Obstetrics and Gynecology/Post-Menopausal Bleeding

Post-menopausal Bleeding is vaginal bleeding occurring after the menopause

Differential Diagnosis
The differential diagnosis of post-menopausal bleeding is classified according the organ involved:

Uterine disorders:
 * Endometrial carcinoma
 * Endometrial Atrophy

Cervical disorders
 * Cervical carcinoma
 * Cervical polyp

Vaginal disorders
 * Vaginal carcinoma
 * Vaginal atrophy

Vulval disorders
 * Vulval atrophy
 * Vulval carcinoma

Other
 * Hormone replacement therapy

Diagnosis
The diagnosis of post-menopausal bleeding is made using the following clinical skills:


 * Gynecological History Taking
 * Gynecological Examination
 * Gynecological Investigations