Panspermia/A Critique of The universe: a cryogenic habitat for microbial life.

(Review Paper) Cited in

Humans are made from stars
20 different atoms make up all living material. They include atoms that are found in steller nucleosynthesis. Steller nucleosynthesis is a nuclear reaction that takes place in the stars. We can make the conclusion that we are made up of atoms from the stars.

Bacteria has shields
Microorganisms are able to survive/thrive in ultraviolet light.


 * If life from other planets were entering Earth's atmosphere, the ultraviolet radiation would actually alter the organisms genetic makeup. There are some cells that may be able to survive this exposure, though it is unlikely that most would withstand the journey through the atmosphere, as well as the impact of landing.

Additionally, after microorganisms reach temperatures of 10-30K, they can remain in a freeze-dried state until they find a new surface environment to sustain and replicate themselves in; such as comets or planets.

Other planets show signs of life
Various planets, including Mars and Venus, are showing signs of life in water and clouds on the planets surface.

Captured stratospheric air shows signs of life
Stratospheric air shows signs of bacteria which is above the atmosphere free from aerosoles from the earth.

Humans are made from stars
The atoms that are found in stellar nucleosynthesis include oxygen, phosphorus, hydrogen and carbon. These atoms are found in all living organisms. They are crucial in the composition of living material. .

Bacteria has shields
The microorganisms are surrounded by mantles, which is a growth that protects the bacteria. In outer space bacteria is shielded by thick molecular clouds. Thermophiles are microorganisms that flourish at high temperatures and do well in UV lighting.

Other planets show signs of life
Dirk Schulze-Makuch found that 30 miles above the surface of the clouds in Venus there are chemical signs of life. He found hydrogen sulphide, sulfur dioxide, and most notably carbonyl sulphide. Carbonyl sulphide is difficult to produce by inorganic chemistry and is commonly considered to be a sign for living organisms.

Captured stratospheric air shows signs of life
Samples of air was obtained in sterilized stainless steel cylinders and fitted with valves that could be open and shut at on command from the ground. The cylinders were carefully opened and the collected air that was above the boundary of the atmosphere. This air was tested because it ensures that no aerosols from below would be present. Evidence for the presence of viable cells was discovered and the detection was made using a fluorescent dyes which are only taken up by the membranes of living cells.

Results
The small amount of bacteria needed to maintain life in the galaxy and experiments such as the stratospheric collection experiment continue to confirm astronomical data that verifies the existence of microbial life.


 * A Critique of the results from The Universe: A cryogenic habitat for microbial life.