Motivation and emotion/Book/2023/Vocational identity

Overview
The focus of this chapter is understanding vocational identity and what factors influence the development of vocational identity.

Current evidence suggests that personal interests, values, skills, social support, and educational experiences shape one's vocational identity. This process requires exploration and commitment, and those who actively engage in self-discovery are more likely to develop a strong vocational identity. Theories such as Holland's Vocational Choice theory, Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development and Super's Career Development Theory further emphasise the importance of self-exploration, identity formation, and career decision-making at various stages of life to support and develop vocational identity.


 * Learning outcomes

After reading this chapter, the following learning outcomes will have been addressed:


 * Accurately define what vocational identity is.
 * Understand the personal and social factors involved in the development of vocational identity.
 * Apply development theories to explain how they support the development vocational identity.

What is vocational identity?


Vocational identity is defined as having a clear understanding of one's career goals, abilities, educational interests, and personal values (Skorikov & Vondracek, 2007). All of which are essential in developing a strong vocational identity (Skorikov & Vondracek, 2007). Researchers believe that a secure vocational identity allows individuals to make informed decisions about their career paths and feel confident in their choices.

If individuals undertake in the journey of exploring and recognising their own strengths and interests, they can better align their career goals with their personal values and lead a fulfilling professional life. A secure vocational identity also enables individuals to adapt to changes and challenges in their careers, as they have a solid foundation of self-awareness and confidence.

Table 1. Definitions useful to understand for this chapter.

{What is vocational identity?}

+ A person's sense of who they are in relation to their work or career. - A person's love for opportunities. - The physical attributes that make you who you are.

Secure vocational identity
A strong vocational identity means having a clear purpose, confidence, and direction in your professional life. It comes from understanding your values, interests, and strengths and defining a clear path for yourself. This leads to greater job satisfaction and overall fulfilment. Those with a strong vocational identity set clear goals and objectives within their field and seek out opportunities for growth and advancement. They have unshakable self-belief and healthy self-esteem, which allows them to overcome challenges with ease and adapt to changes in their profession (Santisi et al., 2018).

Sebastian, 25, has established a secure vocational identity as a roof plumber. Sebastian has undertaken an apprenticeship and hands on training from his mentor of 7 years. He is capable of managing roofing challenges and is coupled with a deep sense of accomplishment for his work. This has solidified a career path for Sebastian and paved the way for continued growth in the industry. As briefly mentioned in Figure 1., Sebastian has put the time, energy and effort into establishing his vocational identity and is now feeling fulfilled as a result.
 * Case Study - Sebastian has a secure vocational identity

Insecure vocational identity
An insecure vocational identity is characterised by uncertainty, doubt, and a lack of clarity about one's career direction. Individuals with an insecure vocational identity may feel lost or stuck, often leading to job dissatisfaction and a sense of aimlessness. They may struggle to define their career objectives and may not have a strong belief in their capabilities, which can hinder their professional growth and development (Santisi et al., 2018).

Sadie, 34, struggles with a weak and insecure vocational identity. Sadie has jumped between multiple roles without a clear sense of direction. She is also uncertain about her skills, interests and long-term goals which has prevented her from committing to a specific career path. Sadie's lack of focus has lead to job dissatisfaction and limited professional growth, leaving her feeling unfulfilled.
 * Case dtudy - Sadie has an insecure vocational identity

The formation of vocational identity
The formation process of vocational identity is fluid, not linear and happens over time. It is influenced by various factors and requires individuals to form career objectives, goals, aspirations, and plans (n/a, 2016). One is able to do this by having a deep understanding of oneself and the various personal and social factors that influence career choices (n/a, 2016).

Personal attributes, such as interests, strengths, and values, play a crucial role in aligning with a suitable career. At the same time, social attributes, such as family expectations and cultural values, can either constrain or encourage certain paths (Keijzer et al., 2019). Peer influences, mentorship, and networking can also expand opportunities and provide guidance in vocational development. It's important to balance these personal and social attributes to create a well-rounded vocational identity that reflects broader societal dynamics.

Table 2. Personal and societal attributes of vocational identity.

Developmental theories within vocational identity
Theories such as Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development and Super's Career Development Theory support the notion of supporting and developing vocational identity by emphasising the importance of self-exploration, identity formation, and career decision-making in different life stages.

Psychosocial stages of development
The Psychosocial development stages, identified by Erik Erikson and built on Freud's theory of psychosexual development, explains the idea that an individual will experience key milestones throughout life for lifelong psychological and social growth (Carrey, 2010). Figure 3 shows the eight different stages that individuals experience, which are characterised either by a unique psychosocial crisis or challenge (For eg. Stage 1/age 0-2, this is vital for Infants to develop a sense of trust in their caregivers). The stages span from infancy to old age and encompass critical issues such as: trust versus mistrust, autonomy versus shame and doubt, initiative versus guilt, industry versus inferiority, identity versus role confusion, intimacy versus isolation, generativity versus stagnation, and ego integrity versus despair. Erik Erikson's approach has influenced several fields of study, not limited but including personality development, identity formation and life cycle development (Knight, 2017). Erikson's psychosocial stages on influence vocational identity, highlights the different development stages, and the influence each stage has on vocational identity. Successfully navigating these crises contributes to the development of a person's sense of self, relationships, and overall life satisfaction, with a lasting impact on their vocational identity and choices. It is also important to note that although these stages occur in a linear fashion and are vital in the development of particular personality attributes, vocational identity does not develop in a linear fashion.

