Pre-Late Egyptian Reconstruction/Adjectives

= The Adjective =

In Afro-Asiatic languages, adjectives can be tricky subject matter, this is no exception in Egyptian and especially so in the hieroglyphics. Something to note is that most scholars point to a synthetic/inflectional difference between the various kinds and uses of the adjective or the stressed vowel was /a/ and bound construction was enforced. The possible vocalic forms (using the |a-i-u| Vowel Semitic-centric Theory), using Coptic references and other related languages, will be presented alongside examples of the adjectives. We'll begin by dissecting the adjective, in Egyptian there are three kinds of adjectives:


 * Primary - there exists only one in Egyptian : nb - all, every (ⲚⲒⲘCopt ).
 * Secondary - is actually a Participle formed from the verb. Most adjectives will fall under this category.
 * Derived - are made from a preposition or a noun; an example would be the nisba.

And Egyptian uses adjectives in three ways:


 * as a Modifier (or Qualifier) - modifies a noun,
 * as a Predicate - forms a sentence taking the place of a verb.
 * or a Noun.

as a Modifier
When an adjective acts as a Modifier (or Qualifier) it follows the noun it modifies and agrees with it in gender and number:


 * sɜ nfr - a good son (ⲚⲞⲨϤⲈCopt Masc Form )
 * dpt nfrt - a good boat (ⲚOϤⲢⲈCopt Fem Form )
 * prw nfrw - fine houses (no Coptic reflexes but may have been spelled similar to: ⲚϤⲈⲈⲨ, ⲚϤⲎⲨ)
 * ḥjmwt nfrwt - beautiful women (no Coptic reflexes but may have been spelled similar to: ⲚϤⲢOOⲨⲈ)

Quick Notes
the Compound Nouns", (Plum.42; v. also Plum 29).
 * "The oldest construction of the genitive was formed by placing the noun of possession, in construct form, before the noun of the possessor, in the absolute form. This construction had almost disappeared in Coptic. The few remaining examples of this construction are


 * ... when two or more words are placed closely together to form a compound noun or group, the tone falls on the last word only and the Formative Vowel of the preceding word or words shortens; e.g. ϨOⲨ-ⲘⲒⲤⲈ ‘Birthday’ (from ϨOOⲨ ‘Day’ and ⲘⲒⲤⲈ ‘To give birth to’), ⲠⲈⲒ + ⲢⲰⲘⲈ ‘This man’ (from ⲠⲀⲒ +‘This’ and ⲢⲰⲘⲈ ‘Man’), ⲤⲔⲢⲔⲢ.Ⲡ.ⲔOⲦ ‘To revolve the wheel’ (from ⲤⲔOⲢⲔⲢ ‘To roll’ and Ⲡ.ⲔOⲦ ‘The wheel') ...


 * Syntax was governed by a rigid word order, with modifiers occurring in second position. Genitival constructions are of two types in all phases of Egyptian: noun with reduced stress bound to the possessor or noun plus the genitival adjective n(y) ‘of’ followed by the possessor.

as a Modifier: Continued
If is used, then it stands directly before any other adjective because they are priority when modifying the noun while the suffix pronouns take the most priority, nb takes secondary priority and demonstrative/definite articles take last priority. For example:
 * a suffix pronoun,
 * nb (ⲚⲒⲘCopt ) - all, every,
 * or a demonstrative/definite article (pnMasc, tnFem ; ect.),


 * ḫt nbt nfrt - all sorts of fine things
 * sḫr pn bjn - this bad plan
 * n t r pf mnḫ - that beneficial god
 * sḫrw.j jqrw - my excellent plans (possibly a direct Afro-Asiatic cognate: (w)aqāru(m)Akkadian, waquraArabic , yqrHebrew - all roots point to a an adjective-verb "to be excellent")
 * dpt.j tn nfrt - this fine boat of mine
 * r d j.jn ḥm n n t r pn ꜥɜ - then the majesty of this great god ordered

In such case, if there are several adjectives being used in one sentence, the order should go in proper grammatical synchronization as well as the adjectives should all have the same forms:
 * ḫt nbt nfrt wꜥbt - every good and clean thing

The "nfr ḥr" Construction
In hieroglyphics there is an adjectival construction termed: The nfr ḥr Construction. This is basically a fancy way of defining an adjective + noun phrase using the adjective first (which is basically being used as it was a noun) and then afterwards the noun- utilizing the direct genitive. So for example we have:
 * nfr ḥr - good of face; fair of face

These types of constructions are typically used to describe a person's characteristics either in a literal sense or idiomatically. Here are some more examples:


 * ꜥšꜢ zrw - one who has many sheep, lit: many of sheep
 * bnr mrwt - sweet with regard to love; who's love is sweet; lovable
 * qꜢ sꜢ - high of back; arrogant; presumptuous
 * qꜢ ḫrw - high of voice; noisy; loud-mouthed
 * Ꜣw jb - long-hearted; joyous; happy
 * Ꜣw d rt - long-handed; generous (extending the hand to help others)
 * nfrwt nt ḥꜥw.sn - those who have beautiful bodies lit: beautiful ones of their bodies

These constructions can be treated as if they were collectively one adjective and in such case must agree with the gender and number of the noun it modifies:
 * z bnr mrwt - a lovable man
 * sꜢt bnrt mrwt - a lovable daughter
 * z h ɜw jqr n d bꜥw.f - a scribe skilled with his fingers lit: a scribe, a skilled one of his fingers

The Fake Adjectives
The words:
 * kyMasc (ⲔⲈ, ⲔⲎ, ⲔⲀⲒ-, ⲔOⲨ - Copt )
 * kjwj (ⲔOOⲨⲈ, ⲔⲎⲈⲨⲈ, ⲔⲎⲨⲈ, ⲔⲀⲨⲈ, ⲔⲀⲨⲈⲒ, ⲔⲈOⲨⲀCopt, ⲬⲰOⲨⲎⲒBoh Copt , ⲔⲀⲨⲎⲈCopt , ⲔⲈⲨ- )
 * A second plural type: ⲔⲈⲔOOⲨⲈ, ⲔⲈⲔOⲨⲈ, ⲔⲈⲔⲰOⲨⲈ, ⲔⲈⲔⲈOⲨⲈ, ⲔⲈⲔⲈⲈⲨⲈ, ⲔⲈⲔⲀⲨⲈ, ⲔⲈⲔⲀⲨⲎⲒ, ⲔⲈⲔⲀⲨⲒⲈ, ⲔOⲨϪⲒ


 * ktFem (ⲔⲈⲦ, ⲬⲈⲦ, ⲔⲎⲦ, ⲔⲎⲦⲈ, ⲔⲈⲦⲈCopt )
 * kty

All terms meaning "other, another", do not follow the noun as they are nouns not adjectives, they take on the meaning "another one". When it is used with a noun, ky always precedes the noun:
 * ky sb(ɜ) - another gate; the other gate
 * kt ḫt - the other thing; another thing
 * k(j)wj bjtjw - other hereditary kings

When used in this way, ky does not actually modify the noun: instead, it is the first noun of a noun phrase of apposition. Since it is a noun, ky can also be used by itself: for example, ky "another one, the other one". It can take suffix pronouns:
 * kty.f wɜt - it's other path, lit: it's other one, the path

When the plural is used by itself to mean "others" or "the others", it has a different form from that used to modify plural nouns:
 * kt ḫt / kt ḫj - actually, a compound noun formed from kt - other and ḫt - thing.

