Gene transcriptions/Elements/TCs

"Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) is implicated in the regulation of smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation. [A] novel TGFβ control element (TCE) [occurs] in the promoters of SMC differentiation marker genes including α SM actin and SM22α."

The "promoters of multiple other SMC differentiation marker genes including SM22α and SM-MHC were also found to contain similar TCE regions [11]."

The "α SM actin CArG element (CArG A) was required in combination with the TCE to coordinately regulate TGFβ-induced α SM actin expression in cultured cells [11]."

Consensus sequences
The consensus sequence for the TCE in mouse and rat is 5'-GAGTGGGGCG-3' (-117) within the SM22α promoter which extends from -450 to +65 and includes two CArG transcription factors upstream of the TCE.

In mouse and rat SM22α promoters there are 14 nts between the nearest upstream CArG and the TCE, specifically 5'-AGCCTGTGTGGAGT-3'.

"The sequence of the TCE in the human c-myc promoter is [5'-GCGTGGGGGA-3']." The "TGF-β inhibitory element (TIE [5'-GAGTGGTGA-3']) [is] in the rat transin/stromelysin promoter(12)."

"Robbins et al. (18) have reported that expression of pRB in mouse fibroblasts suppresses transcription of c-fos and have identified an element, termed the retinoblastoma control element (RCE), in the c-fos promoter necessary for this suppression. More recently, sequences homologous to the RCE have been identified in the TGF-β1, -β2, and -β3 promoters by Kim et al. (19)."

"Kim et al. (19) also reported that sequences similar to the RCE are present in the human c-myc promoter".