PlanetPhysics/Special Theory of Relativity

Relativity: The Special and General Theory
1916

Albert Einstein

Preface
The present book is intended, as far as possible, to give an exact insight into the theory of Relativity to those readers who, from a general scientific and philosophical point of view, are interested in the theory, but who are not conversant with the mathematical apparatus of theoretical physics. The work presumes a standard of education corresponding to that of a university matriculation examination, and, despite the shortness of the book, a fair amount of patience and force of will on the part of the reader. The author has spared himself no pains in his endeavor to present the main ideas in the simplest and most intelligible form, and on the whole, in the sequence and connection in which they actually originated. In the interest of clearness, it appeared to me inevitable that I should repeat myself frequently, without paying the slightest attention to the elegance of the presentation. I adhered scrupulously to the precept of that brilliant theoretical physicist L. Boltzmann, according to whom matters of elegance ought to be left to the tailor and to the cobbler. I make no pretense of having withheld from the reader difficulties which are inherent to the subject. On the other hand, I have purposely treated the empirical physical foundations of the theory in a "step-motherly" fashion, so that readers unfamiliar with physics may not feel like the wanderer who was unable to see the forest for the trees. May the book bring some one a few happy hours of suggestive thought!

Part I: The Special Theory of Relativity
01. Physical Meaning of Geometrical Propositions \\ 02. The System of Co-ordinates \\ 03. Space and Time in Classical Mechanics\\ 04. The Galileian System of Co-ordinates\\ 05. The Principle of Relativity (in the Restricted Sense)\\ 06. The Theorem of the Addition of Velocities Employed in classical mechanics\\ 07. The Apparent Incompatibility of the Law of Propagation of Light with the Principle of Relativity\\ 08. On the Idea of Time in Physics\\ 09. The Relativity of Simultaneity\\ 10. On the Relativity of the Conception of Distance\\ 11. The Lorentz Transformation\\ 12. The Behavior of Measuring-Rods and Clocks in Motion\\ 13. Theorem of the Addition of Velocities. The Experiment of Fizeau\\ 14. The Heuristic Value of the Theory of Relativity\\ 15. General Results of the Theory\\ 16. Experience and the Special Theory of Relativity\\ 17. Minkowski's Four-dimensional Space\\

Part II: The General Theory of Relativity
18. Special and General Principle of Relativity \\ 19. The Gravitational Field \\ 20. The Equality of Inertial and Gravitational Mass as an Argument for the General Postulate of Relativity \\ 21. In What Respects Are the Foundations of Classical Mechanics and of the Special Theory of Relativity Unsatisfactory? \\ 22. A Few Inferences from the General Principle of Relativity \\ 23. Behavior of Clocks and Measuring-Rods on a Rotating Body of Reference \\ 24. Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Continuum \\ 25. Gaussian Co-Ordinates \\ 26. The Space-Time Continuum of the Special Theory of Relativity Considered as a Euclidean Continuum \\ 27. The Space-Time Continuum of the General Theory of Relativity is Not a Euclidean Continuum \\ 28. Exact Formulation of the General Principle of Relativity \\ 29. The Solution of the Problem of Gravitation on the Basis of the General Principle of Relativity \\

Part III: Considerations on the Universe as a Whole
30. Cosmological Difficulties of Newton's Theory \\ 31. The Possibility of a ``Finite" and yet ``Unbounded" Universe \\ 32. The Structure of Space According to the General Theory of Relativity \\

Appendix I
33. Simple Derivation of the Lorentz Transformation

Appendix II
34. Minkowski's Four-Dimensional Space (``World") \\

Appendix III
35. The Experimental Confirmation of the General Theory of Relativity

Appendix IV
36. The Structure of Space According to the General Theory of Relativity (Supplementary to Section 32) \\