Quizbank/University Physics Semester 2/T10

University Physics Semester 2/T10 ID153341821922

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Exams:  A0  A1  A2   B0  B1  B2   C0  C1  C2   D0  D1  D2   E0  E1  E2   F0  F1  F2   G0  G1  G2   H0  H1  H2   I0  I1  I2   J0  J1  J2   K0  K1  K2   L0  L1  L2   M0  M1  M2   N0  N1  N2   O0  O1  O2   P0  P1  P2   Q0  Q1  Q2   R0  R1  R2   S0  S1  S2   T0  T1  T2   U0  U1  U2   V0  V1  V2   W0  W1  W2   X0  X1  X2   Y0  Y1  Y2   Z0  Z1  Z2

Answers:  A0  A1  A2   B0  B1  B2   C0  C1  C2   D0  D1  D2   E0  E1  E2   F0  F1  F2   G0  G1  G2   H0  H1  H2   I0  I1  I2   J0  J1  J2   K0  K1  K2   L0  L1  L2   M0  M1  M2   N0  N1  N2   O0  O1  O2   P0  P1  P2   Q0  Q1  Q2   R0  R1  R2   S0  S1  S2   T0  T1  T2   U0  U1  U2   V0  V1  V2   W0  W1  W2   X0  X1  X2   Y0  Y1  Y2   Z0  Z1  Z2

78 Tests = 3 versions x 26 variations: Each of the 26 variations (A, B, ...) represents a different random selection of questions taken from the |study guide.The 3 versions (0,1,..) all have the same questions but in different order and with different numerical inputs. Unless all students take  version "0" it is best to reserve it for the instructor because the questions are grouped according to the order in which they appear on the study guide.

Links:  Quizbank/Instructions   |Study guide    file:QB-University Physics Semester 2-T10.pdf

Contact me at User talk:Guy vandegrift if you need any help.

T10 A0
1) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following wins?
 * a) K and K&spades;
 * b) none of these are true
 * c) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * d) two of these are true
 * e) K and K&clubs;

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 9mW
 * b) 8mW
 * c) 4mW
 * d) 3mW
 * e) 6mW

3) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * a) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8
 * b) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * c) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power passes the filter?
 * a) 8mW
 * b) 4mW
 * c) 9mW
 * d) 6mW
 * e) 3mW

5) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) linearly
 * b) linear or elliptical
 * c) circular or elliptical
 * d) circular
 * e) circular or linear

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

7) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 40&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 0
 * b) 1/2
 * c) 1/4
 * d) 1
 * e) 3/4

8) If a 3 eV photon strikes a metal plate and causes an electron to escape, that electron will have a kinetic energy that is
 * a) zero
 * b) greater than 3 eV
 * c) less than 3 eV
 * d) equal to 6 eV
 * e) equal to 3 eV

9) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * a) stays the same
 * b) increases by 4 eV
 * c) increases by 2 eV
 * d) decreases by 4 eV
 * e) decreases by 2 eV

10) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object emits more photons per second (above a given threshold energy)?
 * a) The object with the greater volume.
 * b) The object with the greater temperature emits more.
 * c) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * d) They both emit the same number of photons (since the holes are identical).

11) If the wavelength &lambda; associated with a photon is cut in half, the photon's energy E
 * a) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * b) becomes 4 times as big
 * c) becomes twice as big
 * d) is cut in half
 * e) stays the same

12) Calculate the quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) +1/5
 * b) &minus;1/5
 * c) +2/5
 * d) &minus;2/5
 * e) +1
 * f) 0

T10 A1
1) Calculate the quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) 0
 * b) +1
 * c) +1/5
 * d) &minus;2/5
 * e) &minus;1/5
 * f) +2/5

2) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 40&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 1
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 0
 * d) 1/2
 * e) 1/4

3) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object emits more photons per second (above a given threshold energy)?
 * a) The object with the greater volume.
 * b) The object with the greater temperature emits more.
 * c) They both emit the same number of photons (since the holes are identical).
 * d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

4) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular or linear
 * b) circular or elliptical
 * c) circular
 * d) linear or elliptical
 * e) linearly

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 6mW
 * b) 4mW
 * c) 8mW
 * d) 3mW
 * e) 9mW

6) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * a) increases by 2 eV
 * b) decreases by 2 eV
 * c) stays the same
 * d) increases by 4 eV
 * e) decreases by 4 eV

7) If the wavelength &lambda; associated with a photon is cut in half, the photon's energy E
 * a) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * b) becomes twice as big
 * c) becomes 4 times as big
 * d) is cut in half
 * e) stays the same

8) If a 3 eV photon strikes a metal plate and causes an electron to escape, that electron will have a kinetic energy that is
 * a) zero
 * b) less than 3 eV
 * c) equal to 3 eV
 * d) equal to 6 eV
 * e) greater than 3 eV

9) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * a) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * b) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * c) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8
 * d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2

10) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power passes the filter?
 * a) 9mW
 * b) 6mW
 * c) 3mW
 * d) 8mW
 * e) 4mW

11) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following wins?
 * a) two of these are true
 * b) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * c) K and K&clubs;
 * d) K and K&spades;
 * e) none of these are true

12) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 3 4$$

T10 A2
1) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 40&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 1
 * b) 1/2
 * c) 1/4
 * d) 3/4
 * e) 0

2) If the wavelength &lambda; associated with a photon is cut in half, the photon's energy E
 * a) becomes 4 times as big
 * b) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * c) is cut in half
 * d) stays the same
 * e) becomes twice as big

3) If a 3 eV photon strikes a metal plate and causes an electron to escape, that electron will have a kinetic energy that is
 * a) equal to 3 eV
 * b) zero
 * c) greater than 3 eV
 * d) less than 3 eV
 * e) equal to 6 eV

4) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * a) increases by 4 eV
 * b) decreases by 4 eV
 * c) stays the same
 * d) increases by 2 eV
 * e) decreases by 2 eV

5) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object emits more photons per second (above a given threshold energy)?
 * a) The object with the greater temperature emits more.
 * b) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * c) They both emit the same number of photons (since the holes are identical).
 * d) The object with the greater volume.

6) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following wins?
 * a) K and K&clubs;
 * b) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * c) K and K&spades;
 * d) none of these are true
 * e) two of these are true

7) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) linear or elliptical
 * b) circular or linear
 * c) circular or elliptical
 * d) circular
 * e) linearly

8) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power passes the filter?
 * a) 6mW
 * b) 9mW
 * c) 4mW
 * d) 8mW
 * e) 3mW

9) Calculate the quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) 0
 * b) &minus;1/5
 * c) +1
 * d) +1/5
 * e) &minus;2/5
 * f) +2/5

10) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 3 4$$

11) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 8mW
 * b) 4mW
 * c) 9mW
 * d) 3mW
 * e) 6mW

12) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * a) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * b) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2
 * c) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8

T10 B0
1) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * a) 2
 * b) 1
 * c) 4
 * d) 3
 * e) 5

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * a) 3mW
 * b) 8mW
 * c) 6mW
 * d) 4mW
 * e) 9mW

4) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * a) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2
 * b) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8
 * c) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * a) 3mW
 * b) 4mW
 * c) 6mW
 * d) 8mW
 * e) 9mW

6) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular or linear
 * b) circular
 * c) linear or elliptical
 * d) linearly
 * e) circular or elliptical

7) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's energy E
 * a) becomes 4 times as big
 * b) is cut in half
 * c) becomes twice as big
 * d) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * e) stays the same

8) This figure is associated with
 * a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * c) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * e) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)

9) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 0
 * b) 1/4
 * c) 1
 * d) 3/4
 * e) 1/2

10) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 3/4
 * b) 1/4
 * c) 1/2
 * d) 1
 * e) 0

11) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * a) decreases by 4 eV
 * b) stays the same
 * c) decreases by 2 eV
 * d) increases by 2 eV
 * e) increases by 4 eV

12) Calculate the measured quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) +1
 * b) 0
 * c) +1/5
 * d) +2/5
 * e) &minus;2/5
 * f) &minus;1/5

T10 B1
1) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * a) 4
 * b) 3
 * c) 5
 * d) 1
 * e) 2

2) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's energy E
 * a) stays the same
 * b) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * c) is cut in half
 * d) becomes twice as big
 * e) becomes 4 times as big

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 3 4$$

4) Calculate the measured quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) +1/5
 * b) 0
 * c) +1
 * d) &minus;2/5
 * e) &minus;1/5
 * f) +2/5

5) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 1
 * d) 0
 * e) 1/2

6) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) linearly
 * b) circular
 * c) circular or linear
 * d) linear or elliptical
 * e) circular or elliptical

7) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * a) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * b) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * c) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2
 * d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8

8) This figure is associated with
 * a) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * c) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * e) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)

9) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * a) stays the same
 * b) increases by 4 eV
 * c) decreases by 2 eV
 * d) decreases by 4 eV
 * e) increases by 2 eV

10) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 0
 * b) 1
 * c) 3/4
 * d) 1/4
 * e) 1/2

11) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * a) 9mW
 * b) 6mW
 * c) 3mW
 * d) 8mW
 * e) 4mW

12) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * a) 8mW
 * b) 4mW
 * c) 6mW
 * d) 9mW
 * e) 3mW

T10 B2
1) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) linearly
 * b) circular or elliptical
 * c) circular or linear
 * d) circular
 * e) linear or elliptical

2) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * a) decreases by 2 eV
 * b) increases by 4 eV
 * c) decreases by 4 eV
 * d) increases by 2 eV
 * e) stays the same

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

4) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * a) 1
 * b) 2
 * c) 4
 * d) 3
 * e) 5

