Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Magnetic coupling constant

In physics, the magnetic coupling constant, or magnetic fine structure constant (usually denoted β, the Greek letter beta) is a fundamental physical constant, characterizing the strength of the magnetic force interaction. The numerical value of β is the same in all system of measurement, because β is a dimensionless quantity: $$\beta = 34.258999743$$. The constant β was proposed by Yakymakha in 1989.

Definition
The standard definition of the magnetic coupling constant is:
 * $$ \beta = \frac {\varepsilon_0 h c}{2 e^2} = \frac {h}{2 \mu_0 c e^2}, $$

where:
 * $$~ \varepsilon_0 $$ is the electric constant;
 * $$~h $$ is the Planck constant;
 * $$~c$$ is the speed of light in vacuum;
 * $$~ e$$ is the elementary charge;
 * $$~\mu_0$$ is the vacuum permeability.

In the Cgs units magnetic coupling constant is: $$\beta^{Cgs} =  \frac{\hbar c}{4e^2} .\ $$

Magnetic charge quantization
It is known, that magnetic charge (and magnetic flux) has the property to be quantized:
 * $$ q_n = n \cdot q_m, \ $$

where $$n = 1,2,3,... $$ is the integer number and $$ q_m =h/e $$ is the fictitious elementary magnetic charge. The conception of magnetic monopole was first hypothesized by Pierre Curie in 1894, but the quantum theory of magnetic charge started with a 1931 paper by Paul Dirac. In this paper, Dirac showed that the existence of magnetic monopoles was consistent with Maxwell's equations only in case of charge quantization, which is observed.

Magnetic force
Coulomb law for the fictitious magnetic charges is:
 * $$F = \frac{1}{4\pi \mu_0}\cdot \frac{q_{n1} q_{n2} }{r^2}, \ $$

where $$ q_{n1} = n_1 q_m $$ and $$ q_{n2} = n_2 q_m $$ are two interacting magnetic charges. At $$n_1 = n_2 = 1 $$ we shall have the minimal magnetic force:
 * $$F_m = \frac{\beta \hbar c}{r^2}, \ $$

from which it is seen that $$\beta $$ is magnetic coupling constant.

In the general case, when we know the magnetic charges, Coulomb force could be rewritten as:
 * $$F = F_m\cdot n_1n_2. \ $$

Gravitational torsion force
The "static" Stoney mass is defined as:
 * $$m_S = e \sqrt{\frac{\varepsilon_g}{\varepsilon_o}} = 1.85927\cdot 10^{-9} \ $$ kg,

where
 * $$\varepsilon_g = \frac{1}{4\pi G} \ $$ is the gravitoelectric gravitational constant, $$G \ $$ is the gravitational constant.

Similar to the elementary magnetic charge the fictitious gravitational torsion mass could be defined:
 * $$ m_{\Omega} = \frac{h}{m_S}. \ $$

Newton law for the gravitational torsion masses is:
 * $$F_{\Omega } = \frac{1}{4\pi \mu_{g0}}\cdot \frac{ m_{\Omega}^2}{r^2} = \beta_g \cdot \frac{\hbar c}{r^2}, \ $$

where $$\beta_g = \frac {\varepsilon_g h c}{2 m_S^2} = \frac {h}{2c \mu_{g0} m_S^2} \ $$ is the gravitational torsion coupling constant for the gravitational torsion mass $$ m_{\Omega } \ $$, and $$\mu_{g0} = \frac{4\pi G}{c^2} \ $$ is the gravitomagnetic gravitational constant.

In the case of equality of the above forces $$F_m \ $$ and $$ F_{\Omega}\ $$, we shall get the equality of the coupling constants for magnetic field and gravitational torsion field:
 * $$\beta = \beta_g = \frac{1}{4 \alpha}, \ $$

where $$\alpha \ $$ is the fine structure constant as the coupling constant of electrostatic interaction.

From the stated above, it is evident that the magnetic coupling constant (magnetic fine structure constant) is the constant, which defines the force interactions (magnetic, gravitational, etc.) in the Stoney scale. Therefore, this dimensionless constant could be named as the Stoney scale dynamic force constant (with the following designation: $$\beta_S \ $$).