Physical Anthropology Lab

ANTH 110L: Physical Anthropology LabProfessor February 14, 2022The process of Mitosis is comprised of six steps (7 including interphase): prophase- the condensing of chromatin; prometaphase-the separation of genetic material; metaphase-chromosomes align at spindles center; anaphase-chromosomes pull apart towards spindles poles; telophase-new nuclear envelope forms; and cytokinesis-division of cells (Says). Meiosis follows these steps twice, as it goes through two stages of cell division, ultimately producing four haploid daughter cells, whereas Mitosis produces two diploids (identical to the parent cell) daughter cells (Alison et al.).The primary function of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is to replicate and store genetic information (MacKenzie). One of the most notable differences between DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic acid) is that DNA is responsible for the transmission of genetic material, whereas RNA transmits genetic code (MacKenzie). Also, DNA consists of a double-helix shape, whereas RNA is a single-helix shape; their sugars: are ribose (RNA) and deoxyribose (DNA).Protein synthesis is/are the coding nucleotides in our DNA that provide instructions on how to make DNA (Alison et al.). It consists of two main steps called transcription and translation (in that order). Transcription is where the DNA is transcribed into a message, which happens in the nucleus. RNA polymerase connects to the DNA, where mRNA (messenger RNA) is formed. Once this is complete, it goes to the ribosome (makes protein), located in the cytoplasm. The ribosome builds this protein for the next step—translation. The mRNA message is essential. It tells the tRNA (transfer RNA) which amino acids it needs that are transferred by anticodons on the tRNA side and codons on the mRNA side. Once the transfer of amino acids is complete, synthesis is comprehensive. A phenotype is the observable physical appearance of an organism (Alison et al.). This physical appearance is determined by the organism's genotype. Gene copies, inherited from each parent, are known as alleles. In essence, an organism's physical traits are known as a "phenotype," but this is all dependent on an organism's genotype, made up of each inherited allele. Recessiveness and Dominance are relative and entirely subjective. What could be dominant for one population could be recessive for another, and vice versa. Just because one trait is recessive and one is dominant does not necessarily either-or is better than the other, either. To know that trait will be dominant and what will be recessive, we would have to if and which parent was heterozygous/homozygous and what the recessive and dominant traits even are. The two go hand-and-hand but can lead to two completely different outcomes, as far as a trait is concerned. Active DNA: 	T A C	-	C C G	-	T A G	-	G A C	-	T T G	-	A T TmRNA: 	       AUG	-    GGC-        AUC-        CUG-        AAC-	     UAAtRNA: 	        UAC -     CCG-        UAG-       GAC-         UUG-       AUUAmino Acid:   Methionine - Glycine - Isoleucine – Leucine – Asparagine- Punct (stop codon)mRNA        AUG  - GGC-  AUC-  CUG-  AAC-  UAA  tRNA           UAC-  CCG-  UAG-  GAC-  UUG-  AUUAmino acid Methionine- Glycine- Isoleucine-Leucine- Asparagine-Punct(stop codon)Below is F2 Generation The gametes are from the parents--Maroon (M) Orange(m). The genotypes are MM, Mm, Mm, mm (2 heterozygotes and 2 homozygotes), which are expressed in the form of phenotypes. Simply put, there will be 3 maroon haired offspring and 1 orange haired offspring, 75% Maroon haired, 25% Orange Haired. GGMM, ggmmF1 generation GgMm, GgMm