COVID-19/Dan Polansky

My research on COVID-19 has so far been at B:User:Dan_Polansky/COVID-19. A lot of it is not necessarily "original research" since it heavily traces to sources.

What follows is more questions than answers.

Highlighted sources:
 * Mortality monitoring in Europe, euromomo.eu - has graphs going up to 2020 for some countries, up to week 16
 * Excess Deaths Associated with COVID-19, www.cdc.gov - has blue-bar all-cause death graphs for the whole U.S. and also for U.S. states via "Select a jurisdiction" and also specifically for New York City, assuming dashboard Weekly Excess Deaths was selected

I am experimenting with journal or mini-article like posts at Talk:COVID-19/Dan Polansky.

Test coverage and trace-and-isolate
One may try to ensure high test coverage to implement a trace-and-isolate mitigation strategy. If so, it is probably essential to test also asymptomatic cases: if you perfectly track and isolate symptomatic cases but you completele ignore asymptomatic cases, you will still have a considerable leak in the system: the asymptomatics are going to be leaking the infection around them.

Research questions:
 * 1) What percent of Covid infected people are asymptomatic (completely free of symptoms)?
 * 2) What percept of Covid infected people have only very mild symptoms, with bodily temperature not exceeding 37 deg?
 * 3) What countries excel in testing completely covid-asymptomatic people via random screening, if any?
 * 4) What websites provide Javascript simulations of infection spread in a population, where population members are shown as circles hitting one another and gaining colors?

Links:
 * Scientists say mass tests in Italian town have halted Covid-19 there, Mar 18, theguardian.com
 * "The researchers explained [...] that the study led to the discovery of the decisive role in the spread of the coronavirus epidemic of asymptomatic people."

Portion of asymptomatic cases
Research questions:
 * What portion of infected people are asymptomatic, showing no symptoms?

Observations:
 * Asymptomatic cases need to be distinguished from presymtomatic ones.

Links:
 * COVID-19: What proportion are asymptomatic?, Apr 6, cebm.net (Center for Evidence-Based Medicine) - references multiple situations where the portion could be observed
 * Covert coronavirus infections could be seeding new outbreaks, Mar 20, nature.com
 * "Taking the results from several studies into account, Chowell thinks that asymptomatic or mild cases combined represent about 40–50% of all infections."
 * Iceland lab's testing suggests 50% of coronavirus cases have no symptoms, Apr 1, cnn.com
 * COVID-19 Update: 2 More Deaths, Half Of Cases Asymptomatic, Apr 6, grapevine.is
 * SECDEF: Majority of Roosevelt sailors with COVID-19 are asymptomatic, Apr 16, navytimes.com

Containment and mitigation measures
Research questions:
 * What measures or interventions did regions take or can take to stop or slow down the covid spread?

Tentative answer:
 * Air travel limitation, either as for specific regions or more comprehensive.
 * Trace-and-isolate: Case tracing, including contact-tracing and putting infected people and people in contact with them at isolation.
 * School closures, either all schools or some levels of schools.
 * Recommendation for businesses to support home office as much as possible.
 * Recommendation for people to reduce non-essential travel.
 * Mandatory or recommended wearing of face coverage, whether a face mask or an analog.
 * Nation-wide lockdown:
 * Limited going outside of homes. U.K. has a specific rule for distance from home.
 * Closure of non-essential businesses: keeping groceries, pharmacies and the like.
 * Increased safety requirements for operating businesses, such as keeping distance between people and mandating face coverage.
 * Criminalizing dissent and spread of what some authority deems to be misinformation.

Links:
 * National responses to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic, wikipedia.org

Non-disruptive interventions
Many countries are implementing multiple interventions that disrupt the economy, causing significant adverse economic impact. That matters when you only care about economy and not at all about people, but it matters also when you care about people since negative economic impact, e.g. layoffs, can statistically result in deaths as well. Gaps in tax collection can impact ability of social systems to provide services, at least in principle.

Research questions:
 * 1) Would relatively non-disruptive interventions be able to flatten the curve to an interesting degree? For instance, would border checks, expansive testing and isolation, and requirement for everyone to have covered nose and mouth whenever outside their home have significant flattening effect even without school closures, pub closures and prohibition of entry of foreign nationals?
 * 2) Would it be feasible to preventively perfectly isolate only the most vulnerable portion of the population by age, assuming that the remaining vulnerables are not going to overwhelm the healthcare?
 * 2.1) A crazy idea: take all the old people to an island with great recreational facilities and govern the island in a highly tightly regulated manner. If the beast starts leaking on the island, lock down the island in a massive way, but since most of the inhabitans are not economically active (old age), the lockdown is not going to disrupt the economy. Could an analogue of this work? Has anything like that ever been tried and with what results?
 * 2.2) A variant: order all old people or other group of vulnerables selected by a simple rule to stay home. Let food and medicines be delivered to the vulnerables by designated delivery squad of young and healthy people. Let the squad be massively tested on Covid, with high frequency, and let those infected by isolated. Let the delivery squad be subject to more restrictive regime than the rest of the population. The delivery squad can consist of volunteers but also be taken from the army or other suitable employees of the state. Since you do not test the whole population, you have enough test kits for the delivery squad and for the vulnerables. Could this work? If not, why not? (Comment: Interestingly, this variant violates Mill's principle--by restricting individuals for their own good--while more widely-sweeping variants don't. Is it really so unforgivable a violation of the principle?)
 * 2.2.1) A: What do you do with nursing homes? Old people living alone can isolate themselves, but how do you isolate old people in nursing homes from the relatively young care-taking personnel that can bring infection from the outside? Q: As a somewhat wild idea, use robots for some of the caretaking if you can. As another wild idea, only allow personnel in that is then going to stay in the nursing home and not leave it.

