PlanetPhysics/Physical Laws

The Laws of Physics
This is a new contributed topic summarizing the laws of Physics.

more to come...

Laws of Classical, Newtonian Mechanics

 * Newton's first, second and third laws of motion
 * Euler--Lagrange equation
 * Conservation of momentum
 * Conservation of mass and energy
 * Newton's Law of Gravitation
 * Hook's law

Principles and Laws of Relativistic Mechanics

 * Equivalence of reference systems or coordination frames
 * Constancy of the speed of light, $$c$$
 * Einstein's Equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass
 * Einstein's Law of Mass-Energy Equivalence
 * Einstein--Hilbert action
 * Einstein's field equations (EFEs)
 * Einstein--Maxwell equations
 * Correspondence principle: Newton's law of gravitation derived from EFEs
 * Mach's 'principle', or conjecture

Laws of Fluids and Hydrodynamics

 * 1
 * 2
 * 3

Principle and Laws of Optics

 * Maupertuis' Principle; Principle of Least (or minimum) Action; Variational principles
 * Hamilton's Principle; Principle of Stationary Action
 * Snell's Laws
 * Huygens's Principle of Diffraction

Laws of Electromagnetism and Electrodynamics

 * charge Conservation
 * Coulomb's law
 * Amp\'ere's Law
 * Faraday's Law
 * Kirchhoff law for electrical circuits
 * Maxwell's equations
 * Bragg's Law
 * Clausius-Mossotti Law
 * xxxx

Laws of Thermodynamics and Molecular Physics

 * Energy Conservation
 * Zeroth, First, Second and Third principles of thermodynamics: \bigbreak Zeroth Law -defines temperature: If a \htmladdnormallink{system {http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/SimilarityAndAnalogousSystemsDynamicAdjointnessAndTopologicalEquivalence.html} A is in thermal equilibrium with both systems B and C, then systems B and C are also in thermal equilibrium with each other; that is, if A is at the same temperature as both B and C, then B and C have to be at the same temperature, in thermal equilibrium with each other}. First Law:  The change in a system's internal energy is equal to the difference between \htmladdnormallink{heat {http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Heat.html} added to the system from its surroundings and work done by the system on its surroundings}; \bigbreak Second Law:  In any process occurring in a \htmladdnormallink{closed system {http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/ThermodynamicLaws.html} the entropy can only increase}; \bigbreak Third Law:  the entropy of any pure crystalline system tends to zero in the limit of temperature approaching zero absolute (i.e., in deg Kelvin) ; also Nernst's law or Nernst heat theorem.
 * Avogadro's law: the number of \htmladdnormallink{molecules {http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Molecule.html} or atoms in a specific volume of gas is a universal constant, independent of their size or the molecular mass of the gas}; a mol of gas contains always Avogadro's number, $$N_A$$, of molecules of the gas; $$N_A= 6.022 \times 10^{23} mol^{-1}$$.
 * Clausius--Clapeyron equation
 * Van't Hoff equation
 * Henry's law: At constant temperature, the amount of a given gas dissolved in a given \htmladdnormallink{type {http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Bijective.html} and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid}.
 * Dalton's law (Dalton's law of partial pressures): The total pressure exerted by a gaseous mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual component in a gas mixture.
 * Van der Waals equation of state: Principle of Corresponding States
 * Gibbs--Duhem equation, or the Phase Law
 * Gibbs--Helmholtz equations
 * Kopp's law for heat capacities
 * Ehrenfest equations
 * Maxwell's relations for Thermodynamic potentials
 * Onsager's Principle; Onsager reciprocal relations
 * Stefan--Boltzmann's Law
 * Fick's laws of diffusion
 * Maxwell---Stefan diffusion
 * Churchill-Bernstein Equation
 * Raoult's law
 * Duhem--Margules equation
 * Thermodynamics of black holes and spin networks in Qauntum Gravity

Statistical Mechanics

 * Maxwell--Boltzmann distribution laws:
 * Maxwell---Boltzmann statistics,
 * Bose--Einstein statistics,
 * Ferm--Dirac statistics,
 * Partition function and the Equations of State of a Thermodynamic System
 * Schwinger functions and Osterwalder---Schrader theorem in statistical field theory
 * Langevin equation

Laws of Quantum Mechanics

 * Planck's law and Universal constant, $$h$$
 * Einstein's Laws of Light absorption and Emission; Einstein's coefficients
 * Law of photoelectric effect
 * Quantization Laws
 * First and Second quantization Principles
 * Correspondence Principle
 * wave-particle duality (de Broglie)
 * Superposition Principle and the quantum Wavefunction
 * Uncertainty Principle (Heisenberg)
 * Schr"/odinger's Equations
 * Hamilton's Principle
 * Einstein--Maxwell--Dirac equations (EMD)
 * Klein--Fock--Gordon equation
 * Rarita--Schwinger equation for spin--3/2 fermions
 * Conservation Laws in Spontaneous and quantum measurement Processes
 * Pauli's Principle for fermions
 * Goldstone theorem
 * Kirchhoff's Laws of spectroscopic analysis: Kirchhoff showed that there are three types of spectra emitted by objects: 1) Continuous spectrum -- a solid or liquid body radiates an uninterrupted, smooth spectrum (called a Planck curve); 2) Emission spectrum-- a radiating gas produces a spectrum of discrete spectral lines 3) Absorption spectrum -- a continuous spectrum that passes through a cool gas has specific spectral lines removed (inverse of an emission spectrum)
 * Dispersion laws
 * superconductivity principle and Meissner effect
 * Wheeler--DeWitt equation in quantum gravity

Principles of \htmladdnormallink{quantum field theory {http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/SpaceTimeQuantizationInQuantumGravityTheories.html} (QFT) and quantum electrodynamics (QED)}


 * particle Indistinguishability
 * Second Quantization
 * Mass--renormalization laws
 * Schwinger--Dyson equation

Laws of Atomic and Nuclear Physics

 * Law of radioactive decay
 * lepton conservation laws in electroweak theory
 * The Standard Model
 * supersymmetry
 * Equivalence of string theories
 * Symmetry Breaking and the Higgs theory Dispersion laws for Goldstone bosons

more to come ...