Fundamentals of Neuroscience/Exams/Quiz III

{The purpose of the eye's lens is to: - Magnify images + Focus light - Enhance images - Reflect light
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{How is visual information sorted by preliminary optic pathways? - Input from the left eye travels to the left visual cortex, and vice versa - Input from the left eye travels to the right visual cortex, and vice versa - Input from the left field of vision travels to the left visual cortex, and vice versa + Input from the left field of vision travels to the right visual cortex, and vice versa
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{All of the following are true about the visual system EXCEPT: + Cone cells are more abundant than rod cells - Rod cells are adept at motion detection - Cone cells are concentrated where visual acuity is greatest - Rod cells do not respond selectively to different wavelengths of light
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{Select all of the following which accurately describe cortical visual processing: + Each successive layer processes increasingly complex visual information + The primary visual cortex (V1) already processes motion information - Color perception begins at the V2 layer of the occipital cortex - Depth perception is generated by advanced level spatial understanding pathways - The visual stream passing through the parietal lobe is responsible for object recognition
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{Which of the following best describes how sound waves enter the cochlea? - Pressure waves in the air vibrate a membrane on the cochlea - Specialized nerve cells detect air vibration and send this information to the cochlea + Pressure waves trigger the movement of a series of bones which vibrate the cochlea
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{T/F: The first nervous system cells involved in hearing are hair cells + True - False
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{What role do mechanoreceptors play in the cochlea? - Detecting vibrations of the cochlear membrane + Detecting the movement of fluid within the cochlea - Detecting the force exerted by the ossicles - The cochlea does not contain any mechanoreceptors
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{All of the following are true about auditory processing EXCEPT: - Sound location is determened by interaural time differnces - Pitch information is encoded by what area of the cochlea gets activated - Both the primary and secondary auditory cortices are on the temporal lobe + The first destination of the auditory nerve coming from the ear is the primary auditory cortex
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{T/F: The olfactory bulb is linked to the limbic system + True - False
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{The chemicals responsible for smell and taste are, respectively: - Olfactants and gustants - Olfactants and tastants - Odorants and gustants + Odorants and tastants
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{Perceptual qualities in both taste and smell are generated by - Activation of receptors specific for certain perceptions + Activation of collections of receptors in different patterns - Differential activation of receptors at specific regions of the tongue or olfactory bulb - Co-activation of two receptor types by a specific stimulus
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{Select all of the following which could be detected by a mechanoreceptor: + Vibration + Stretch + Pressure + Temperature + Pain
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{How is a given class of receptor's sensitivity primarily determined? - Receptor shape and location on the body - Receptor density and shape + Receptor depth in the skin and density - All receptors within a given class are equally sensitive to stimulation
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{How are sensory inputs organized by the primary sensory cortex? + According to location on the body - According to receptor type - According to stimulus type - According to receptor depth in the skin
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{Select all of the ways a nociceptor may be activated: + Directly by physical damage to the cell + Directly by a strong pressure applied to the cell - Directly by the loss of cells + Indirectly by chemicals released by damaged cells + Indirectly by chemicals released by immune cells - Indirectly by psychological influences
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{Differences between touch processing and pain processing include: + Many classes and types of mechnoreceptors vs few varying types - Passing through intermediate processing steps vs direct route to the cortex + Most receptors near the surface of the skin vs most buried in the lower dermis + One main cortical processing area vs very diffuse processing
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{What is the neurotransmitter used at neuromuscular synapses? + Acetylcholine - Dopamine - Seretonin - Many types of neurotransmitters are usually used
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{What is the role of the basal ganglia in movement? - Generating movement commands + Filtering out excess movement commands - Atuning muscle coordination - Processing inputs from muscle spindles
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{What is the role of muscle spindles in movement? - Causing muscle fibers to contract - Causing muscle fibers to relax + Detecting muscle stretch following contraction - Detecting muscle fatigue (through lactate levels)
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{T/F: Involuntary motion only requires basic input from the brainstem or cerebellum - True + False
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