General Biology/Animal Development


 * A Body-Building Plan
 * model organism;
 * embryonic development;
 * Stem cell

Fertilization

 * fertilization;


 * acrosomal reaction; acrosome; acrosomal process;
 * fast block to polyspermy;


 * cortical reaction;
 * slow block to polyspermy;
 * formation of the fertilization envelope;


 * egg activation;


 * fertilization in mammals;
 * zona pellucida;

Cleavage

 * cleavage; blastomeres; blastula; blastocoel;


 * cleavage pattern in frogs;
 * yolk; vegetal pole; animal pole;
 * cleavage furrow;


 * cleavage patterns in other animals;
 * holoblastic;
 * meroblastic;


 * regulation of cleavage;

Morphogenesis in animals involves specific changes in cell shape, position, and survival

 * morphogenesis; gastrulation; organogenesis;

Gastrulation

 * gastrula; germ layers; ectoderm; endoderm; mesoderm;


 * gastrulation in sea urchins;
 * archenteron; blastopore;


 * gastrulation in frogs;


 * gastrulation in chicks;
 * epiblast; hypoblast; primitive streak;


 * gastrulation in humans;
 * Developmental Adaptations of Amniotes
 * amniotes; embryo;

Organogenesis

 * neurulation;
 * notochord; neural plate; induction;
 * neural tube; spina bifida;


 * cell migration in organogenesis;
 * neural crest; somites;


 * organogenesis in chicks and insects;

Mechanisms of Morphogenesis

 * cytoskeleton;
 * convergent extension;
 * cell adhesion molecules; extracellular matrix (ECM);


 * programmed cell death; apoptosis;

Cytoplasmic determinants and inductive signals contribute to cell fate specification

 * determination; differentiation;
 * developmental biology;

Fate Mapping

 * fate maps;


 * axis formation;
 * position of the anterior-posterior axis;
 * cortical rotation;


 * restricting developmental potential;
 * totipotency;

Cell Fate Determination and Pattern Formation by Inductive Signals

 * “organizer” of Spemann and Mangold;
 * formation of the vertebrate limb; pattern formation; positional information;
 * apical ectodermal ridge (AER);
 * zone of polarizing activity (ZPA);

Cilia and Cell Fate

 * tationary primary cilia, or monocilia;

Reference

 * Jane B. Reece et al.(2014), Campbell Biology Tenth Edition, Chapter 47. Animal Development