Other words which follow a similar pattern include:
 * t nw / tnw - each; each one ... t unnuu, t innuu [ t -n-w (ME t-n-w) < *klw = Sem. kull
 * nhj - some; a little; a few .. ϨⲈⲚ, ϨⲀⲚ, ϨOⲈⲒⲚⲈ

These words are always the first noun of a genitival noun phrase;  t nw is used in the direct genitive, and nhj in the indirect genitive:


 * t nw rnpt - each year; lit: each one of the year
 * t nw rnpt nbt - a single year
 * nhj n r(m) t - a few people; lit: some of people
 * nh(j) n ḥmɜt - a little salt; some salt; lit: some of salt

Middle Egyptian also uses a few prepositional phrases (consisting of a preposition followed by a noun) that are best translated by the English adjectives “whole, complete, entire.” The most common are:


 * r d r - literally: to the limit
 * r ɜw - literally: according to the length
 * mj qd - literally: like the shape
 * mj qj - literally: like the character

These phrases are used to modify a noun. They always stand after the noun and any other modifiers the noun may have, and usually have a third-person suffix pronoun that agrees in gender and number with the noun. For example:


 * tɜ pn r d r.f - this entire land; lit: this land to it's limit
 * ḥwt-n t r mj qd.s - the whole temple; lit: the god's enclosure like it's shape

In some Demotic texts, three adjectival equivalents took a corresponding suffix pronoun of the noun:
 * (r) d r - all; entirely
 * pɜ tɜ d r=f - the entire land
 * nt nb nt mtw pɜ wr swnw d r=w - everything which belongs to the chief physician, entirely


 * (n) rn - (above-)named; mentioned
 * pɜ rm t rn=f - the above named man


 * wꜥ.ṱ - alone; only
 * wꜥ.ṱ=k - you alone
 * mw wꜥ.ṱ=f - water alone

The Interrogative Adjective
Egyptian has one interrogative adjective: This is actually the adjective-verb wrr - "great" used as a noun and it is used only in questions.
 * wr - how much? How great? (OⲨⲎⲢ)

The Attributive Construction in Coptic
Because Egyptian didn't appear to have distinct uses between a noun or adjective (which were both used interchangeably) and the inflected forms between the two became assimilated phonologically, as the language progressed a new construction came into place which is actually the child of the indirect genitive which was termed the Attributive Construction. In this construction, if an attribute was used to describe a noun the genitive/dative preposition < `Ⲛ > - of was used between the two words with the attributive/adjective located after the noun, so for example:


 * ⲠⲒⲢⲰⲘⲒ `ⲚⲀⲚⲀⲤB. Coptic = the old man
 * ⲠⲄⲈⲚOⲤ `ⲚⲂⲢⲢ`ⲈS. Coptic = the new race

In the above construction an adjective was being used but a noun can also be used which is placed after the noun:


 * ϮϢOⲨⲢⲎ `ⲚⲚOⲨⲂ - the golden censor

`Ⲙ is used before the consonants: Ⲙ, Ⲡ, Ⲃ, Ⲫ, Ⲯ... so for example:


 * ⲠⲒⲢⲰⲘⲒ `ⲘⲂⲈⲢⲒB. Coptic - the new man

Used Before the Noun

 * In Coptic, the adjective ⲚⲒϢϮB. Coptic can be used before or after the noun and when used before the noun the conjunction < `Ⲛ > is used before the noun:


 * ⲠⲒⲚⲒϢϮ `ⲚⲀⲢⲬⲎⲀⲊⲊⲈⲖOⲤB. Coptic - The great archangel!


 * In Demotic, the adjective ḫ(ꜥ)m / h̭(ꜥ)m - small, can also be used before the noun:


 * h̭(ꜥ)m s h Dem - small document
 * Note: In some texts, h̭(ꜥ)m was connected to the following noun by the genitive n, indicating that this word was actually being treated as a noun and was acting in the same way as ky - other. Both mɜꜥ - truth and mɜw - new, were usually replaced by the corresponding noun after the preposition n:
 * n mɜꜥ - true
 * n mɜw - new


 * In fact any adjective, in Coptic, can be used before the noun which in turn adds a layer of emphasis:


 * ⲠⲠOⲚⲎⲢOⲤ `ⲚⲄⲈⲚOⲤ - The wicked race!

as a Predicate
Not only can an adjective modify a noun (the handsome man) but it can also serve as a Predicate of a sentence (The man is handsome ). The combination of the two words  is handsome  is termed an adjectival predicate (there is no verb for 'is' in Egyptian instead it is implied in this type of construction). Because there is no verb for 'is', when an adjectival predicate is used to make a sentence it is thus called sentences with adjectival predicates.

Adjectival sentences follow the pattern, PREDICATE - SUBJECT with the predicate first and the subject second. Also, the adjectival predicate occurs as the first word in a sentence. Here's some examples of sentences with adjectival predicates:
 * jqr sḫr pn - this plan is excellent
 * ꜥɜ sn - it is large
 * is nfrt - the beautiful one is old
 * wr sw - he is great
 * nfr jb.j - my heart is happy
 * nḏm bit tn - this honey is sweet
 * nḫt s - this man is great
 * bjn sy - she is bad

Note: The Adjectival Predicate had ceased to exist (in Coptic); such adjectives as did survive from the older stage of the language were treated as substantives and therefore appear as Nominal Predicates.

Note 2: At the core of a Middle Egyptian nominal sentence or adjectival sentence is the predicate followed in bound constructions directly by a nominal subject

Exclamatory -wy
The rule that adjectival predicates are masculine singular in form has one exception. Egyptian uses the old masculine dual form of the adjective (with the dual ending –wj) in exclamatory adjectival sentences. These are almost always translated in English with the word How as the first word of the sentence; for example:


 * nfrwj ḥjmt tn - How beautiful is this woman; lit: this woman is doubly beautiful
 * nfrwj sy - How good she is!
 * ꜥɜwy pḥty n(y) jmn - How great is the might of Amun!
 * wr.wy nb - how great is/was the lord

Note: Because the "weak" consonant j is often omitted in writing, it is important to remember that this is the only time an adjectival predicate can have an ending: thus, a sentence must be read jqrw(j) sḫrw "How excellent are the plans!" and not *jqrw sḫrw "The plans are excellent".

Important Notes
1) The adjectival predicate always has the simplest form, which is normally that of the masculine singular .This is true regardless of whether it has a masculine, feminine, or plural subject, for example:
 * jqr nn n sḫrw - these plans are excellent
 * nfr ḥjmt tn - this woman is beautiful
 * ꜥɜ dpt tn - this boat is large

2) Translations into English can include present or past tense based upon context but Egyptian adjectival predicates do not indicate references in time. For example:
 * nfr sw - it was nice or it is nice
 * nfr pr n(y) t ɜty - the vizier's house was nice or the vizier's house is nice

3) If the subject is a pronoun then the dependent pronouns are used rather than the suffix pronoun.
 * nfr t w /tw - You (masc) are good
 * nfr t n - you (fem) are good
 * nfr sw - He is good
 * nfr sj - She is good
 * nfr t n / tn - You (pl)are good
 * nfr sn - They are good
 * nfr st - It (neuter) is good, they (neuter) are good
 * nfrwj st - How good it is! (exclamatory)
 * First Person uses a different construction and is regarded instead as a nominal sentence rather than a predicate sentence:
 * jnk nfr - I am (a) good (one)
 * jnn nfrw - We are good (ones)

4) The adjectival predicate can be preceded by the introductory particle mk but not with jw (ⲈCopt ).

s d m=f of Adjective-Verbs in Demotic
As Egyptian progressed, according to Demotic (and to a lesser degree in Coptic) there was an addition of nɜ (which has an unknown origin) to the front of adjective verbs when used as a verb:


 * nɜ ꜥɜ (ⲚⲀⲀS.B., ⲚⲀⲈS.F. , ⲚⲀⲀ=, ⲚⲈⲈ-) - to be large; to be great
 * nɜ nfr (ⲚⲀⲚOⲨ-, ⲚⲀⲚⲈ-) - to be good
 * nɜ nfr ḥɜṱ=f - his heart (was/is) good; he is/was happy
 * m-jr d nɜ-nfr=y (n) s h - Don't say "I am good at writing'

But it appeared that when used as a subjunctive, nɜ was not used in initial position:


 * m-jr tj ꜥšɜ nɜy=k mt.w(t) - Don't talk too much! lit: Don't let your words be numerous!
 * my ꜥɜ(y) nɜ rm t .w - let the men be great!