Sustainable mitigation
Research questions:
 * What are the objectives of mitigation as contrasted to containment?
 * What contrast can be drawn between sustainable mitigation and unsustainable mitigation? ("Sustainable" not in the environmentalist sense but rather in the generic sense of "such as can be sustained for an extended period of time".)

Links:
 * Beating Covid-19: The problem with national lockdowns by Martin J. Bull, Mar 26, blogs.lse.ac.uk
 * Early draconian social distancing may be suboptimal for fighting the COVID-19 epidemic, Apr 21, voxeu.org
 * Smart containment and mitigation measures to confront the COVID-19 pandemic: Tailoring the pandemic response to the realities of developing countries, Apr 07, blogs.worldbank.org
 * View: Shutdown is unsustainable by Bjørn Lomborg, Apr 5, economictimes.indiatimes.com
 * The Corona Shutdown is Unsustainable: Bjorn Lomborg on the Ben Shapiro Show, Apr 21, Copenhagen Consensus at youtube.com

Regions in lockdown
Research questions:
 * What are the regions that implemented significant lockdown in response to the covid?

Links:
 * Curfews and lockdowns related to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic, wikipedia.org
 * U.S. state and local government response to the 2020 coronavirus pandemic, wikipedia.org
 * Commons:File:COVID-19 Outbreak lockdowns.svg, wikimedia.org

Health consequences of lockdown
Research questions:
 * What are the possible adverse health consequences of a lockdown and economic depression?

Tentative answers:
 * Suicides.
 * Reduced physical activity may lead to worsening of health.
 * Reduced face-to-face human contact can adversely impact health in certain medical conditions.
 * Increased lockdown-induced stress can adversely impact health in certain medical conditions.
 * Worsened supplies of medicines can have an adverse impact.
 * Reduced access to healthcare preventively reserved for covid patients can have an adverse impact.
 * Financial difficulties of healthcare facilities resulting from preventively cancelled medical interventions may lead to reduced healthcare capacity in near future.

Links:
 * How Antibody Tests Can Inform Public Policies To Mitigate Coronavirus Pandemic, Apr 12, npr.org
 * "The Great Recession produced, famously, a phenomenon of decreases in life expectancy in the United States for the first time since World War II. A very large-scale economic collapse - that produces bad health outcomes. That, I think, is firmly established fact."
 * Impact of Business Cycles on US Suicide Rates, 1928–2007, 2011, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Case fatality rate
Research questions:
 * 1) What are the best estimates for the case fatality rate (CFR) of the covid in various regions?
 * 2) What are the limitations of these estimates?
 * 3) What is the CFR for common flu?
 * 4) If the reported CFR for common flu is 0.1% and common flu often goes undiagnosed, could it be that the real CFR for common flu is 0.01% If not, why not?
 * 5) What factors affect the CFR of the covid? Hint: Age, underlying medical condition, age structure of the country, medical capacity. What other factors come into play? What are some of the best sources online covering the factors?

