Draft:Original research/Electrocardiogram

CREATE SUBHEADING NAMED DIAGNOSTIC MEDICINE AND TECHNIQUES ECG is an abbreviation for electrocardiogram.

Control groups
The findings demonstrate a statistically systematic change from the status quo or the control group.

In the design of experiments, treatments [or special properties or characteristics] are applied to [or observed in] experimental units in the treatment group(s). In comparative experiments, members of the complementary group, the control group, receive either no treatment or a standard treatment.

Notation: let SSA stand for Sjögren’s-syndrome-related antigen A.

Notation: let SSB stand for Sjogren syndrome antigen B.

Def. a measurement made on an electrocardiogram calculated as the time from the start of the Q wave to the end of the T wave, and approximates the time taken from when the cardiac ventricles start to contract to when they finish relaxing is called QT interval.

Objective: electrocardiographic (EKG) variations in children with congenital heart block (CHB), sinus bradycardia and prolongation of the corrected QT (QTc) interval in infants born to mothers with anti-SSA antibodies to assess the pathologic nature of these manifestations compared to a control group.

"165 consecutive pregnancies in 106 anti-SSA–positive women with connective tissue diseases (CTDs) [were studied]. EKGs obtained on 58 children of this group were compared with those obtained on 85 infants born to mothers with CTD who were negative for both anti-SSA and anti-SSB."

Results: "No statistically significant difference was seen between the 2 study groups with regard to gestational age, prematurity, birth weight, age of the children at the time of EKG, age of the mothers, or treatments received by the mothers during their pregnancies."

Proof of concept
Def. a “short and/or incomplete realization of a certain method or idea to demonstrate its feasibility" is called a proof of concept.

Def. evidence that demonstrates that a concept is possible is called proof of concept.

The proof-of-concept structure consists of
 * 1) background,
 * 2) procedures,
 * 3) findings, and
 * 4) interpretation.

Proof of technology
The objective of a proof of technology is to determine the solution to some technical problem, such as how two systems might be integrated or that a certain throughput can be achieved with a given configuration.

Def.Greek Origin protos (italics), meaning 'first' "[a]n original object or form which is a basis for other objects, forms, or for its models and generalizations" is called a prototype.

Def. "[a]n early sample or model built to test a concept or process" is called a prototype.

Def. "[a]n instance of a category or a concept that combines its most representative attributes" is called a prototype.

Def. "[t]o test something using the conditions that it was designed to operate under, especially out in the real world instead of in a laboratory or workshop" is called "field-test", or a field test.

A "proof-of-technology prototype ... typically implements one critical scenario to exercise or stress the highest-priority requirements."

"[A] proof-of-technology test demonstrates the system can be used".

"The strongest proof of technology performance is based on consistency among multiple lines of evidence, all pointing to similar levels of risk reduction."

Medicine
The diagram on the right shows the approximately proper locations to apply the adhesive electrodes for performing an electrocardiogram.

Electrocardiography
In a conventional 12-lead ECG, electrodes are placed on the patient's limbs and on the surface of the chest, the overall magnitude of the heart's electrical potential is then measured from twelve different angles ("leads") and is recorded over a period of time (usually ten seconds), thus the overall magnitude and direction of the heart's electrical depolarization is captured at each moment throughout the cardiac cycle.

There are three main components to an ECG: the P wave, which represents the depolarization of the atria; the QRS complex, which represents the depolarization of the ventricles; and the T wave, which represents the repolarization of the ventricles.

During each heartbeat, a healthy heart has an orderly progression of depolarization that starts with pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node, spreads throughout the atrium, and passes through the atrioventricular node down into the bundle of His and into the Purkinje fibers, spreading down and to the left throughout the ventricles. This orderly pattern of depolarization gives rise to the characteristic ECG tracing. To the trained clinician, an ECG conveys a large amount of information about the structure of the heart and the function of its electrical conduction system. Among other things, an ECG can be used to measure the rate and rhythm of heartbeats, the size and position of the heart chambers, the presence of any damage to the heart's muscle cells or conduction system, the effects of heart drugs, and the function of implanted pacemakers.

Cardiology
Def. Greek origin 'Kardia' meaning heart and Greek origin 'Logos' meaning word, reason,  the "study of the structure, function, and disorders of the heart" is called cardiology.

Theoretical electrocardiograms
Def. a "visual output that an electrocardiograph produces" is called an electrocardiogram, or ECG, EKG.

EKG comes from the German term Elektrokardiogramm.

ECG - the AMA Manual of Style and – under its stylistic influence – most American medical publications use ECG instead of EKG.