Nor was it used in the aorist:


 * ḫr ꜥšɜ nkt - Property is plentiful

Nor was it used in the qualitative:


 * m-jr d tw=y ꜥšɜ nkt - Don't say "I have much property' lit: I am numerous (of) property

Nor was it used in the infinitive:


 * m-jr ꜥšɜy d mt.t jjr-ḥr pɜ y=k ḥry - Don't talk too much in the presence of your superior!

Modifier VS Predicate Bound Constructions
Some notes taken from this source or this one, referencing Hebrew but can also be applied to Egyptian:

Attributive adjective- a modifying word; an adjective that posits an attribute or expresses a quality of the noun it modifies, as in black cat, where black is an attributive adjective.

Predicative adjective- an adjective that predicates an attribute of a noun or clause; the word that makes a statement about the subject of a clause or sentence, as in the cat is black, where black is a predicative adjective.


 * 1) The attributive adjective always follows the noun and agrees with the noun in number, gender and definiteness (notice that this is a phrase, not a sentence)
 * * Normally, the adjective is placed after the noun it modifies, but when emphasis is placed upon the adjective, it will be placed before the noun.
 * * The attributive adjective must agree in gender, number and definiteness with the noun it modifies. To agree in definiteness is to agree with the noun’s definiteness. If the noun is definite, the adjective will also be definite.


 * 2) The adjective can be used to construct a simple noun sentence where the noun functions as the subject and the adjective as the predicate. In this case the “to be” verb must be supplied in the English. The predicative adjective usually precedes but sometimes follows the noun . The predicate adjective agrees with the noun in number and gender, but it is never definite (i.e. the predicate adjective never takes the article)
 * * The predicate adjective must agree with its subject noun in gender and number, but it will never take the definite article, even if the noun is definite.

Some Implications: 1. Any adjective that precedes the noun is predicative. 2. An adjective that follows the noun is probably attributive but might be predicative. 3. Any adjective with an article is attributive. 4. An adjective without an article is predicative if it precedes the noun. 5. An adjective without an article that follows a definite noun is predicative. 6. An adjective without an article that follows an indefinite noun could be either attributive or predicative.

as a Noun
Most adjectives can also stand on their own being used as a noun:


 * Ⲡ-ϪⲀϪⲈ - the enemy (ϪⲀϪⲈCopt - hostile; d r d r ~ d ɜ d ɜ - foreign)

When they are used as nouns, adjectives behave like other nouns. They can have the same plural and dual forms as other nouns. For example:
 * Masculine nfr - a good one
 * Masculine Plural nfrw - good ones
 * Masculine Dual nfrwj - two good ones
 * Feminine nfrt - a good one
 * Feminine Plural nfrwt - good ones
 * Feminine Dual nfrtj - two good ones

Like other nouns, they can also have suffix pronouns, and can even be modified by demonstratives or other adjectives: for example:
 * nfrt.sn - their good one
 * nfr pn - this good one
 * nfrw nbw - all the good ones

Independent Use of the Feminine Singular
If used in the feminine form, it generally takes on the additional meaning of "something that is ..." or "a ... thing".
 * nfrt - a beauty (or a fine piece, as in reference to furniture) (ⲚOϤⲢⲈCopt, the lexiconized noun means "good, profit, advantage").
 * bjnt - what is bad
 * ꜥɜt - something great

= Archive of Egyptian Adjective-Verb Roots =

ɜ
ɜd - to be weak, to be listless ɜd - to be angry, to be aggressive, to be savage; ɜdw - attacker, aggressor ɜḫ - to be useful, to be effective ɜwj - to be long; to be extended; ɜwj jb - be happy, lit: long of heart
 * ⲰOⲨ (used in compounds)
 * ⲀⲨ, ⲀⲨⲒⲤ-c is dependent pronoun 'she' -sw, ⲀⲨⲈⲒⲤ - imperative

3ḫ - beneficial
 * ntk nṯr 3ḫ iqr n t3wy - You are a benificial and excellent god of the two lands

ʲ, j
jrš - to be cold
 * ⲀⲢOϢ - to be cold; (as masc noun) cold

jqr - to be excellent
 * šmsw jqr - excellent follower
 * clever, skilled, excellent; be ~ (adj/v) .... yaaqur, yaqri/yaaqer (j-q-r) || Aram. & Hebr. #j-q-r
 * waqūrArabic - dignified; venerable, yāqarHebrew - precious; highly esteemed

jdj - to be senseless; to be deaf; to be dumb

ˤ, ꜥ
ꜥɜj - to be big; to be important; to be great
 * wsir nṯr ʿ3 nty m 3bḏw - Osiris, great god who is in Abydos
 * sꜢ=j rꜥ n t r ꜥꜢ r jr sw - my son Re, god who is greater than he who begot him
 * r d j.jn ḥm n n t r pn ꜥɜ - then the majesty of this great god ordered
 * n t r ꜥꜢ n sp tpj pꜢwtj qmꜢ nfrw=k - the great god of the primordial time, the primeval god who created your beauty
 * ⲀⲒⲀⲒ, ⲀⲒⲈⲨⲈ, ⲀⲈⲒⲈⲨⲒⲈ, (OⲒ, ⲀⲈⲒqual) - to increase in size; to advance in age; (as masc noun) increase; growth
 * ⲀⲒⲈⲨⲦⲈ - is originally imperative plus dependent pronoun 'she' -sw
 * ⲀⲈⲒⲎⲤ (ꜥɜt) - (fem noun) greatness
 * -O / -Ⲁ - used in compounds, means 'great; big'
 * -ⲰOⲨ, -ⲀⲒ / -OⲒ - plural used in compounds, means 'big; great'
 * Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *riyVʕ- to grow

