Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs

Overview
This lecture discusses human motivation in terms of:
 * a taxonomy of motivation which includes intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
 * psychological needs according to self-determination theory (autonomy, competence, relatedness)

Key question: What is the "secret sauce" for unlocking "intrinsic motivation"?

Take-home messages:
 * Intrinsic motivation usually produces better outcomes than extrinsic motivation
 * The more complex the task, the more important is intrinsic motivation
 * Intrinsic motivation is fostered by conditions which support autonomy, competence, and relatedness

Outline
Extrinsic motivation and internalisation
 * Extrinsic motivation
 * Incentives and rewards
 * Hidden costs of reward
 * Intrinsic motivation
 * Cognitive evaluation theory
 * Types of extrinsic motivation
 * Internalisation
 * Amotivation

Psychological needs
 * Psychological needs
 * Autonomy
 * Competence
 * Relatedness

Multimedia

 * The surprising science of motivation (Dan Pink, RSA Animate, YouTube) (10:47 min): What are the psychological ingredients for harnessing motivation in the workplace? External motivators such as money are useful, up to a point, but beyond that the work needs to allow for autonomy and be meaningful to engage intrinsic motivation.
 * What makes us feel good about our work? (Dan Ariely, TEDx talk, 2013) (10:32 min): Describes several eye-opening experiments which manipulate the way simple tasks are conducted and measure how this affects people's performance and reactions. The amount of control and effort we exert influences how much we value the outcome.

Readings

 * 1) Chapter 05: Extrinsic motivation and internalisation (Reeve, 2018)
 * 2) Chapter 06: Psychological needs (Reeve, 2018)

Slides

 * Extrinsic motivation and internalisation (Google Slides)
 * Psychological needs (Google Slides)

Recording

 * Lecture 04 (2023)