Ancient India glossary

Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan
He lived during the reign of Akbar. He translated Babur’s Memoirs from Turkish to Persian.

Abdussamad
He was hon­oured with the award of “zari­qalam” by Akbar.

Chronological order of Ages
Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic

Agrahara
Tax-free villages granted to the learned Brahmanas in ancient India were known as Agrahara.

Akot
A town, about 42 km from Akola, from where a stone idol of Lord Adinath, the first Jain Teerthankara, was found in 1993.

Chronological sequence of Alien Powers in India
Indo-Greeks, Scythians, Kushanas, Huns.

Amarasimha
was one of the nine gems in the court of the legendary Vikramaditya. His work Amarkosha occupies a dominant position in Sanskrit lexicography.

Amoghavarsha-I
The long ruling Rashtrakuta king (A.D. 814-78). He represented the height of development of his dynasty.

Asanga
A Buddhist philosopher. He was the origi­nator of Buddhist Yogachara idealism.

Ashvaghosha
The spiritual adviser of Kanishka (the Kushan emperor) who took a leading part in the Fourth Buddhist Council at Srinagar which was presided by Vasumitra. He was a renowned Mahayana Sanskrit scholar and author of Sariputra-prakarana and Buddha Charitam. He was the greatest literary figure at Kanishka’s court.

Atisa Dipankara
The most famous teacher of Vikramasila university founded in A.D. 810 by king Dharmapala of Pala dynasty.

Battle of San Thomas
This battle during the Carnatic Wars (1746-61) definitely proved for the first time the superiority of European arms and discipline over the traditional Indian methods of warfare.

Battle of Waihand
was fought between Mahmud Ghaznavi and jaipala

Bhaskaravarman
The king of Kamarupa (Upper Assam). He was a contempo­rary of king Sasanka of Gauda and was his arch-enemy. Bhaskaravarman was the east­ern ally of king Harsha.

Bilhana
A Sanskrit historian and poet born in Kashmir. He left Kashmir about A.D. 1065 and became the court poet at Kalyana where he wrote an epic, Vikramadeva-charita to celebrate the reign of Vikramaditya-VI, the Chalukya king of Kalyana.

Blue Water Policy
The “Blue Water” policy is attrib­uted to Don Francisco de Almeida, the first Viceroy of the Portuguese possessions in India. His “Blue Water” policy was to be powerful at the sea instead of building fortresses on Indian land.

Boghaz Koi inscriptions
are important in Indian history because inscriptions of the four­teenth century B.C. discovered here mention the names of Vedic gods and goddesses.

Brahmagupta
(598-660) of Ujjain, was a great mathemati­cian of his time.

Brahui
A language of Baluchistan. Linguistically, it is Dravidian.

Busa Munda Revolt
occurred in Bihar.

Catching the butterflies and setting them free
The prominent feature of the foreign policy of Samudragupta.

Chandernagore
A French possession before its merger with India.

Charvaka
is known as the greatest of the materialistic philosophers of ancient India.

Chauth
A tax levied by Marathas—a contribution exacted by a military leader, which was justified by the exi­gencies of the situation.

Coinage in Ancient India
Coins in ancient India were made of metal—copper, silver, gold, or lead. Nishka and Satamana in the Vedic texts were taken to be names of coins, but they seem to be only prestige objects. Coins made of metal first appeared in the age of Gautama Buddha. The earliest were made largely of silver though a few copper coins also appear. Coins made of burnt clay belong to the Kushan peri­od i.e., the first three Christian centuries.

Dadu
The saint from Gujarat who preached non-sec­tarianism in medieval times. He founded the “Brahma-Sampardaaya” (the sect of Brahma).

Dahar (or Dahir)
The Brahmana king of Sind who was defeated by the Arab inva­sion in A.D. 712 by Mohammad­bin-Kasim, nephew and son-in­law of al-Hajjaj, governor of Irak. The Indian ruler (Dahar) offered a brave resistance in the battle near Raor but was defeat­ed and killed.

Darius
The Iranian ruler who penetrated into north-west India in 516 B.C. and annexed Punjab, west of Indus, and Sindh

Devapala
(A.D. 830-850) was successor to Dharmapala, the famous Pala ruler. He estab­lished the third important Pala university of Somapura. He shifted his capital to Monghyr from where he maintained diplomatic relations with the Sailendra kings of Sumatra.

Dhammapada
The first major work to say that sal­vation by means of devotion is open to humans regardless of birth, gender or station in life.

Dharmachakra
In the Gandhara art, it is the preaching mudra associated with the Buddha’s First Sermon at Sarnath.

First Congress Split
took place in 1907 at Surat.

First metal used by man
Zinc and copper

First Muslim invaders of India
Arabs were the first Muslim invaders of India.

First Sultan of Delhi
was Qutb-ud-din who succeeded Muhammad Ghuri as sovereign of the new Indian conquests, and from 1206 may be reckoned as the first Sultan of Delhi.