ꜥ d / ꜥd - to be safe ꜥqɜ - to be straight; accurate ꜥwn - to be greedy ꜥšɜ - to be many; to be numerous; (of people) to be rich (m "of")
 * r sꜥšꜢ mnw - (in order) to increase
 * ḥf3w ʿš3(w) ntyw r-gs st tn - Many serpents which are beside this place
 * mfḫ(Ꜣ)t ꜥꜢw(t) nbt špst ḥmt dḥt(y) mj ꜥšꜢ.sn - turquoise, all (kinds of) precious stones, copper and lead in (lit. according to) their abundance
 * ꜥšrHebrew - to be rich
 * ⲀϢⲀⲒ, ⲀϢⲈ(Ⲉ)Ⲓ ... ⲀϢⲈⲈⲒⲦⲈis an imperative + dependent personal pronoun 'you' - ⲦⲈ - to become many; (as masc noun) multitude
 * ⲀϢⲎ, ⲀϢⲈ, ⲀϢⲎⲒ, ⲀϢⲈⲒⲦⲈ (from ꜥšɜt) - (fem noun) multitude

w
wꜣš / wꜣs - be happy
 * Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔuĉ- be gay

wꜥb - to be pure; to be clean; to purify oneself (as verb); to bathe (as verb)
 * ḫt nbt nfrt wꜥbt ḥtpt - every good, pure and satisfying thing
 * OⲨOⲠ - to be pure; to be innocent
 * pure; be ~, purify (adj/v) .... wu9bi, wi9bi / wuu9ub? wu9ab(b)? (pro *wa99ab-) (w-9-b < PAA *-wa29- (Ehret) || AL: (unspecified) fut. form *uw9obu, EotW 125 || Copt. uop; SCopt. ua'b 'pure'
 * OⲨⲎ(Ⲏ)Ⲃ, OⲨⲒⲈⲒⲂⲈ - priest
 * priest, laypriest (n) - wi9(9)ab; wu9b-i (w-9-b) || Copt. uee'b/uii'ib || AL *wii9ab, LI 30

wrr - to be great; wr-jb - insolent
 * wr sn d =k - great is the fear of you
 * šꜢs{n} r Ꜣbw jn n=j djdjt r wr - go to Elephantine, and bring me haematite in great quantity!
 * ḥꜥpjw wrw - great inundations
 * rbb / rbꜥSemitic - great; South Cushitic: *ʔur- 'big, large'; Proto-South Cushitic: *ʔur-; Proto-Semitic: *wVrVy-
 * OⲨⲎⲢMasc, OⲨⲎⲢⲈFem - adj. great
 * great (adj) - waar (v. *waarar or *warr-u 'to be great') (w-r || EotW 113); (+ 'of length') (R)iw? (R)aaw? (3-w (= 9-3?) || Copt. aw, oo

wmt - to be thick; to be stout
 * OⲨⲘOⲦ, OⲨⲘⲀⲦ(Ⲉ) - to be thick
 * OⲨO(O)ⲘⲦⲈ (from wmtt) - tower

wꜥj - to be alone
 * t ɜw wꜥ - sole wind
 * OⲨⲀ, OⲨⲈ, OⲨⲈⲒ ,OⲨⲈⲈⲒ, OⲨⲀⲒ, OⲨⲀⲒⲈⲒ, OⲨⲀⲈ - someone; (the number) "one"
 * one (num) .... wi99u (or *wa(a)9u) (w-9(-w) || Copt. ua || Proto-Khoisan *ui 'one/alone' (Takács) may be related; AL gives *wu99uw
 * OⲨⲈⲒⲀ, OⲨ(Ⲉ)ⲒⲈ - someone (fem)
 * OⲨⲰⲦ(Ⲉ) (from wꜥtj) - single; alone

wɜ d - to be green; to be blue-green; to be fresh; to be fortunate
 * OⲨⲰⲦ - to be fresh
 * OⲨO(O)ⲦⲈ (from wɜ d t) - vegetables
 * Semitic warq - leaf
 * - there shows an opposition between the two Egyptian roots wɜ d (see wɜ d '/wa:riɟ/ "green"), which displays palatalization, and jɜq (see jɜq */juʀqat/ "vegetables"), which does not, both derived from an identical Afroas. root *wrq

w d ɜ - to be intact; to be uninjured; to be prosperous; w d ɜ jb - to be glad ~ w d ɜ jb.k - may it please you
 * s(nb.w) (w) d Ꜣ(.w) ꜥnḫ(.w) - health, prosperity, life
 * w d ɜ.t pw nw - this is an intact garment
 * OⲨϪⲀⲒ - to be sound; to be whole; to be safe; (as masc noun) health; safety; weal
 * ⲀⲦOⲨ - incurable

wsḫ - to be broad; to be wide wɜy - to be distant
 * OⲨⲈ, OⲨⲎ, OⲨⲈⲒⲈ, OⲨⲎ(Ⲏ)Ⲓ - to be distant

b
bjn / bnDem - to be bad ... James P Allen vocalizes this as a Pre-Coptic ban (should technically be baʔn) and the feminine version as báʔnat
 * Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bayan- to be bad; to be angry; to lie
 * ⲂⲰⲰⲚMasc, ⲂⲞⲨⲞⲨⲚⲈ - adj. bad
 * ⲂⲞⲞⲚⲈFem, ⲂⲰⲚⲈ, ⲂⲀⲚⲒ - adj. (also noun) evil; misfortune
 * ⲈⲂⲒⲎⲚ (Ꜣbyn) - a wretched person (as a loan-word in Hebrew אֶבְיוֹן - ebyon )
 * bad; be bad (adj/v) .... bayu(u)n, ba'u(u)n / baayan, baa'an [b-j-n < PAA *bayan- ; SCopt. _boo'n_ 'evil, misfortune' (< *baayVn-) || AL *bAAyin, LI 33, *bA3na.t 'a bad thing', LI 60

bnr / bnj - to be sweet; to be pleasant; bnryt - sweetness
 * bit bnr wʿb ntt m pr nsw - sweet and pure honey which is in the king’s house
 * Ⲃ(Ⲉ)ⲚⲚⲈ, ⲂⲎⲚ(Ⲛ)ⲒF. Copt (from bnrt / bnjt ???) - date-palm tree
 * - this word in Egyptian also has the meaning 'date (the fruit)' and is found somewhat vocalized in Old Nubian (ⲠⲈⲚⲦⲒ) and Nobiin fénti affected by the singulative suffix of Proto-Nubian -ti
 * baanir/baaner (b-n-r) - pleasant

bɜgj - to be lazy

m
mr - to be sick; to be painful; mr r, mr n - painful to; mr jb n - have compassion for, be sorry for
 * Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ma(Ha)r- to be ill; to be weak ... Semitic: *marih- weak, suffering pain; məryaAramaic - (adj) sick

mn - to be firm, established, remain; mn m - fixed to, attached to mnḫ - to be functional; to be worthwhile; to be effective
 * sšm ḥm=j ḥr m t n nfr m sḫrw=f mnḫw - who guides My Majesty on the good road, through his excellent plans
 * n t r mnḫ mꜥr spw - the excellent god who is successful
 * beneficent, efficient; be ~ (adj/v) .... maanikh/maanekh [m-n-x]

mjkɜ - to be brave mɜr / mɜj - to be poor; to be needy mɜr - to be wretched
 * wretched (adj) - muRri, murri [m-3-r, ME v. m-r [*murr or *marr < *murar-r]; presuming a connection with Sem. #m-r-r 'to be bitter' (Akkad. murru); cf. /canal/]

mɜwj - to be new
 * ḥwt-n t r mɜwt - new temple
 * ⲘOⲨⲒ, ⲘOⲨOⲨⲒ (ⲘOⲨⲈⲒ and ⲘⲀ may also be accounted for) - adj new
 * Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *may/ʔ- be new (Central Chadic: *mway- 'new', Western Chadic: *mwaH- 'new'; Mofu-Gudur: máwúya)