Links:
 * The Latest: WHO says virus death rate is about 2 percent, Jan 29, wtmj.com
 * Coronavirus Death Rate in Wuhan Is Lower than Previously Thought, Study Finds, Mar 19, nytimes.com
 * "The study, published Thursday in the journal Nature Medicine, calculated that people with coronavirus symptoms in Wuhan, China, had a 1.4 percent likelihood of dying. Some previous estimates have ranged from 2 percent to 3.4 percent. [...]"
 * "The researchers noted that their estimates faced some limitations, including that the study would not reflect the many people who were not tested and diagnosed, and that the data might not adequately capture people who were infected in Wuhan and traveled elsewhere."
 * Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?, Mar 25, stanford.edu
 * "Stanford Health Policy's Eran Bendavid and Jay Bhattacharya write in this Wall Street Journal editorial that current estimates about the COVID-19 fatality rate may be too high by orders of magnitude."
 * Virologe Hendrik Streeck bei Markus Lanz: Sterblichkeitsrate ist geringer als angenommen, Apr 10, rp-online.de
 * "Den Virologen Prof. Hendrik Streeck [...] überraschen die Zahlen nicht. Seine Forschungsergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass 15 Prozent der Einwohner in Gangelt eine Infektion bereits durchgemacht haben oder derzeit infiziert seien. Sein Bonner Forscherteam präsentierte am Donnerstag Zahlen zur Sterblichkeit durch die Viruskrankheit, die in der Gemeinde bei 0,37 Prozent liege."
 * Heinsberg-Studie macht Hoffnung auf Lockerung der Auflagen, Apr 9, nordkurier.de
 * "Die Wahrscheinlichkeit, an der Krankheit zu sterben, lag den vorläufigen Zahlen zufolge bei 0,37 Prozent bezogen auf die Gesamtzahl der Infizierten. Die in Deutschland derzeit von der amerikanischen Johns Hopkins University berechnete entsprechende Rate betrage 1,98 Prozent und liege damit um das Fünffache höher, so die Forscher."
 * Erste Resultate der Corona-Studie in Heinsberg, Apr 9, tagesschau.de
 * Virologe Streeck kritisiert bei Lanz Corona-Maßnahmen by ZDFheute Nachrichten, Apr 1, youtube.com
 * Corona-Studie Heinsberg: Virologe Streeck informiert by tagesschau, youtube.com
 * Coronavirus: Why death and mortality rates differ, Apr 2, bbc.com
 * "One example is the H1N1 pandemic of 2009, known as swine flu. Early case fatality rate estimates were inflated by a factor of more than 10. Even 10 weeks into the epidemic, estimates varied widely between countries, coming in between 0.1% and 5.1%. When medics later had a chance to go through case documents and evaluate cases, the actual H1N1 case death rate was far lower, at 0.02%."
 * How Antibody Tests Can Inform Public Policies To Mitigate Coronavirus Pandemic, Apr 12, npr.org


 * Dødelighed skal formentlig tælles i promiller: Danske blodprøver kaster nyt lys over coronasmitten, Apr 8, dr.dk
 * "Test fra 1.487 danske bloddonorer kan være med til at kaste nyt lys over, hvor dødelig coronavirus egentlig er.[...] Vi kommer frem til et meget lavere tal på 1,6 promille. Så hvis vi har 1.000 danskere, der har haft den her infektion, er der en til to, der er døde med den, siger Henrik Ullum, der er overlæge og professor på Rigshospitalet."
 * Comment: Blood donors are likely to underrepresent vulnerable population.
 * COVID-19 Antibody Seroprevalence in Santa Clara County, California, Apr 17, medrxiv.org - preprint
 * "These prevalence estimates represent a range between 48,000 and 81,000 people infected in Santa Clara County by early April, 50-85-fold more than the number of confirmed cases."

General death statistics
Research questions:
 * What are general death statistics (in absolute numbers and per capita) in various countries and regions?
 * What are death statistics for deaths associated with respiratory diseases (in absolute numbers and per capita) in various countries and regions?
 * What are the year-to-year changes in total deaths per capita in the countries and regions worst stricken by the covid, on a month parity basis (e.g. Feb 2019 vs. Feb 2020, or Mar 2019 vs. Mar 2020)?
 * What are the suicide rates associates with economic depression?

Average all-cause daily death counts for selected countries for 2017, got by summing deaths per cause from ourworldindata.org and dividing them by 365: Above via: awk -F, "(/France/&&$3==2017) {for(i=5; i<=NF; i++) {s+=$i}}END{print s/365.0}" annual-number-of-deaths-by-cause.csv
 * China: 28036
 * Czechia: 298
 * France: 1507
 * Germany: 2527
 * Italy: 1667
 * Spain: 1107
 * Sweden: 241
 * U.S.: 7567

Links:
 * List of sovereign states and dependent territories by mortality rate, wikipedia.org
 * Number of deaths by cause, World, 2017, ourworldindata.org - click on "Change Country" to view a particular country
 * Mortality monitoring in Europe, euromomo.eu - has graphs going up to 2020 for some countries
 * The Human Mortality Database, mortality.org - data for more countries than EuroMOMO and has death count rather than z-index; here is graphs
 * Deaths registered weekly in England and Wales, provisional by Office of National Statistics, ons.gov.uk - has 2020 figures downloadable as a spreadsheet
 * Weekly death registrations in Northern Ireland, 2020., nisra.gov.uk
 * Weekly all-cause mortality surveillance: 2019 to 2020, gov.uk - has a report per week, showing graphs of all-cause deaths in several years up to last week
 * COVIDView: A Weekly Surveillance Summary of U.S. COVID-19 Activity, cdc.gov - has a graph showing total deaths together with deaths via pneumonia and deaths via influenza
 * Apr 18: The all-cause death graph with blue bars is gone. As a replacement, see the cdc link below, which now has that kind of graph.
 * Excess Deaths Associated with COVID-19, www.cdc.gov - has blue-bar all-cause death graphs for the whole U.S. and also for U.S. states via "Select a jurisdiction" and also specifically for New York City, assuming dashboard Weekly Excess Deaths was selected
 * Mortality, causes of death by Federal Statistical Office of Switzerland, bfs.admin.ch
 * Wochenberichte der AGI, influenza.rki.de - weekly reports of Arbeitsgemeinschaft Influenza, for Germany, for flu-like diseases rather than all diseases
 * Dati di mortalità: cosa produce l’Istat, istat.it - all-cause deaths for Italy, including for 2020, but only for some cities; someone made a figure from the data: File:Daily-deaths-italy-2020-04-16.svg and shown which regions are in the data set: File:Daily-deaths-italy-coverage-2020-04-16.svg
 * Global coronavirus death toll could be 60% higher than reported, Apr 26, ft.com - shows all-cause death graphs for multiple regions, including countries and cities