Table 3. Erikson's psychosocial stages on influence vocational identity. (Maree, 2021).

Career Development Theory
Donald E. Super's Career Development Theory, also known as the Lifespan and Life-Space Theory, is the idea of understanding how an individual’s career evolves over time (Skorikov & Vondracek, 2007). It's all about how an individual see’s themselves, what they want to do for their career, and the potential opportunities an individual gets to make it happen. Super's Career Development theory assists individuals to make sense of all those factors to make smarter choices about our careers (Skorikov & Vondracek, 2007). In the theory there are five life stages that overlap and are flexible with each other. The stages of vocational development are as shown in Figure 4 according to Donald E. Super are known as: Growth, Exploration, Establishment, Maintenance and Decline.

According to this theory, the development of a self-concept or self-image is crucial; as individuals progress through life, they explore different roles and career options while refining their self-concept (London et al., 2023). This process helps them align their career choices with personal values, interests, and abilities, leading to the formation of a secure vocational identity (Kamhawy et al., 2020).

Super's theory emphasises that vocational identity is not fixed but rather evolves as individuals encounter new experiences and roles. By adapting to these changes, similar to Erik Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, individuals can create a secure vocational identity that aligns with their evolving self-concept (Kamhawy et al., 2020).

Table 4. Donald E. Super's five stages of life and vocational development, including: growth, exploratory, establishment, maintenance, and decline. (Kosine & Lewis, 2008).

 {During what stage of Donald E. Super's career development theory do individuals aim to establish themselves in their chosen career, pursuing longer term vocational goals?}

+ Establishment - Exploration - Decline - Growth

 {At which stage of life and vocational development does self-discovery and the formation of interests and abilities primarily occur?}

- Establishment - Exploration - Decline + Growth

Vocational Choice Theory

 * Case study

Scarlett, 24, has always enjoyed music and has tried a variety of instruments, but loves singing the most. Scarlett recently started working in the music industry with likeminded people, from this they have created an environment that fosters creativity, leaving Scarlett feeling fulfilled and with a stronger vocational identity.

Scarlett falls within the 'Artistic' category due to her personal interests and skills.



Developing a strong vocational identity requires considering personal interests, values, skills, social support, and education. This involves exploring and making commitments. Career development initiatives that individuals undertake are primarily driven by their personal values, interests, and goals alongside the necessary steps needed to achieve these aspirations (McDonald & Hite, 2016). Vocational choice theory addresses this and supports individuals to take control of their career path, and to assist people with choosing a career or education based on your personality and interest's. It is centred around the idea that one's career path is dependent on the anchor that aligns with their personality traits (Osipow et al., 1966).

John L. Holland's 6 career anchors classify individuals as realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional, and are also known as the Holland Codes or the Holland Occupational Themes (RIASEC). These codes and the theme in general is important to consider as people prefer roles in which they can be around similar people; searching for environments supporting the use of their skills while also having the freedom to express themselves.

This theory approaches vocational development from a problem-solving, cognitive approach and is often used in career counselling via assessment tools such as: Self-Directed Search, Vocational Preference Inventory and Strong Interest Inventory.

Theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and Vocational identity
The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) suggests that one's intention to perform a behaviour, such as choosing a career, is influenced by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control. In vocational development, TPB underscores how an individuals beliefs, social pressures, and perceived control over their career choices impact decision-making and goal pursuit, shaping their vocational path.

The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) primarily applies to understanding behaviour and decision-making in various contexts, including career choices. While it offers insights into the factors influencing vocational decisions, it's not specifically a theory of vocational identity development. Vocational identity theories like Super's and Holland's delve more directly into the concept of career identity formation. (Tegova, 2010).

Conclusion
Vocational identity is having a clear understanding of one's career goals, abilities, educational interests, and personal values (Skorikov & Vondracek, 2007); an individual will have a secure vocational identity if this is achieved. The development of vocational identity is influenced by a combination of both personal and social factors. The personal attributes assist individuals in aligning career choices with their self-concept; these attributes include interests, values, and strengths or skills. The social attributes include expectations, norms, trends, and peer influences. These attributes can either encourage or constrain career paths. A healthy balance of both sets of attributes is vital in establishing a secure vocational identity.

In terms of theory, Erik Erikson's theory of Psychosocial Development and Donald E. Super's Career Development theory both focus on the significance of self-awareness, exploration, the formation of vocational identity, and the influence of vocational decision-making at different life stages. Specifically, in Psychosocial development theory, there is a focus on effectively approaching psychosocial situations throughout the different stages of life and the possibilities of the impacts on vocational development. On the other hand, the Career development theory establishes the five different stages of vocational development, emphasising the fluidity and plasticity of vocational identity for an individual as they experience more in life. John L. Holland's vocational choice theory works by grouping individuals based on their personality traits, preferences, and skills. Understanding these theories and the factors influencing vocational identity can inspire individuals to make informed and satisfying career decisions throughout their lives.

To conclude, individuals develop a secure vocational identity because of active commitment to self-discovery and alignment of their career choices with personal values and interests. Secure vocational identity results in individuals experiencing greater levels of job satisfaction, and fulfilment in one's professional life.