mɜꜥ - true; correct; proper; mɜꜥ ḫrw - justified, lit: true of voice
 * ḥ d ḥr ḫꜢswt.f ḫsbd mɜꜥ - silver from its foreign lands, true lapis-lazuli
 * d d.n(.j) m mɜꜥt = I spoke in truth
 * ⲘⲈ, ⲘⲈⲈ, ⲘⲎ, ⲘⲎⲈ, ⲘⲎⲒ (from mɜꜥ.t) - fem noun truth; justice
 * The origins of this word is obscured, but it is likely possible that it was borrowed from another language as it was not used in any other forms. For example, the Hebrew word אֱמוּנָה (e-mu-nah) means firmness, securely fixed in place and is taken from the verb aman - to support or make firm ... Philippi's law is the process by which original /i/ in closed stressed syllables shifts to /a/ (e.g. /*bint/ > בַּת /bat/ 'daughter'), or sometimes in the Tiberian tradition /ɛ/ (e.g. /ʔamint/ > אֱמֶת /ɛ̆mɛt/ 'truth' ). Another form of this exists with the word, אֱמֶת (e-met) (’ă-mit is another form of this verb) - truth.
 * El Amarna letters in Akkadian to Amenhotep III call pharaoh Ni-ib-mu-wa-ri-ia, Akk: -mu-a ... as I noted previously, Amarna Letter EA 29 features mAat being spelled as mu-u, where the same Akkadian vowel U (and A) is used for both Egyptian aleph and Egyptian ayin.
 * It it also hypothesized and opined that the Hebrew Biblical name מַעֲכָה (Maakah) renders a corrupted version of the female name Maatkare (Μ(ο)ωχα, Μα(α)χα are the Greek versions)
 * In Ethiopian tradition, her name is Makeda, which is derived from Hatshepsut’s prenomen Maatkare [Makera]’ ... though, Makada or Makueda, the personal name of the queen in Ethiopian legend, might be interpreted as a popular rendering of the title of mqtwyt; this title may be derived from Ancient Egyptian m'kit (𓅖𓎡𓇌𓏏𓏛 ) "protectress, housewife"
 * The Kalenjin used to refer to themselves as children of Miot or Myoot, known in Ancient Egypt as Ma-at, another deity of Old Egyptians

mḥ(j) - concerned, be concerned for, take thought for, ponder on; mḥ - (noun) care

n
nfr - to be perfect; to be good; to be good looking (beautiful or handsome)
 * rsw.t nfr.t - good dreams (vs bad dreams rsw.t ḏw.t)
 * nfr.wj st - how good it is!
 * wn.jn=s{t} ḥr swr nfr ḥr jb=s{t} - then she drank and it pleased her heart
 * ḫpr nfrwt pw m jmꜢw - thus beautiful women came into being in Momemphis
 * n t r ꜥꜢ n sp tpj pꜢwtj qmꜢ nfrw=k - the great god of the primordial time, the primeval god who created your beauty
 * ⲚⲞⲨϤⲈMasc - adj. good
 * ⲚⲞϤⲢⲈFem - adj. good
 * ⲚⲞⲨϤⲢ - to be good
 * good; beautiful; be ~ (adj/v) - naaf-ir, -ur, nafri / naafer (n-f-r < PAA *fir- 'be good' (cf. Aram. shappiir of id. meaning) || Bedja nefir 'good']
 * beauty (n) - nåfr-uu; naafaar-uu (n-f-r-w) || SCopt. adj. nufe 'beautiful'; cp. the CGr. theonym Onnophris

nb - all, everything
 * ḫt nbt - everything
 * n t rw nbw - all gods
 * tɜw nbw - every land
 * ⲚⲒⲘ, ⲚⲒⲂⲈ, ⲚⲒⲂⲈⲚ - adj all
 * - nemb-u/i (n-b #2) < PAA *reb- (OS) || Copt. nibe(n), SCopt. nim (*bb > *mb > m?), FCopt. nibi || AL *nib, EotW 114; here is applied *e-Nasal-V > i-Nasal (e.g. in Romance) which fits the root by OS
 * everyone - bu(u)-nambi (*baaw-? *biw-?) [b-w - n-b || cf. the Lat. spelling Buubastis_ (a theonym with same #_b-w_?)

nb - lord
 * lord, owner (n) .... niib-u/a (n-b #1) || /i/ recorded in Akkad. ts. || Copt. neeb/niib; in CGr. -neefis, LI 55; cf. also Arab. naab 'tribal chief'
 * lady (n) .... niiba.t, -ii.t, nibayya.t (n-b.t #1) || q.v. /lord, owner; girl

n d s - to be little; to be small
 * Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gus- be small
 * ꜥwt n d s.t - small cattle
 * n kɜ n n d s qn gb(ɜ).f - here, n d s means 'commoner' or 'citizen' and acts as a noun
 * m jr n d s jqr - acting as an excellent commoner

n d m - to be sweet
 * jw n d m ḥr jb=j - and it was pleasure to my heart
 * n d m sj - she is pleasant
 * ḫꜢw nb n d m s t ḫprw m pwnt - all kinds of sweet-smelling herbs that grow in Punt
 * ḫꜢw nb n d m stj jbr pn ps d t - all (kinds of) plants of pleasant fragnance, (and) ladanum for the Ennead
 * nꜥmSemitic - to be sweet
 * ⲚOⲨⲦⲘ - to be sweet; to be pleasant; (as noun) sweetness
 * ⲚOⲨⲦⲈⲘ - adj sweet
 * sweet; be ~ (adj/v) .... naaDim? naDmi? / naaDem (n-D-m) || AL *naaDim 'sweet'

nḫt - to be forceful; to be successful
 * kɜ nḫt - victorious/mighty bull (epithet of a pharaoh)
 * ky sp gr n nḫt w d .n rꜥ ḫr=j - now another victory that Re commanded for me
 * ⲚⲒϢϮBoh - adj great; large
 * ⲚϢOⲦ (also ⲚOⲨϢⲦ) - to be hard; to be strong; to be difficult; (as masc noun) hardness; boldness
 * ⲚⲀϢⲦⲈ / ⲚⲀϢϮ, ⲚⲈϢϮ (from nḫtt) - (noun fem and masc) strength; strengthener; protector
 * ⲚⲈϢⲦⲈ - (masc noun) hard; rough person; (as adj) hard


 * This is a tricky word:
 * - Reconfirms the mystery of this word here on this site where it says: while nḫt is an Egyptian word, with the meaning attributed, I also find this unlikely (Unless someone has a source)
 * - Also appears to follow the Arabic CiCāC (derived noun; verbal noun form I or III) as well as a regular verbal noun CaCaC in the infinitive
 * - strong; successful, victorious; be ~ (adj/v) .... naakhit (*nakhuut?) / naakhat [n-x-t]
 * nn t nwt m sqrw-ꜥnḫ jnn ḥm=f m nḫtw=f - countless were the captives that His Majesty brought away from his victories

nḫ - to be pitiful n t r(j) - divine
 * divine (adj) .... naaTarii? nuTuurii? (naTrii?) (n-T-r-j); cf. adjective variation in Eg. Arabic

r
ršj / ršw - to be delighted; to be rejoiced; rš - joyful
 * dream (n) - raswa.t, -i.t, risuu(wa).t ~ rusuwwa.t r-s-w.t < *rasVw- (OS); SCopt. rasu, ACopt. resu, FCopt. lesvi, LCopt. resue; Vycichl suggests *risw-, see note on vocalization under 'glass' & compare 'joy'
 * joy (n) - rishwa.t, rishya.t, r-sh-w.t; Copt. rashe, BCopt. rashi; Vycichl; cf. 'dream'

rnpw / renpj- to be young; to be fresh
 * ⲢOⲘⲠⲈ (rnpt) - year
 * (Ⲉ)ⲢⲠⲰ - unknown meaning in Crumm's dictionary, but seems to be a 'twig' or 'vine leaves'.. is associated with the Egyptian root rnpwt - vegetables, herbs.
 * year (n) - ranpu.t (r-n-p.t); Copt. rompe; STS; AL *ranpa.t, LI 59
 * young; be ~ (adj/v) .... ranpi/raanep [r-n-p]

rw d / rwd - to be firm
 * ntk n t r jr tm(w) ꜥnḫ.sn m rwd ꜥwj.kj - You are the god who made all (men), it is by the strength of your arms that they live…
 * OⲨⲢOⲦ - to be glad; to be eager
 * -ⲢOⲦ - adj firm