Deaths with covid vs. by covid
Research questions:
 * Which countries properly distinguish deaths with covid vs. deaths by covid in their statistics, that is, covid-colored deaths vs. covid-caused deaths, that is, deaths where covid was present but had no or little contribution to the death and deaths where covid has a significant contribution to the death?

Observation:
 * The graphs in all-cause death reports for 2020 week 15 for UK and 2020 week 14 for Switzerland strongly suggest that the covid is a significant contributor to death. These graphs do not suffer from the problem of with-vs-by distinction. One objection could be that the additional deaths are due to the lockdown (additional stress, missed healthcare interventions) rather than the covid; I don't know and tend to disbelieve that.

Links:
 * Coronavirus: How to understand the death toll, Apr 1, bbc.com

Case counts
Research questions:
 * What are the limitations of the confirmed case counts and their development in time?
 * What is the relationship between the base of the exponential growth of confirmed cases and the base of the exponential growth of the real cases?
 * How does the exponential growth of test counts affect the confirmed case development in time?

Links:
 * Coronavirus Case Counts Are Meaningless* by Nate Silver, Apr 4, fivethirtyeight.com
 * A fiasco in the making? As the coronavirus pandemic takes hold, we are making decisions without reliable data by John P.A. Ioannidis, Mar 17, statnews.com

Test count per day
Research questions:
 * What are the time series of test counts (test count per day) in various regions?
 * Why is knowing the test count per day important?

Links:
 * Czechia: COVID-19: Přehled aktuální situace v ČR, mzcr.cz - search for "Denní přehled počtu provedených testů" and click on "Kompletní přehled za celé období" to see all data starting with end of January
 * Denmark: Tal og overvågning af COVID-19, sst.dk
 * Iceland: COVID-19 in Iceland – Statistics, covid.is - search for "Number of tests per day"
 * U.S.: Testing in the U.S., cdc.gov

Ratio of cases to tests
Research questions:
 * What are the daily ratios of daily confirmed case count to daily test count in various regions?

Links:
 * Czechia: COVID-19: Přehled aktuální situace v ČR, mzcr.cz - search for "Denní vývoj poměru (v %) počtu osob s prokázaným onemocněním a celkového počtu provedených testů"
 * Denmark: Tal og overvågning af COVID-19, sst.dk - search for "Antal testede og smittede opgjort pr. dag" for a graph and for "Antallet af tests og bekræftede smittede med COVID-19" for a data table
 * Iceland: COVID-19 in Iceland – Statistics, covid.is - search for "Infections as a percentage of tests conducted"
 * Sweden: Veckorapport om covid-19, vecka 17, Tabell 1., folkhalsomyndigheten.se - weekly rather than daily

Figures per capita
Research questions:
 * Which sources provide covid-related figures per capita, whether per million pop or 100,000 pop?

Links:
 * Coronavirus Update (Live), worldometers.info
 * Total confirmed COVID-19 deaths per million people, ourworldindata.org - both a color map and .csv data file
 * Coronavirus deaths per one million by country 2020, statista.com
 * Coronavirus Updates (COVID-19) Deaths & Cases per 1M Population, realclearpolitics.com
 * USA | Coronavirus Updates (COVID-19) Deaths & Cases per 1M Population, realclearpolitics.com
 * Tracking the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, datagraver.com
 * List of countries by hospital beds, wikipedia.org
 * The Countries With The Most Critical Care Beds Per Capita, statista.com
 * Numbers of critical care beds corrected for size of population, researchgate.net/
 * Healthcare resource statistics - beds - Statistics Explained, ec.europa.eu

ICU beds
Research questions:
 * 1) What are the counts of ICU beds available in various countries in the world?
 * 2) How do the counts of ICU beds per million people in Hubei (China) and Italy compare to, say, Germany and U.K.?
 * 3) How do the loads of ICU beds develop in time in various regions?

Some answers are at B:User:Dan Polansky/COVID-19.

