Brezhoneg Daoù/Lesson 3

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Personal form & impersonal form
The Present Tense and the Continuous Tense have two forms : the personal form and the impersonal form.

These two forms allow to insist upon either the subject (impersonal form) or the complement, the attribute, the object (personal form).

For example :

The English sentence I am wise may be translated in two ways: Since the subject already gives the notion of person, it is useless to give a personal form to the verb. Therefore the verb is invariant (here : a zo) and this form is called the impersonal form. Here the verb varies according to the person since the notion of person is not present otherwise.
 * Me zo fur (impersonal form) to insist upon the subject (Me).
 * Fur on (personal form) to insist upon the attribute (Fur).

Continuous Tense
The Continuous Tense is used for repetitive or continued actions.

Let's take the same example as before: When translating from Breton to English, allow your native language instinct to sort out in which case the simple present (I speak Breton) or the present continuous (I am speaking Breton) is more appropriate and idiomatic.
 * Fur e vezan means I am usually wise.

Situation Tense
The Situation Tense is used to indicate the place (in space or time) where the subject is or, in a wider meaning, its position (social, etc.).

Example:
 * Er skol emaon means I am (currently) at school.

Impersonal passive
This mode is used when the subject is not known or not precisely defined. In English, this would often be translated by "they".

For instance, "ez eur" would give they are, one is.

Personal form & impersonal form
The Present Tense and the Continuous Tense have two forms : the personal form and the impersonal form.

These two forms allow to insist upon either the subject (impersonal form) or the complement, the attribute, the object (personal form).

Auxiliary form
A verb can also be used with an auxiliary (most often the verb Ober to do) to insist upon the action itself.

For instance, skrivañ a rin ul lizher (I will write a letter) will be used to insist upon the verb skrivañ, to write.

Progressive Form
To create the progressive form, add the continuous particle o ( M! — Careful! The particle o causes Mixed mutations, as shown below.) kaozeal (speak/ing) • komz (chat/ting, speak/ing) • skrivañ (write/ing) • ober (work/ing) • chom (dwell/ing) • gwerzhañ (sell/ing) • mond (go/ing) • kemer (take/ing) • degemer (receive/ing) • deskiñ (learn/ing) • kas send/ing
 * Here are some verbal nouns:

Now all you need to do is put them together following this pattern: {present of bezañ} + {o ( M! )} + {verbal noun}

Emaon o komz brezhoneg (I am speaking Breton) Emaout o skrivañ ul lizner You (sg.) are writing a letter Emañ eñ o teskiñ kembraeg (He is learning Welsh

Caution : The progressive form may not always be translated by the construction "o" + (verbal noun). In some cases, other constructions are more appropriate: 1/ To mark a means: dre + (verbal noun) 2/ To mark simultaneous actions: en ur + (verbal noun) 3/ Evolution: mont war + (verbal noun) (To go toward + verbal noun) In the following sentences, this yields: war + (verbal noun) + ez a..., that is toward + (verbal noun) + goes
 * Dre lenn kalz levrioù mat e teui da vezañ ur mestr war ar yezh (By reading lots of good books you will become a master in Breton language)
 * Dre soubañ va biz enni em bije merzet ne oa ket ar soubenn evit bezañ lonket ker buan (By dipping my finger in it I would have noticed that the soup was not to be swallowed so fast
 * En ur lenn al levr-se em eus merzet e oa an oberour un den a-zoare (While reading this book I noticed that the writer was a good man)
 * En ur lonkañ ma soubenn em eus merket e oa tomm-berv (While eating my soup I noticed that it was boiling hot)
 * War greskiñ ez a ar prizioù (Prices are increasing, literally "On To increase go the prices")
 * War fallaat ez a an amzer (The weather is getting worse, literally "On To get worse goes the weather")

Negations
Since you want to be able to make negative statements as well as ask questions, here’s what you need to do: Take the long present tense of bezañ (to be) and replace the particle ez with ne (or ned or n'  before a vowel) and add ket after the verb in order to make a negative statement: The 3rd person singular in negative statements has two special verb forms: Now put the sentences together according to the template given above:
 * ez on (I am) → ned on ket/n'on ket (I am not)
 * n'out ket (you (sg.) are) → ned out ket/n'out ket (you are not)
 * n'eus ket... (there is not...) when the subject of the verb is indefinite
 * n'eo ket... he/she/it is not... when the subject of the verb is definite
 * → ar c'hi n'eo ket... (the dog is not...), ar vugale n'int ket... (the children are not...)
 * n'omp ket (we are not)
 * n'oc'h ket (you (pl.) are not)
 * n'int ket (they are not)
 * n'eur ket (they are/one is not) → N'eur ket boas da gement-se (They are/One is not accustomed to that)
 * N'emaon ket o komz Brezhoneg. (I am not speaking Breton)
 * N'emaout ket o skrivañ ul lizher (You (sg.) are not writing a letter)
 * N'emañ ket o teskiñ kembraeg (He is not learning Welsh)

Questions
To formulate a question simply use the affirmation form, generally with the conjunction ha (And) before the verb; ha is replaced by hag before a vowel for phonetic reasons:
 * Hag ez on ? Am I?
 * Hag ez out ? Are you? (sg.)
 * Hag ez eus ? Is there? when the subject of the verb is indefinite
 * Hag ez eo? Is he?
 * Hag ez eo? Is she?
 * Hag ez eo? Is it? when the subject of the verb is definite
 * Hag ez eo ar c'hi...? Is the dog...?
 * Hag ez omp? Are we?
 * Hag ez oc'h? Are you? (pl.)
 * Hag ez int? Are they?
 * Hag ez int ar vugale? Are they the children?
 * Hag emaon o skrivañ e brezhoneg? Am I writing in Breton?

Sometimes, a question will be preceded by Daoust ha (equivalent to Is is true that..., literally "To be known whether").
 * Daoust hag emaout o skrivañ ul lizher ?
 * Daoust hag emañ o teskiñ kembraeg ?

To ask a negative question, use the same principles:
 * Ha n'emaon ket o komz brezhoneg ? Am I not speaking Breton?
 * Ha n'emaout ket o skrivañ ul lizher ? Are you not writing a letter?
 * Ha n'emañ ket o teskiñ kembraeg ? Is he not learning Welsh?


 * Please note the difference in meaning between Ha n'emañ ket o teskiñ Kembraeg ? Is he not learning Welsh? and Ha ne zesk ket kembraeg ? Doesn't he learn Welsh?.

Self training
Now, you have seen how its done.
 * Listen to the following dialogs which shows:
 * Imperative form
 * Auxiliary form
 * Progressive form

Take the verbs from Brezhoneg Daoù/Lesson 1 and write them down if you haven't already.

Now change them into their Present tense.

Then, make up some sentences for each verb, e.g. Me a zesk brezhoneg e Wikiversity (I learn Breton at Wikiversity—NOT I'm learning Breton at Wikiversity; how would you say that, by the way?).

Quiz
Go to the Quiz
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