ḥ
ḥ d - to be bright; to be white; ḥ d ḥr - cheerful, lit: to be bright of face; ḥ d tɜ - dawn, lit: the land becomes bright; ḥ d d wt - brightness; ḥ d t - white linen/clothes, the white crown; ḥ d w - onions
 * qsw=f m ḥ d ḥꜥw=f m nbw šnj=f m ḫsb d mꜢꜥt - his bones were of silver, his flesh of gold, and his hair of real lapis lazuli
 * ϨⲀⲦ, ϨⲎⲦ, ϨⲈⲦ - (noun) silver
 * white, bright (adj) ... HuDD-[i] (verbal *HiDaDD- or *HaaDeD) (H-D)

ḥtp - to be calm; to be content; to occupy (a seat); m ḥtp - in peace; in safety
 * jj.{t}wj m ḥtp jmꜢyt - welcome in peace oh gracious one!
 * ḫt nbt nfrt wꜥbt ḥtpt - every good, pure and satisfying thing
 * Νεφώτης ~ nfr-ḥtp - beautiful as to peace (an Egyptian king's name in Greek) shows an original ḥǎtip form
 * please, make content (v) .... Haatap [H-t-p || AL *Haatip (ap) 'pleasing', LI 36]
 * calm, content; be ~ (adj/v) .... (pp/stat >) Hatpi / (v) Haatep (H-t-p) || # hatpi in cuneiform ts., Robinson: The Story of Writing p. 96 || q.v. /please, make content

ḥzɜ - to be wild ḥns - to be narrow ḥwr - to be poor; to be wretched ḥɜj - to be naked; undressed; (as transitive verb) make naked; undress; reveal
 * rdj.n(.j) t n ḥqr ḥbsw n ḥɜ(w)ty - I gave bread to the hungry, clothes to the naked
 * naked (adj) - Haa'ii? Hi"ay? (H-3-y), Aram. -aay vs. (more original Afroasiatic) Arabic - ii

ḥr - terrible; terrify
 * pꜢ w d pꜢ nḫtw d j ḥry ... - the one who had ordered this victory and caused the fright ...
 * ḥryt ḥm=j r d nbw rsw - fright of My Majesty to the southern boundary marker

ḥqr - to be hungry; ḥqr(w) - noun/adj hunger
 * rdj.n(.j) t n ḥqr ḥbsw n ḥɜ(w)ty - I gave bread to the hungry, clothes to the naked
 * ϨⲔⲞ / ϨⲒⲔⲀ - be hungry ... ḥqr [ḥa'qar] (AE, 248) - hungry → [ḥqoʔ] (1,000 BCE); Copt: ϨKO
 * ḥqr.tʲ [ḥa'qirtVʲ] (AE, 257) - she is hungry
 * ϨⲔⲔⲈ [from ḥqr(.w)??]- (as an adj and noun) poor
 * - hunger (n) .... Hiqur-u, Huqur-u (H-q-r(-w) || Copt. heeke, heeki 'poor'

ḫ
ḫdj - to go downstream/north; m ḫdj - downstream/north ḫwd - to be rich
 * rich (adj) - ḫaawid [ḫ-w-d]

h
h zj / h sy- to be wretched; to be miserable; to be vile; to be feeble/weak; humble of rank; mean (of conduct); vile (of enemies, speech) h pn - fat
 * fat (adj) - khaapin; khappiin, -uun (x-p-n < PAA *-gha1p- (Ehret))

s
sms(w) - eldest, elder (both adj and noun)
 * n t r sms ḫpr.n=j jm=f n t rw tpjw-ꜥ - 'O eldest god, in whom I came into being, and ancestor gods

sn d - to be frightened
 * snḏ.wt… m grḥ - terrors in the night (nightmare)
 * jbw=sn sn d .w (stative) - their hearts are fearful
 * mḏℨ.t n.t dr snḏ.wt nty ḥr jj.t r hℨy.t ḥr m grḥ - the book of driving out terrors which come in order to descend upon a man in the night
 * d j.n=f sn d =j m ḫꜢstjw nbt - he placed the fear of me among all foreigners

sšɜ (originally šsɜ) - to be aware; to be wise snb - to be healthy
 * some scholars (i.e., Gardiner) associate Semitic salima (be healthy) to this root which would then cause a sort of assimilation n > l next to m, and an irregular change from m < b (albeit these assimilations do exist throughout the Egyptian language unpredictably). snb is also associated with simba-Shona-Bantu (be healthy; powerful) - but this can also be explained as a direct loan word from Egyptian into Bantu.

smr - friendly
 * Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *s/cVlVm- be unharmed; friendly (Akkadian: šalāmu 'be unharmed, in good conditions; Hebrew: šālam 'be completed, ready (work, construction); remain healthy, unharmed; keep peace

sbq - splendid spd - sharp, effective, skilled
 * jnk spd ḥr ḫrp mrt.f r jwt hrw nfr n.j jm.f, rdj.n.j st n zꜢ.j m jmjt-pr - I was effective on managing my subordinates/servants until until the day came when (lit. in which) it was well with me. I have given this (lit. it) to my son as a testament.
 * Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVpVd- pierce, be sharp (Hebrew: špd, Aramaic: spd)
 * s-p-d, sapdi/saaped sharp; be ~ (adj/v) - AL *sapIdtVj 'thou (m.) art sharp', (*/sa:-pid-ta:/?)

sḫm - to be mighty, powerful; sḫm (as verb) - to have power ~ sḫm n - to give power to
 * mighty; be ~ (adj/v) - sakhmi/saakhem [s-x-m || compare Sum. shumah 'mighty'; Hebr. shacham 'granite' (for curiosity qq. 9aaSam 'he was mighty', LSArab. _9aZuma_); LSArab. shaHuma 'he was/has become fat'

sꜢ - to be weak
 * sꜢ ꜥ m nb ꜥ tw  n d ḫrt n d ḫrt - (sꜢ ꜥ - weak of arm, nfr ḥr construction) and nb ꜥ - lit master/possessor/lord of arm, word play with the phrase n d ḫrt, the first is an infinitive (the object of the preposition r in a pseudo-verbal construction) and the second, a perfective active participle, lit. “one is to pay respect to one who (once) paid respect”.

š
š t ɜ - to be inaccessible; to be secret
 * tꜢ wꜢt štꜢ(t) wn(t) m jb.n ḫpr. t (j) m wꜢt nfrt - the difficult road ..