Links:
 * W:Template:Hospital beds by country
 * COVID-19 in Swedish intensive care, icuregswe.org - many graphs for Sweden

Healthcare overload in media in recent years
Research questions:
 * What is the recent history of reports of overload of healthcare in mainstream media?

Credits: The links found via off-guardian.org.

Links:
 * Coronavirus Fact-Check #1: “Covid19 is having an unprecedented impact on ICUs”, Apr 2, off-guardian.org
 * A severe flu season is stretching hospitals thin. That is a very bad omen, Jan 15, 2018, statnews.com
 * Hospital Overrun By Flu Cases Having To Turn Them Away, Jan 8, 2018, dfw.cbslocal.com
 * California hospitals face a ‘war zone’ of flu patients — and are setting up tents to treat them, Jan 16, 2018, latimes.com
 * Hospitals Overwhelmed by Flu Patients Are Treating Them in Tents, Jan 18, 2018, time.com - refers to New Jersey, Alabama, California, and more.
 * Milano, terapie intensive al collasso per l’influenza: già 48 malati gravi molte operazioni rinviate, Jan 10, 2018, milano.corriere.it
 * NHS on the cusp of collapse, Nov 14, 2019, bma.org.uk
 * NHS winter crisis: extra beds created by 52% of UK hospitals, Dec 02, 2019, theguardian.com
 * ¿Por qué la gripe significa colapso en los hospitales españoles?, Jan 13, 2017, huffingtonpost.es
 * Colapso en los hospitales, Jan 14, 2015, elpais.com
 * Enfermería denuncia "saturación y colapso" por la gripe en 11 CCAA, Jan 23, 2020, redaccionmedica.com
 * Mount Sinai Hospital emergency department is a ‘war zone,’ workers say, Dec 9, 2019, nypost.com

Air pollution
Research questions:
 * What is the role of air polution in bringing about covid-positive pneumonias and covid-positive deaths?
 * How does the air pollution of various regions differ, e.g. Wuhan and Italy vs. Germany and Spain?

Links:
 * Pollution in Wuhan, China, numbeo.com
 * Coronavirus pandemic leading to huge drop in air pollution, 23 Mar, theguardian.com
 * Air Pollution, ourworldindata.org
 * Outdoor Air Pollution, ourworldindata.org - has colored world images showing distribution of deaths from outdoor air pollution
 * Air pollution clears in northern Italy after coronavirus lockdown, satellite shows, Mar 13, reuters.com - click on the satellite image to show a gallery
 * Air pollution linked to far higher Covid-19 death rates, study finds, Apr 7, theguardian.com
 * Italy - Air pollution country fact sheet, eea.europa.eu
 * The premature deaths due to air pollution in Italy in 2016 were: due to PM2.5: 58,600 people; due to NO2: 14,600; due to O3: 3000; sum total: 76200.

Comparison to influenza
Research questions:
 * 1) Some sources report the CFR for influenza to be 0.1% for the U.S. To which properly academic resource can this rate be traced?
 * 2) To what extent does the CFR of 0.1% misrepresent the true CFR for influenza? How much do the true influenza cases exceed the confirmed influenza cases? Twice? 10 times?
 * 3) Do the RTG images of lungs of covid-induced pneumonia differ from RTG images of influenza-induced pneumonia? If so, what does the difference tell us about the severity?

Anecdotal evidence
Research questions:
 * 1) In research of drugs (pharmaceuticals), anecdotal evidence is important to point to potential problems with drug safety, per Ben Goldacre's Bad Pharma. That is to say, individual reports of drugs being associated with adverse effects should not be dismissed as anectodal evidence not being a systematic clinial trial. What is the epistemic role of anecdotal evidence in the form of stories of overwhelmed healthcare from Hubei (China) and Italy, given that the systematic numbers including total confirmed counts and total confirmed deaths suffer from considerable measurement incompleteness?
 * Answer: One has to be careful. Both China and Italy have low number of ICU beds and ventilators per million people. One has to carefully look at numbers and analyze possible causes and differentiators.

Epidemic curve
Research questions:
 * How do epidemic curves look like?
 * Can the knowledge of epidemic curves be used to validate (check on plausibility) data published from various sources?

Links:
 * Mathematical modelling of infectious disease, wikipedia.org
 * The Coronavirus Curve - Numberphile by Numberphile at youtube.com
 * Mathematik in Zeiten von Corona: Was ist exponentielles Wachstum? by Weitz / HAW Hamburg at youtube.com

Test market
Research questions:
 * 1) What are the prices for which covid tests can be bought on the global market?
 * 2) Are the tests freely available on the international market? If not, why not?
 * 3) What are the restrictions that countries or international organizations have put on the covid test market, if any?
 * 4) Is the price mechanism allowed to regulate the supply and demand for covid tests, with increasing prices creating increasing stimulus for private enterprise to meet the increasing demand?