First to issue gold coins in India
Indo Greeks

First to set up department of agriculture
Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq was the first to set up a department of agriculture in India.

First to start sea trade with India
Portugal.

Gautamiputra Satakarni
The great king of Satavahana dynasty.

Gayatri mantra
is con­tained in Rig Veda.

Gopuram
It has been the main feature of the South Indian temple architecture.

Hasan Gangoo
entitled Zafar Khan was founder of the Bahmani kingdom in Deccan.

Ibadat Khana
A build­ing at Fatehpur Sikri where Akbar held discussions on reli­gious matters.

Ibn-Batuta
A great scholar and traveller from South Africa who came to India in A.D. 1333 during the reign of Mohammad Tughlak and wrote about him.

Iqta
It was the land-grant system adopted by Ala-ud-din Khilji to grant his officers as reward for services rendered. Qutabuddin Aibak was assigned the first iqta in India by Mohd of Ghor.

Jimutavahana
A famous jurist of medieval India (fifteenth century). His work Dayabhaga is a commentary on the srutis, specially on Manu.

Kalachuri era
counted from A.D. 248, it was mostly current in Central India. Their capital was Tripuri near Jabalpur. Kalachuris were the feudatories of the Pratiharas but soon acquired independence.

Karshapana
The most commonly used coin in the Chola kingdom.

Khiraj
The land tax imposed by Mohd-bin-Qasim after the Arabs’ occupation of Sind.

Magazines started by National leaders
Young India (M.K. Gandhi); Kesari (B.G. Tilak); New India (Annie Besant); Bengali (S.N. Bannerji).

Maski Rock edict
This minor Rock-edict is the only edict in which Ashoka refers to himself as the king of Magadha.

Moplah Rebellion
broke out in Malabar (Kerala) in August 1921.

Nastaliq
A Persian script used in medieval India.

Nauroj festival in India
Balban introduced the famous Persian festival of Nauroj in India.

Nicolo Conti
The Italian foreign traveller who vis­ited Vijayanagar about A.D. 1420 during the reign of Deva Raya-II.

Palas
who controlled most of Bengal and Bihar, was the third power involved in the three-sided conflict between Rashtrakutas and Pratiharas over the control of Kanauj. Pala dynasty was established by Gopala in the eighth century A.D. He attained renown from the fact that he was not hereditary king but was elected.

Paragana
During the rule of the so-called Slave dynasty in India, the empire was divided into provincial units called Paraganas placed under the charge of a military officer.

Prakrit
This language received royal patronage during the reign of Satavahanas.

Rajsekhar
The Sanskrit poet who lived in the court of Mahendrapala-I.

Ratika
or rati is a weight between 1.5 to 3 Gunjas; between 5 to 8 grains of rice. It was the basic weight (measure) in ancient India.

Ratnakara
denoted the Arabiasn Sea in ancient Indian historical geography.

Rishabha
is supposed to be the mythical founder of Jainism.

Sardeshmukhi
An additional levy of 10%, which Shivaji demanded on the basis of his claim as the hereditary Sardeshmukh (chief headman) of Maharashtra.

Shahrukh
It was silver coin of the Mughals.

Sharada script
The Kashmiri language was origi­nally written in Sharada script.

Subuktigin
The first Turkish invader of India.

Tanka
A silver coin of the Sultanate period of India.

Tehqiq-i-Hind
Alberuni’s work on India. It contains obser­vations on Indian civilization which are remarkably incisive and acute.

Turushkadanda
A tax collected by the Gahadavalas during the early medieval India.

Vagbhata
is regarded as unrivalled in his knowledge of the basic principles of Ayurveda.

Vatapi (or Badami)
now in the Bijapur district of Karnataka, where Pulakesin I, founder of the Chalukya dynasty in the middle of the sixth century, established him­self as lord of Vatapi or Badami (capital of Chalukyas). It is well-known for Chalukyan sculpture found in the cave temples here.

Vidushaka
the constant companion and confidant of the hero in Sanskrit dramas, was nearly always a Brahmin.

Vikramasila University
A great Tantrik University founded by the Pala king Dharmapala in A.D. 810. It was a hotbed of moral corruption, sorcery and idolatry. In A.D. 1198, the soldiers if Ikhtiar Khilji razed the structure to the ground and killed every monk in the University.

Wood's Despatch of 1854
It related to educational reforms. Lord Dalhousie took measures to carry out the scheme embodied in the famous despatch of Sir Charles Wood (July 1854) which embraced ver­nacular schools throughout the districts, and above all the glori­ous measures of grants-in-aid to all schools, without reference to caste or creed.

Yakshagana
The south Indian dance tradition that appeared for the first time in the Vijayanagar period.

Zabti System
was intro­duced by Akbar for land rev­enue administration. In Zabti system, land was measured and assessment of land revenue was based upon it.