šrr / šrj - to be little
 * rśw.t nb.t šrj.t - every little dream
 * jw=j m šrj n jrt=j ḥmt - I was a young man before I had married
 * Akk. šerru "(little) child"; Brb. *i-šir "child"; Om. *šEr- "thin"
 * ϢⲒⲢⲈMasc, ϢⲎⲢⲈ - adj. (and noun) small; son; child
 * ϢⲈⲈⲢⲈFem, ϢⲀⲒⲢⲒ - adj. (and noun) small
 * son (n) - *zii3V > ziiR-i/u (z-3) || OCopt. si- x2 in pr names; cf. also SCopt. sheere/shiire 'son, child' || Vycichl proposes one-time *z-3-y = *za3iiy - compare to AL's (LE?) *shiirij, LI 60

špss / špsj - to be fine; to be special; to be noble
 * ꜥꜢt nb špst - all kinds of precious stones
 * jḥw nb špssw m ꜥꜢtt nb(t) msḫnt h nmw jr r(m) t - possessor of fine things of all valuable stones of the abode of Khnum who created mankind

šwj - to be empty; to be free (m “of”)

q
qbb - to be cool; to be cold; to be purified
 * Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳab- cold; Low East Cushitic: *ḳab- 'cold'
 * ⲔⲂO, ⲔⲂⲀⲂ, ⲬⲂOⲂ ⲔⲂⲀ (ⲔⲎⲂqualitative, ⲔⲂⲰOⲨBoh. Coptic Noun ) - to be cool
 * cool, calm (v) - qubabb- (q-b-b < PAA *k'a1b- (Ehret) || Copt. kbo, kvo, BCopt. khbob/khvov || cf. Hebr. #q-p-: > qaaphaa 'freeze, congeal, stiffen' || AL *qabAb, LI 42 || noun q-b-w = qaabuu, qibbuu, qubaabuu - 'cold breeze'
 * breeze: cool breeze (n) - qaabuu [q-b-w]

qɜj - to be tall; to be high; to be exalted; to be loud (idiomatic expression) qsn - to be difficult
 * qsn=sn ḥtp(.w) - and the misery from them has been pacified
 * difficult; be ~ (adj/v) .... qåsni, qaasin / qaasen, qisann- [q-s-n || Hebr. qaashee (adj), qaashaa (v) 'it was difficult'

qnj - to be diligent; to be brave; to be persevering
 * mj.k r h rd qn - look, more than a brave boy
 * wn-jn.j hr knt m-bhf(?? Ccheck spelling) - then I showed bravery before
 * jw rn n qn m jrt.n=f - the name of a brave man is in what he has done
 * ꜥḥꜥ.n=j j t .kw r pꜢ dpt mḥtj ḥr qnn=j - I was taken to the ship 'The Northern', because I was brave
 * js t wj m tp n mša=n mꜢ.n ḥm=f qnn=j - Now, I was in the van of our army, and His Majesty saw my valour
 * wn.jn.tw ḥr r d jt n=j nbw n qnt - I was given gold of valour
 * mꜢ.n ḥm=f qnt=j - and his majesty saw my valour
 * wḥm.n=f n=j qnt ꜥꜢt - he again did for me a very brave act
 * wd.n ḫpš=f qn - which his strong arm had attacked

qn (qnʲ.t) [qinʲit] (AE, 47) - to become fat Copt: KNNE/KNNIE qnd - to be angry, to be furious; sqnd (causative) - enrage
 * dj.f st m ꜥꜢy n nswt n hrw sqnd.f NK - he shall place them in the conflagration of the King on the day of his destructive wrath

k
ktt - to be little; to be low: to be weak (of enemy) (MK); kt.t - louse (an insect) and a word they also used for little girls ... ktt is the entire root with the feminine version being spelled the same way. There is another root kt attested which is defined as pettiness and appears to be a noun ...
 * ktt jtj wr jpt ḫɜ.tw.s m wbn - little barley and a large amount of grain, it measures overflowing
 * ɜ.t kt.t mjt.t rsw.t, jw pḥ.tw mwt ḥr rḫ st - a short moment, like a dream, and one reaches death trying to know them
 * zɜt ktt - little daughter
 * Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *k(ʷ)at- be small (Akkadian: katû, Proto-WChadic: *kat- ~ *kwit-), Hebrew: קַטַּת - kat·täth' Part of Speech: proper locative noun - small, from קָטָן - kä·tän' Part of Speech: adjective, young, small, insignificant, unimportant; Gafat: kitāti - small children
 * little, some, a bit (adv) .... nåkiit; nikkat, -ut; nukayyit (n-k-t)
 * ⲔOⲨϪⲒ and ⲔOⲨⲒ are associated with this root

kmm - to be black
 * ⲔⲀⲘⲈMasc, ⲔⲘⲘⲈ (pl ⲔⲀⲘⲀⲨⲈⲒ) - adj black
 * black; be black (adj/v) .... kummi/kumam(m) (k-m(-m) < PAA *kum- (OS) || Copt. kmom, kmam be(come) black; kame, kmme, kam, (F) kem(i) - black; Aram. ukkaam - 'black'; note Sum. kum -2/-4 '(to be) hot' || AL suggests v. *kamAm, LI 88
 * jnr km - black stone
 * jwn-f km(.w)dem/LEg - it's color is black (verbal predicate, old perfective)
 * jwn-f km(.w) nḫtdem/LEg - it's color is dark black(verbal predicate, old perfective)
 * ⲔⲀⲘⲎFem - adj black
 * ⲔⲎⲘⲈ (kmt)- the black land, Egypt (note: ⲔⲎⲘqualitative )
 * kuuma.t (pro *kuumu.t) (k-m.t) || AL concurs, EotW 127/LI 42, Copt. keeme, F Copt. keemi; as a curiosity, note the "similar" vocalization in Arab. suudaa'; q.v. /black; land
 * ḥry tp kmt dšrt - the leaders of Egypt and the desert
 * ⲔⲘⲎⲘⲈ (kmmt, kmjmjt) - noun darkness
 * ⲔⲘOⲘ (kmm) = to be black; also noun blackness
 * Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kum- be black; Semitic: *ʔVka/um- 'black'

g
gb - to become weak; to become feeble; gby (as a noun) weak... Notes: Late Eg loss of the laryngeal (substituted by -y) ?
 * ϬⲂⲂⲈ - to become feeble; to be timid
 * ϬⲰⲂ - (subst and adj) weak person
 * Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gabVḥ- to be weak

gnn - to be weak, to be soft; gnnwt - weakness
 * weak; be ~ (adj/v) .... ginni/ginan(n) [g-n-n < PAA *gVlal-]

gr - to be still; to be silent
 * jr gr.k h pr n.k pḥw - If you are silent (or “still”), results will happen for you
 * ϬⲰ (gr) - to desist; to stop

gꜢ - to be(come)ugly
 * ϬⲀ(Ⲉ)ⲒⲈ - ugly one; ugliness; disgrace

gɜw - (as an adjective-verb) to be narrow, to be constricted, to lack; (as a transitive verb) deprive (m of); (noun) absence, lack; m gɜw - from the lack of; n gɜw - through the lack of
 * ḥr.w rs m gwɜyt - ready for battle in a narrow defile
 * gꜢw - narrow ~ ϬⲰOⲨ ~ gāꜢaw
 * as adjective: gɜw [ga:Riw] (AE, 260) - narrow Copt: ⲔOⲨⲒ / ⲔOⲨⲈⲒ / ⲔOⲨϪⲒ / (ⲔOⲨ-, ⲔⲀ-, ⲔO-) - small person or thing; young person; in Demotic it is spelled gwy or ky