Civil liberties
Research questions on limiting civil liberties on account of the coronavirus:
 * 1) Which civil liberties is the state justified to temporarily abolish to mitigate the coronavirus?
 * 2) Is the state justified in preventing citizens from leaving the country and why? (Entering the country we can see, but leaving the country?)
 * 3) Is the state justified in limiting freedom of assembly and why?
 * 4) Under what conditions and why is the state justified in prohibiting private laboratories from doing coronavirus testing, where the private laboratories are expanding the insufficient state testing capability?
 * 4.1) What is the ethical justification for Czechia to prohibit Tilia Laboratories from performing coronavirus testing, if any? (Refers to an actual occurrence.)
 * 5) Is the state justified in confiscating valuable medical material from businesses rather than buying it at the market price and why? (Refers to a real occurrence in Czechia.)
 * 6) Which interventions violate Mill's principle and why?

Links:
 * What are the implications of Hungary's emergency coronavirus bill?, politics.stackexchange.com
 * Tucker: Big Tech censors dissent over coronavirus lockdowns, Apr 29, youtube.com
 * "[...] Anything that would go against World Health Organization recommendations would be a violation of our policy [...]" said Susan Wojcicki, CEO of YouTube, on footage; the video reports on YouTube's removal of another video questioning the lockdown measures

China figures
Research questions:
 * How reliable are the covid-related figures coming from China, given the censorious nature of the Chinese regime, and the history of misreporting on adverse events by communist regimes other than China?

Links:
 * Coronavirus: Why China's claims of success raise eyebrows, Apr 7, bbc.com

China conduct
Research questions:
 * How did China conduct itself during the covid outbreak?

Links:
 * Did Xi Jinping Deliberately Sicken the World?, Apr 15, thediplomat.com

Behavior of political actors
Research questions:
 * Which of the two behaviors by political actors are more likely?
 * 1) "We have shown a gross negligence in planning our medical capacities for sudden increases of demand; we failed to provide sufficient free capacities. We apologize."
 * 2) "There is a deadly dangerous virus. Our healthcare is very good."

WHO conduct
Research questions concerning World Health Organization (WHO) conduct:
 * At what point did WHO inform the world about the pandemic, whether as an outbreak or a pandemic?
 * How did WHO assess the severity of the pandemic at various points of time?
 * What measures did WHO recommend at what time and what measures did WHO recommend against?
 * What were the WHO recommendations concerning travel bans?
 * When did WHO declare the covid to become a pandemic?
 * What are the expert qualifications of key public WHO persons?
 * Which countries did WHO praise, which countries did WHO ignore, and which regions did WHO pretend don't exist?

Links:
 * Tucker: What does the US get from supporting WHO?, Apr 10, youtube.com - has footage of WHO chief making statements
 * How WHO Became China’s Coronavirus Accomplice by Hinnerk Feldwisch-Drentrup, Apr 2, foreignpolicy.com
 * Updated WHO recommendations for international traffic in relation to COVID-19 outbreak, Feb 29, who.int
 * "WHO continues to advise against the application of travel or trade restrictions to countries experiencing COVID-19 outbreaks."
 * Taiwan says WHO failed to act on coronavirus transmission warning, Mar 22, ft.com

Media misconduct
Research questions:
 * What are examples of media misleading the public about the covid?

Links:
 * Coronavirus: Why You Must Act Now by Tomas Pueyo, Mar 10, medium.com
 * The article treats confirmed case growth speed as if it were a good estimator of the real case growth speed. It does not account for test count growth.


 * Coronavirus: US overtakes Italy as country with most deaths, Apr 11, theguardian.com
 * The article does not mention deaths per capita, helping to create the wrong impression in the reader that the U.S. situation was worse than Italy, which it was not on a per capita basis on Apr 11 and still was not on Apr 26. By absolute death numbers, San Marino would be perfectly fine, and yet it was not as was obvious from the per capita figures. Presenting absolute numbers without relating them to population or other similar figure is information presentation misconduct.

Country data pages
Research questions:
 * What are covid-covering data web pages that various countries provide on their own accord, providing case counts, death counts, test counts and other figures?

Links:
 * Czechia: COVID-19: Přehled aktuální situace v ČR, mzcr.cz
 * Denmark: Tal og overvågning af COVID-19, sst.dk
 * Iceland: COVID-19 in Iceland – Statistics, covid.is
 * Slovakia:
 * COVID 19 grafy, health.gov.sk - confirmed cases
 * covid-19 Report, nczisk.sk - oddly made graphs but has test count data and death data
 * U.K.:
 * Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the UK, coronavirus.data.gov.uk - has cases and deaths; does not provide test counts
 * U.S.:
 * Cases in U.S., cdc.gov
 * Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), cdc.gov
 * Testing in the U.S., cdc.gov
 * Excess Deaths Associated with COVID-19, cdc.gov - has blue-bar all-cause death graphs for the whole U.S. and also for U.S. states via "Select a jurisdiction" and also specifically for New York City, assuming dashboard Weekly Excess Deaths was selected
 * The COVID Tracking Project, covidtracking.com - test positivity ratio for US
 * Track Testing Trends, coronavirus.jhu.edu - test positivity ratio for US states

Countries to immitate
Research questions:
 * Which countries were given in the media as role models, as examples to follow?
 * Which countries are successful at containing the covid or limiting its health impact?
 * What are the metrics by which the success is measured? Which metrics are unreliable and which metrics are reliable?
 * How do the successful countries differ in measures taken?
 * Which of the successful countries are more likely to report accurate covid-related data?

