Primary mathematics/Numbers

Introducing Numbers
Numbers should be introduced as physically as possible. Primary student should understand that numbers are associated to values. For a teacher and a guardian its better to approach to student for creating these values using the physical daily life object by letting them count it. Psychologically this approach would be helpful for them to realizing the daily application of numbers, and let them be more practical to it, but formal figure of number should not be skipped rather it should be taught simultaneously.

Developing a sound concept of numbers
Children typically learn about numbers at a very young age by learning the sequence of words, "one, two, three, four, five" etc. Usually, in chanting this in conjunction with pointing at a set of toys, or mounting a flight of steps, for example. Typically, 'mistakes' are made. Toys or steps are missed or counted twice, or a mistake is made in the chanted sequence. Very often, from these sorts of activities, and from informal matching activities, a child's concept of numbers and counting emerges as their mistakes are corrected. However, here, at the very foundation of numerical concepts, children are often left to 'put it all together' themselves, and some start off on a shaky foundation. Number concepts can be deliberately developed by suitable activities. The first one of these is object matching.

Matching Activities
As opposed to the typical counting activity children are first exposed to, matching sets of objects gives a firm foundation for the concept of number and numerical relationships. It is very important that matching should be a physical activity that children can relate to and build on.

Typical activities would be a toy's tea-party. With a set of (say) four toy characters, each toy has a place to sit. Each toy has a cup, maybe a saucer, a plate etc. Without even mentioning 'four', we can talk with the child about 'the right number' of cups, of plates etc. We can talk about 'too many' or 'not enough'. Here, we are talking about number and important number relations without even mentioning which number we are talking about! Only after a lot of activities of this type should we talk about specific numbers and the idea of number in the abstract.

Numbers and Numerals
Teachers should print these numbers or show the children these numbers. Ideally, the numbers should be handled by the student. There are a number of ways to achieve this: cut out numerals from heavy card stock, shape them with clay together, purchase wooden numerals or give them sandpaper numerals to trace. Simultaneously, show the definitions of these numbers as containers or discrete quantities (using boxes and small balls, e.g. 1 ball, 2 balls, etc. Note that 0 means "no balls"). This should take some time to learn thoroughly (depending on the student).

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Children should be alerted to the use of numbers in a variety of contexts, prices, measurements of various types (eg. length, weight, volume), the speedometer in a car, labels on products, road signs, dates and time.

At this early stage of numeracy it is also helpful to introduce the idea of the relative size of numbers by asking what comes before or after, or what is a larger or smaller number. For example, a guessing game: the teacher thinks of a number between 1 and 10, the children try to guess the number. After each guess the teacher indicates whether the number is smaller or larger.

Other skills include learning to count to 20 or higher, and counting backwards.

Place Value
The Next step is to learn the place value of numbers.

It is probably true that if you are reading this page you know that after 9 comes 10 (and you usually call it ten) but this would not be true if you would belong to another culture.

Take for example the Maya Culture where there are not the ten symbols above but twenty symbols.



Imagine that instead of using 10 symbols one uses only 2 symbols. For example 0 and 1

Here is how the system will be created:

Or if one uses the symbols A and B one gets:

This may give you enough information to figure the place value idea of any number system.

For example what if you used 3 symbols instead of 2 (say 0,1,2).

If you're into computers, the HEXADECIMAL (Base 16) or Hex for short, number system will be of interest to you. This system uses 4 binary digits at a time to represent numbers from 0 to 15 (decimal). This allows for a more convenient way to express numbers the way computers think - that we can understand. So now we need 16 symbols instead of 2, 3, or 10. So we use 0123456789ABCDEF.

Resources for Early Math

 * 15 Fun Ways and Easy Games for Young Learners Math: Reproducible, Easy-to-Play Learning Games That Help Kids Build Essential Math Skills, by Susan Julio, Scholastic Professional, 2001.
 * Eenie Meenie Miney Math!: Math Play for You and Your Preschooler, by Linda Allison, Little Brown & Co., 1993.
 * Marshmallow Math: Early Math for Toddlers, Preschoolers and Primary School Children, by Trevor Schindeler, Trafford, 2002.
 * Number Wonder: Teaching Basic Math Concepts to Preschoolers, by Deborah Saathoff and Jane Jarrell, Holman Bible, 1999.