t
tm - to be complete, entire, everything, the universe; nb tm - lord of all; tmw (plural) - totality of men, everyone

t
t ms / tms LEg - red, ruddy, violet (lit: red colored), fury, rage; t ms(t) / tms(t) - red(-colored) material; t msw (plural) - lit: red things 1) "redness" especially in reference to hostile red ink 2) evil or bad
 * d bꜢ t msw - reward/repay for bad/evil wrongdoings
 * wḥs / wsḥ t msw - destroy the evil/faults
 * sjn t msw - obliterate/erase mistakes
 * dr t msw - depart/repeal evil
 * Eg. tms [GT: <*kms] - red, ruddy, violet
 * Eventually, ṯms replaced the more common term for red, dšr(LEFEBVRE 1949). Note also in a medical text (P. Edwin Smith case 39) a reference is made to the production of pus and redness (ṯms.w), which appears in a gloss as red things (jḫ.t dšr)
 * t imas / timas, timasaw

t nr - to be eager
 * d Ꜣmw ntj r ḫpr r swhꜢ jm.j ḥr tnr.j - The noun phrase d Ꜣmw ntj r ḫpr is the subject of an r + infinitive construction applied to the 4ae-inf. verb swhi 'boast, vaunt' (spelled here swhꜢ). The object is the prepositional phrase jm.j 'of me'. In the final adverbial phrase the noun is a variant spelling of t nr 'eager(ness), energy” (with a seemingly out of place plural strokes) doubtless related to the Late Egyptian 3-lit. adjective-verb t nr 'strong, mighty, powerful, successful'.
 * eager; be ~ (adj/v) - Tånri / Taaner (not *Tinar-r-?) (T-n-r < PAA *-tl'a1l- 'to burn, make hot' (Ehret)

d
dšr - red; reddening; dšr jb LEg - furious; dšr ḥr LEg - furious; dšr.t - 1) desert 2) anger (also dšrw) 3) can sometimes mean 'nad' or 'evil'
 * jɜwt dšr.t - red lands (red mounds)
 * ḥrs.t dšr.t - red carnelian
 * ḥsmn dšr - red natron
 * ḫt nbt dšr.t - every bad thing
 * ḫt nb.t bjn.t dšr.t - every bad and evil thing
 * dšr.sn mj bs(j) n s d t - they shall be red like the fiery flame
 * red(, be ~) (adj) .... dåshri, dushri / daasher? dushar(r)? [d-sh-r || cf. Copt. toorsh, SCopt. ?tshre (Crum) 'be red, blush' || Vycichl: *daashir (mt. *daarish) 'red'
 * Red Land (pr n) .... dashra.t, dåshra.t (*-i.t?) (d-sh-r.t)
 * ⲈⲦⲎϢⲒ / ⲈⲦⲈϢⲒ (dšr.t) (edrēšet < edšēret fem version of masc) - crane; mildew .. ⲦⲢOϢ - dšr - red

d
d r d r / d ɜ d ɜ - to be foreign
 * ɜpdw d r d rjt - foreign flock, lit. strange bird

d zr / d sr - holy; sacred
 * nb tɜ d sr - 'lord of the Sacred Land,' epithet of the gods Anubis or Wepwawet (the location refers to the cemetery at Abydos)
 * Professor Antonio Loprieno finds in the Egyptian verb Dsr (to clear a path, make separate, set apart; make pure, make sacred) an indisputable cognate to the Semitic verb gzr (to cut, cut off; to separate, decide)... And it is in Daniel where we read: "that a stone ('even) was cut out (gzr: hithgezeret 'even) without hands."... In Hebrew gezerah marks land set aside, or fenced off, for pasturage; in ritual practice, it marks the rugged wasteland to which the scapegoat is sent, "a land which is cut off" (eretz gezerah, Leviticus 16:22)....For examples of Dsr as a verb of separating, we find Horus separated from the rebel Seth (and the Sethian): for you are separated (Dsr) from him in your name of Ta Djeser, the Holy Land (Dsr.t(j) jr=f m rn=k n(j) t3 Dsr). We also see Atum in action of separating (Dsr) heaven from earth and the primeval waters (Dsr pt jr t3 nnw). The hieroglyph that writes Dsr shows an outstretched arm holding a baton in act of separation (see Loprieno, 14-15)...An etymology based on North-west Semitic gzl, gṣl, ǵzl or ǵṣl would be the most likely
 * Antonio Loprieno affirms that Semitic gzr and Arabic jazara “to cut,” are cognate with ancient Egyptian dsr “holy, sacred (temenos); seclusion; to separate Al-Jazira also can refer to a province in Upper Mesopotamia, or to the entire Arabian peninsula (Al-Jazira al-Arabiya).

d dɜ - to be fat d w(j) - to be bad; to be evil; to be sad of heart
 * rsw.t nb.t ḏw.t m ḳdd.w nb.w ḏw - all bad dreams in all bad sleep
 * rśw.t nb.t ḏw.t mℨ.t m grḥ - all bad dreams seen in the night
 * dr ḏw.wt wḥs ṯms.w nb.t- drive out the evil things and eliminate all ailments
 * rsw.t ḏw.t - bad dreams (vs good dreams rsw.t nfr.t)
 * wꜢw m d w - schemers of evil
 * Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ǯaw(ʔ)- (?) - to be angry; Proto-CChadic: *ʒwaʔ- evil
 * (v) Duw(w)-, Dewiww- [D-w #1, vn. D-w.t > *Dawwa.t, *Diwwa.t, *-yy- (*Di'uut, *Daawa.t) || Hebr. #S-w(-:) ('filth', nf Soo'at-) would seem to to follow the apparent correlation D <> S (s.), but of interest is also Sem. #d-w-:/h (Hebr. 'one was weak/unclean from menstrual bleeding', Aram. 'it was grief-causing, sad, [Syr.] wretched'); another reminiscent word, Aram. dayw-aa 'demon' is to be dismissed as suspected relative due to its probable PIE origin
 * evil (n) - Dawwa.t, Diwwa.t (D-w.t < D-w #1)

d dj - to be stable; to be steady
 * ꜥnḫ d d wꜢs - life, stability and dominion (a wishing well for the king)

Some Notes on the Vocalic Formula: using The |a-i-u| Theory
One interesting feature of Egyptian is the ability to borrow different vocalic forms ignoring the original syntactic meaning and use them in other ways. So, with this being said, the adjective-verb when used as a true adjective could have used any of the following forms and it would still be considered grammatically correct:
 * the most popular, CaCiC (including newly modified CiCiC) - possibly most distinct to roots with a direct adjectival dimension attached to its meaning (for example; small, good, black, bright, ect). A majority of these roots also used this inflection in the infinitive as well as a noun in the Coptic phase of the language.
 * the second most popular, CuCiC (including CaCuC) - possibly distinct to those roots which had static meaning which were converted to nouns then used as adjectives afterwards (OⲨⲎⲢ - great)- in this example, it gives the literal extra meaning of the great one.
 * and to a lesser degree CaCaC (in a modified form) - being used in the later phases of Egyptian once CaCiC was no longer distinct in speech thus becoming erroneously assimilated to the infinitival construction (for example: ⲂⲰⲰⲚ - bad)


 * Most adjective-verbs were most possibly directly inherited from Proto-Afroasiatic (or borrowed from neighboring languages i.e., Semitic...) then immediately fossilized in Egyptian now being used in various ways (as an adjective, a noun and an infinitive). It did not appear that they were as synthetic as many Egyptologists initially believed.