Links:
 * How Taiwan and Singapore Have Contained the Coronavirus, Mar 11, slate.com
 * Why is South Korea beating coronavirus? Its citizens hold the state to account, Apr 11, theguardian.com
 * China shows COVID-19 Coronavirus can be ‘stopped in its tracks’ by United Nations News, Mar 16, un.org
 * A German Exception? Why the Country’s Coronavirus Death Rate Is Low, Apr 4, nytimes.com
 * Viet Nam shows how you can contain COVID-19 with limited resources, Mar 30, weforum.org
 * Donating masks and equipment, Vietnam rivals China's 'coronavirus diplomacy', Apr 10, france24.com

Worldometers links:
 * South Korea Coronavirus, worldometers.info
 * China Coronavirus, worldometers.info
 * Taiwan Coronavirus, worldometers.info
 * Germany Coronavirus, worldometers.info
 * Australia Coronavirus, worldometers.info
 * Vietnam Coronavirus, worldometers.info

Sweden
Research questions:
 * What measures did Sweden take to contain or mitigate the covid?
 * How do Swedish measures differ from some other European countries?
 * How do the online media report on what Sweden is doing?
 * How do the covid-relating figures develop in Sweden?
 * How do the covid-relating figures per million inhabitants in Sweden compare to other European countries?
 * What are the healthcare capacities (ICU beds, ventilators, personnel) per million inhabitants in Sweden?
 * In Sweden, what is the population density and what are the urban centers with higher density?

Links:
 * 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Sweden, wikipedia.org
 * Anders Tegnell, wikipedia.org
 * Sweden Coronavirus, worldometers.info
 * FOHM Covid-19, arcgis.com - data source used by Wikipedia, where FOHM stands for Folkhälsomyndi; legend: Sjukdomsfall per dag: disease cases per day; Avlidna per dag: died per day
 * Can You Beat COVID-19 Without a Lockdown? Sweden Is Trying, Apr 16, vanityfair.com
 * '“I have a son who is a physician in one of the big hospitals in Stockholm,” Giesecke said. “The nurse who is head of the E.R. there prays every morning that the government does not close the schools, because then she loses half her staff.”'
 * FAQ about COVID-19, folkhalsomyndigheten.se
 * The Grim Truth About the “Swedish Model”, Apr 17, project-syndicate.org

Experthood
Research questions:
 * What are the kinds of experts whose expertise is relevant to covid-related questions? Epidemiologists, microbiologists, virologists, physicians, statisticians, mathematical modelling experts? If some of them are not, why not? Who else?
 * What is the history of performance of mathematical models in epidemiology? How well did past mathematical models predict development of past epidemies?
 * How well did particular experts perform in the past as for making predictions using models?

Skeptics
Research questions:
 * What journalists and experts are skeptical about the covid or consider the measures taken in Europe and the U.S. excessive?
 * What are some of their best arguments?
 * What are the rebuttals of their arguments and claims, if any?

