Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Wanting and liking

Overview
Wanting and liking are separate urges controlled by different brain circuits and when combined at once, the impact on the brain is powerful.

'Have you ever wanted something, only to get it and realise you didn’t like it? What did you learn from the experience?'

This chapter will aim to outline the similarities and differences in the pleasures of liking and wanting.


 * 1) a brief, evocative description of the problem
 * 2) an image
 * 3) an example or case study

- Definition of both liking and wanting.

- Outline major differences and similarities between wanting and liking.

- When to use liking vs when to use wanting

- LINKING BACK TO MOTIVATION

Focus questions:
 * What is liking?
 * What is wanting?
 * How can we distinguish liking from wanting?
 * What brain mechanisms are involved in liking and wanting?

Liking
How do we define Liking?

- specific motivation/emotion theories/research.

- Pleasure and Happiness: Brain mechanisms of ‘pleasure ‘liking’ may even play an important role in generating human happiness (Kringelbach & Berridge, 2009)

Wanting
How do we define liking?

Wanting provides the motivation to seek out the thing that gives us pleasure

Interesting study 'Stress Increases Cue-Triggered “Wanting” for Sweet Reward in Humans' (Pool et al., 2015)

Incentive salience
Incentive salience is a percept-bound type of “wanting”, which typically occurs as relatively brief peaks upon encountering a reward or a physical reminder of the reward (a cue).

Differences
While we often use like and want interchangeably, in the realm of cognitive psychology, they are two different things.

'Wanting' is mediated by a robust brain system including dopamine projections (left, dark gray), whereas 'liking' is mediated by a restricted brain system of small hedonic hotspots (white) (Berridge and Kringelbach, 2015).

Theories
- The incentive-sensitization theory posits the essence of drug addiction to be excessive amplification specifically of psychological ‘wanting’, especially triggered by cues, without necessarily an amplification of ‘liking’

The implications of liking and wanting
- “wanting” and “liking” depend on mechanisms acting below the level of consciousness, explaining why individuals often struggle to enhance or refrain their motivations and emotions by means of conscious control.

- ‘liking’ (hedonic impact), ‘wanting’ (incentive salience)

- liking refers to an emotional state whereas wanting has more to do with motivation and decision utility (Berridge and Aldridge, 2008).

- The wanting-type pleasure relies on the dopamine system. Dopamine is released each time you’re looking forwards to something. The liking-type pleasure relies on your reward-driven system. When you do something you enjoy doing, opiates such as endorphins are released as a reward (Litman, 2005)

Psychology of liking and wanting
“I want to spend more time in the outdoors.” vs''. “I like spending in the outdoors.”''

- Usually a brain ‘likes’ the rewards that it ‘wants’. But sometimes it may just ‘want’ them. Research has established that ‘liking’ and ‘wanting’ rewards are dissociable both psychologically and neurobiologically.

- Addiction changes our brains, and we can develop what neuroscientists call incentive salience. This kind of wanting continues long after the thrill is over. We may not derive any pleasure from the drinking and drugging, the shoe accumulation and the relationship. We may not even like any of it. But, the want compels us to do it all."We typically want what we like, and like what we want," Smith said. "But these results suggest that wanting and liking are processed by distinct brain circuits and may not always go hand-in-hand."

Conclusion
- summarise key points

- answer focus questions