PlanetPhysics/Theory of Organismic Sets and Mathematical Relations

Introduction
The theory of organismic sets and their abstract relations, (OSR), was constructed by Nicolas Rashevsky as a new paradigm of mathematical models of biological organization at different hierarchical (that is, lattice-like) levels by means of mathematical sets. The first example is that of an \htmladdnormallink{organismic set {http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/TheoryOfOrganismicSets.html} of zeroth order} which was defined as "a finite collection $$S_0$$ whose elements correspond to (or represent) the genes $$g_i$$ of a cell or multi-cellular organism together with their activities $$a_i$$, biochemical products $$p_i$$ and corresponding inputs $$I_j$$ from the environment", with $$i$$ and $$j$$ being positive integer indices spanning a finite subset $$N^+$$ of the set of natural numbers $$N$$.

Brief History
Rashevsky's original definition of the organismic sets of zero-th order whose elements are genes as explained above; $$S_0$$ is, therefore, perhaps the most general and simplest model of the genome of an organism. Furthermore, OSR contains also essential relations between such organismic sets that correspond to a biological system's organization. Therefore, Rashevsky's organismic set theory is part of abstract relational biology. First order organismic sets, $$S_1$$, are then simple mathematical models of single cells in terms of both genetic (modeled by $$S_0$$ whose elements model the genes) and metabolic subsystems other than the direct products of the genes. OSR models of multi-cellular organisms are then defined as organismic sets of second order, whose elements are the first order organismic sets that are set-theoretical models of living cells. Further mathematical concepts and a logic of predicates were then introduced by Rashevsky in order to expand his theory of organismic sets to organizational, mathematical models of human societies.

Fundamental and Practical Results of Rashevsky's OSR
Results from such studies of relations between organismic sets in OSR were considered to be far more important than the numerical or quantitative  aspects that play such important roles in physics and chemistry. A number of interesting results were obtained by means of standard (Boolean) logic predicates applied to organismic sets and their relations. Further details can be found in the publications listed below and the references cited therein. Subsequently, autopoietic theories have enlarged upon, and also extended, the application of organismic sets to biological systems, Ecology, societal organizations, societies and the entire set of all humans viewed from the point of view of its activities in the broadest sense, including cultural ones, as well as the human society interactions with its global environment. In spite of its age, the theory of organismic sets thus appears to be today as relevant as it was 30 years ago to the current, pressing problems of the global human society; humanity is now being faced with, and indeed challenged by, critical global issues such as global warming, the growing global energy crysis, and the related problem of increasing costs of food crops, as well as food transport/manufacture/delivery/preservation that were predicted by this theory which employs the rather simple mathematical means of the theory of sets and set-based relations, albeit greatly enriched by the organismic contexts- biological, societal and environmental.

Further Developments of OSR and Relational Biology Mathematical Models
In parallel with OSR developments by Rashevsky there have been related theories in abstract relational biology such as Robert Rosen' s theory of $$(M,R)$$ -systems ($$MR$$s) and Anthony Bartholomay's theory of molecular sets  with applications both in Mathematical Biology and Mathematical Medicine. MRs were represented initially in terms of \htmladdnormallink{categories {http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Cod.html} of sets and set-theoretical maps}. Subsequent OSR developments introduced OSR representations in algebraic categories such as the category of \htmladdnormallink{algebraic {http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/CoIntersections.html} theories} in the sense defined by William F. Lawvere, and also in terms of organismic supercategories {, later defined as interpretations of ETAS axioms. Then, a functorial construction of MRs was reported with similar properties with those previously found for the category of automata, or sequential machines. Such developments made then possible the formulation of a more general theory of organismic sets, molecular sets and $$(M,R)$$ -systems in terms of natural transformations of organismic structures, whose results were then compared with those obtained, or obtainable, from other network, 'net' or automata-based theories and computer modeling of biological systems; specific examples in biology, physiology and medicine were concisely presented for arterial systems in the lung, circulatory system in man, the human brain interactions with the hormonal and circulation systems, neural networks, enzyme networks of the neuron, genetic networks, tumor development (carcinogenesis), coupled biochemical oscillatory systems and biochemical networks, chaotic subsystems in organisms and other related topics.