Some skeptical experts (found with the help of off-guardian.org):
 * Dr John Ioannidis: Professor of Medicine, of Health Research and Policy and of Biomedical Data Science, at Stanford University School of Medicine and a Professor of Statistics at Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences.[youtube]
 * Dr Peter Goetzsche: Professor of Clinical Research Design and Analysis at the University of Copenhagen and founder of the Cochrane Medical Collaboration.
 * Johan Giesecke, an epidemiologist and an advisor to Swedish government; "written a textbook on infectious disease epidemiology, and now teaches on this subject as a professor emeritus at the Karolinska Institute Medical University in StockholmL[WHO Biography]
 * Michael Levitt, a biophysicist and a professor of structural biology at Stanford University, a co-recipient of the 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Links:
 * Facts about Covid-19 - Swiss Propaganda Research, swprs.org
 * Covid-19 in Proportion?, inproportion2.talkigy.com - has a graph of all-cause deaths in England and Wales going back to 1995/1996 and other relevant graphs
 * 12 Experts Questioning the Coronavirus Panic, Mar 24, off-guardian.org
 * Lord Sumption Speaks against Hysteria-Driven Government Coronavirus Policy. by Peter Hitchens, Mar 30, mailonsunday.co.uk
 * Piers Morgan and Peter Hitchens Clash over the Coronavirus Lockdown | Good Morning Britain, Mar 31, youtube.com
 * Corona-Krise: Offener Brief an die Bundeskanzlerin von Prof. Sucharit Bhakdi, Mar 29, youtube.com - Open Letter to the [German] Chancellor [Merkel] by prof. Sucharit Bhakdi
 * Trevor Kavanagh: 'Hysteria forced UK into lockdown' by talkRADIO, Mar 31, youtube.com - disclaimer: Trevor Kavanagh is The Sun's associate editor, and The Sun is a tabloid
 * Peter Hitchens clashes with Mike Graham over the coronavirus lockdown by talkRADIO, Apr 6, youtube.com
 * SARS-CoV-2: fear versus data by Yanis Roussel, Audrey Giraud-Gatineau, [...], Mar 19, sciencedirect.com
 * Amazing broad discussion scientific basis coronavirus - physicists Jim and Denis, Apr 1, youtube.com
 * Have five weeks of mad lockdown panic actually done us good? by Peter Hitchens, Apr 19, hitchensblog.mailonsunday.co.uk
 * Why lockdowns are the wrong policy - Swedish expert Prof. Johan Giesecke, Apr 17, UnHerd at youtube.com
 * Former Chief Scientist reveals coronavirus “is going on all around us", Apr 29, Sky News Australia at youtube.com - featuring Johan Giesecke
 * Nobel prize winning scientist Prof Michael Levitt: lockdown is a “huge mistake”, May 2, UnHerd at youtube.com
 * "[...] the burden of death of flu is like for coronavirus, especially when we correct for the fact that people who die from coronavirus are older on average than people who die from flu. Flu kills young people, it kills two or three times more people under 65 than this coronavirus."
 * "The World Health Organization and I think the epidemiologists in general [...] they overestimated bird flu by a factor of a 100 or 10 000 [...] Ebola was overestimated by a factor of 100 [...]"
 * Perspectives on the Pandemic | Dr. David L. Katz | Episode 3, Apr 14, Journeyman Pictures at youtube.com - not entirely skeptical; rather nuanced; says "we can easily get it wrong in either direction"
 * New Rule: Panic Porn | Real Time with Bill Maher (HBO), Apr 18, youtube.com
 * One of the most colossal failures of the century by James Allan, 25 July 2020, spectator.com.au

Czech links:
 * Tomáš Zima: Koronavirus nevymýtíme. Nemůžeme žít v oplexisklovaném Česku. Kdy vláda uvolní pravidla? by Český rozhlas Dvojka, Mar 31, youtube.com - Tomáš Zima is the rector of Charles University in Prague
 * Höschl: Koronavir porazí imunita. Lidi tleskají zákazům, je to komunismus // Prostor X podcast by reflex_cz, Apr 9, youtube.com
 * Roman Šmucler: Neničí nás koronavir, ale počet propuštěných lidí by Český rozhlas Dvojka, Apr 3, youtube.com

Lessons learned
Research questions:
 * What are the lessons learned from the covid pandemic?

Tentative answers:
 * You have to get a reliable case fatality rate (CFR) figure as soon as possible, by properly randomized testing taking samples from the whole population.
 * This is utterly critical since the draconian measures have huge impacts and should only be applied if the real CFR is high.
 * If you suspect there are too few infected cases to obtain statistically valid numbers, you must compensate for it by making a larger number of tests. If the testing is expensive, you do it anyway since it is much less expensive than the draconian measures.
 * You have to present data in a way that mitigates the failure to distinguish covid-caused vs. covid-positive entities:
 * If you are going to give us daily death counts, you must also give us daily all-cause death counts or at least weekly all-cause death counts. If you do not have fresh data, you must at least present some past year's averages.
 * The same for beds: if you provide covid-positive hospitalizations, also provide daily or weekly all-cause hospitalizations.
 * The same for ICU beds: if you provide covid-positive ICU beds, also provide daily or weekly all-cause ICU beds.
 * The same for ventilators: if you provide covid-positive ventilators, also provide daily or weekly all-cause ventilators.
 * If you are going to give us daily case counts, you must also give us daily test counts.
 * Any plot that plots daily case counts must also show daily test counts in the same plot.
 * We are fallible. We know nothing or close to nothing. There are too many experts who make pretentious claims to knowledge. We need to have a critical attitude. Experts are not to be disregarded but they must not be blindly trusted either.
 * Influenza is a significant contributor to deaths, not as the sole cause but as an auxiliary cause in a death case. People should not feel free to caugh into their hands in public transport and thereby contribute to influenza spread.
 * Nursing homes are the Achilles' heel (point of vulnerability) of mitigation strategies, and require special attention and dedicated effort.

Michael Levitt
Michael Levitt was a notable online figure during COVID-19 pandemic.

Links:
 * Michael Levitt
 * The lethal nonsense of Michael Levitt | Bits of DNA, 2020, liorpachter.wordpress.com -- whatever the merits of the key thesis, there is an interesting discussion under the article