - 5 - 50 ha - > 50 ha + Prefer not to say
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{'''What crops do you produce in the actual season? Multiple selections possible.''' + Maize + Sorghum + Pearl millet + Rice + Wheat + Cassava + Yam + Sweet potatoe + Potatoe + Beans + Chickpea + Soybean + Peanut + Almond + Brazil nut + Pistachio + Walnut + Macadamia + Pecans + Coconut + Cashew + Sunflower seeds + Cotton seeds + Sesame seeds + Dried fruits (e.g. figs, raisins, currants, sultanas, plums, dates, and apricots) + Spices (e.g. chilies, black pepper, turmeric, coriander, and ginger) - None of these - Others
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{'''What crops did you cultivivate the last two years? Multiple selections possible.''' + Maize + Sorghum + Pearl millet + Rice + Wheat + Cassava + Yam + Sweet potatoe + Potatoe + Beans + Chickpea + Soybean + Peanut + Almond + Brazil nut + Pistachio + Walnut + Macadamia + Pecans + Coconut + Cashew + Sunflower seeds + Cotton seeds + Sesame seeds + Dried fruits (e.g. figs, raisins, currants, sultanas, plums, dates, and apricots) + Spices (e.g. chilies, black pepper, turmeric, coriander, and ginger) - None of these - Others
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{'''Have you encountered any pests or diseases in your growing area in the last two years? If yes, what type of symptoms? Multiple answers possible.''' + Wadded white or colored coatings on fruits + Exfoliation (removal or loss of leaves) + Root rot + Leaf ulcers + Plant death + Die-back of shoot-tips + Failure of plants to thrive such as a reduction in growth or low production + Low germination rates + Yellow, black, brown or orange spots on leaves + Unusual markings, deformations or colouration on leaves or fruit + Leaf curling + Galls + Early fruit drop + Stick slime on the surface of shoots + Blossom blight where blossoms appear water-soaked and turn brown or black + Shoot blight + Fruit with insect maggots - None of these
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{'''What agricultural practices do you apply? Multiple selections possible.''' + Organic fertilization + Mineral fertilization + In situ green manuring by growing pulse crops like cowpea, horse gram, sunn hemp etc. + Irrigation (maybe + Conventional tillage + Conservation tillage + AflaSafe + Push-Pull + Crop rotation + Fungicides + Insecticides + Herbicides + Organic mulching (straw, crop residues etc) + Plastic mulching + Intercropping + Crop residue removal - None of these
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{'''What do you do during harvest? Multiple selections possible.''' + Harvesting with clean containers + Harvesting with clean tools / machines + Not harvesting plants with damaged fruits / grains + Frequently checking of crop moisture prior harvest + Avoiding contact of crops with soil - None of these
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{'''How do you treat your crop after harvest? Multiple selections possible.''' + Do not store freshly harvested produce in piles for more than a few hours prior to drying or threshing + Cleaning freshly harvested crops + Remove damaged crops and other foreign matter + Maintaining air circulation through the grain storage area + Store crops at dry conditions + Protection of stock from rain + Protection of stock from vermin (rodents, birds, insects) + Cooling the crops as quickly as possible after drying + Storing crops at relatively constant temperature + Storing crops above the floor or with a water-impermeable layer + Checking moisture content of grain at regular intervals + Checking the temperature of stored grain at regular intervals + Using insecticides + Using fungicides + Cleaning of storage area frequently - None of these
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{Do livestock graze on your agricultural land (including livestock grazing on crop residue)? - Yes, most time of year - Yes, but lifestock only graze on crop residues post-harvest + No
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{Do you consume and/or trade your crops? - Mainly in-house consumption of crops, none or only a minority of crops are traded - In-house consumption of crops, but most of the crops are traded + No in-house consumption, everything is traded
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{'''Where do you sell your crops? Multiple selections possible.''' + NCPB depots/stores + Retail stores + Farmer stores + Market stores + Others - None
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{'''What do you do with crops not suitable for trading on food market (e.g. heavyly moldy) or crop risidues? Multiple selections possible.''' + In-house consumption + Feeding to cattle + Incorporation into soil + Spreading on the field for superficial rotting + Burning + Sell to the non-food industries - None of these
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Molds and mycotoxins.
{Have you ever heard of mycotoxins (e.g. aflatoxins, Fusarium toxins)? + Yes - No
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{'''Do you think mold contamination affect the quality of farm crops and if so, what are they? Multiple selections possible.''' + Change in color + Change in taste + Change in smell + Adverse acute reactions after consumption e.g. allergic reaction, gastrointestinal problems + Reduced harvest quantities + Reduced market value - No effect on quality
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{'''Do you think molds and mycotoxins may pose harmful effects to humans and if so, what are they? Multiple selections possible.''' + Vomiting + Diarrhea + Allergic reactions + Infertility + Damage the foetus + Damage the infants + Damage the childrens + Cancer + Damage to organs (e.g. liver, kindney) + Death - No / minimal risk to human health
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{'''Do you think that feeding moldy plant material (crops and crop residues) can have harmful effects on livestock and if so, what are they? Multiple selections possible.''' + Reduced production of milk or eggs + Reduced weight gain and growth + Reduced feeding + Causes fever + Causes diarrhea or other gastrointestinal disturbances + Creates ulcers and sores + Causes death + Damage the foetus + Damage the juveniles - No / minimal risk to animal health
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{'''At what stage of crop production can mold contamination occur? Multiple selections possible.''' + Pre-Harvest + During Harvest + Post-Harvest - Don’t know
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{'''What conditions do you think can promote mold growth pre-harvest? Multiple answers possible.''' + High temperature + Low temperature + Drought + Wetness / Overwatering + Poor seeds or saplings + Repeated planting of the same crop on the same plot of land + Insect pests + Sowing or planting in a field that still contain old crop residues + Insufficient inter-plant spacing, too dense plantation + insufficient weed control, too many weeds - None of these
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{'''What conditions do you think can promote mold growth during harvest? Multiple answers possible.''' + Harvesting with dirty containers (soil, dust) + Harvesting with moist containers + Harvesting with moldy containers + Harvesting with insect-infested containers + Damaging of grain or harvest products during harvest + If soil remains on the harvested products after harvesting + Rain during harvest + Early harvest + Late harvest + inadequate separation of crop and crop residues - None of these
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{'''What conditions do you think can promote mold growth post-harvest? Multiple answers possible.''' + Storage of wet, freshly harvested crops for longer periods + Storage in a wet environment + Limited air circulation during storage + Insufficient protection of stored crop againts rain / groundwater + Insufficient protection of stored crop againts rodents or insects + Rodents, Oultry or other birds in the storage area + Storage in moist containers + Storage in moldy containers + Storage in dirty containers (e.g. soil) + Storage in insect-infested containers + Storing containers directly on the floor - None of these
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