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * a) 6mW
 * b) 8mW
 * c) 3mW
 * d) 9mW
 * e) 4mW

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * a) 6mW
 * b) 8mW
 * c) 3mW
 * d) 9mW
 * e) 4mW

7) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 3/4
 * b) 1/2
 * c) 1
 * d) 1/4
 * e) 0

8) This figure is associated with
 * a) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * c) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * e) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)

9) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's energy E
 * a) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * b) stays the same
 * c) becomes twice as big
 * d) is cut in half
 * e) becomes 4 times as big

10) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 1/2
 * d) 0
 * e) 1

11) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * a) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * b) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2
 * c) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8
 * d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8

12) Calculate the measured quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) &minus;1/5
 * b) &minus;2/5
 * c) +1/5
 * d) 0
 * e) +2/5
 * f) +1

T10 C0
1) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * a) 5
 * b) 3
 * c) 2
 * d) 1
 * e) 4

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 9mW
 * b) 4mW
 * c) 8mW
 * d) 6mW
 * e) 3mW

3) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * a) all of these are possible
 * b) at 45 degrees
 * c) parallel
 * d) perpendicular

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters. The second is oriented 30&deg; from the first, and the third is rotated by an additional 60&deg;, making it at right angles from the first filter.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 1/32
 * b) 3/32
 * c) 1/8
 * d) 3/16
 * e) 1/16

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 3/32
 * b) 1/8
 * c) 1/16
 * d) 1/32
 * e) 3/16

6) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$1$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * e) $$1$$

7) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * a) 2x1018
 * b) 6x1018
 * c) 1018
 * d) 4x1018
 * e) 8x1018

8) If a 3 eV photon strikes a metal plate and causes an electron to escape, that electron will have a kinetic energy that is
 * a) equal to 6 eV
 * b) less than 3 eV
 * c) equal to 3 eV
 * d) greater than 3 eV
 * e) zero

9) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object emits more photons per second (above a given threshold energy)?
 * a) They both emit the same number of photons (since the holes are identical).
 * b) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * c) The object with the greater volume.
 * d) The object with the greater temperature emits more.

10) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 70&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 1
 * c) 1/2
 * d) 0
 * e) 3/4

11) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 65&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 1/2
 * d) 0
 * e) 1

12) Calculate the measured quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) &minus;1/5
 * b) 0
 * c) +2/5
 * d) +1
 * e) +1/5
 * f) &minus;2/5

T10 C1
1) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 1/16
 * b) 3/32
 * c) 1/32
 * d) 1/8
 * e) 3/16

2) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * a) 6x1018
 * b) 1018
 * c) 8x1018
 * d) 4x1018
 * e) 2x1018

3) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * a) 3
 * b) 4
 * c) 2
 * d) 5
 * e) 1

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters. The second is oriented 30&deg; from the first, and the third is rotated by an additional 60&deg;, making it at right angles from the first filter.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 1/16
 * b) 1/32
 * c) 1/8
 * d) 3/32
 * e) 3/16

5) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 70&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1/2
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 1/4
 * d) 1
 * e) 0

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 4mW
 * b) 9mW
 * c) 3mW
 * d) 8mW
 * e) 6mW

7) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 65&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 1/2
 * b) 1
 * c) 0
 * d) 3/4
 * e) 1/4

8) Calculate the measured quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) &minus;1/5
 * b) &minus;2/5
 * c) +1/5
 * d) +1
 * e) 0
 * f) +2/5

9) If a 3 eV photon strikes a metal plate and causes an electron to escape, that electron will have a kinetic energy that is
 * a) greater than 3 eV
 * b) less than 3 eV
 * c) zero
 * d) equal to 3 eV
 * e) equal to 6 eV

10) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$1$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * c) $$1$$
 * d) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

11) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * a) at 45 degrees
 * b) perpendicular
 * c) all of these are possible
 * d) parallel

12) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object emits more photons per second (above a given threshold energy)?
 * a) They both emit the same number of photons (since the holes are identical).
 * b) The object with the greater temperature emits more.
 * c) The object with the greater volume.
 * d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

T10 C2
1) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$1$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$1$$
 * c) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

2) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * a) 2x1018
 * b) 8x1018
 * c) 4x1018
 * d) 1018
 * e) 6x1018

3) Calculate the measured quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) +1
 * b) &minus;2/5
 * c) &minus;1/5
 * d) +2/5
 * e) 0
 * f) +1/5

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 3/32
 * b) 1/32
 * c) 3/16
 * d) 1/8
 * e) 1/16

5) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * a) perpendicular
 * b) at 45 degrees
 * c) parallel
 * d) all of these are possible

6) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object emits more photons per second (above a given threshold energy)?
 * a) The object with the greater volume.
 * b) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * c) They both emit the same number of photons (since the holes are identical).
 * d) The object with the greater temperature emits more.

7) If a 3 eV photon strikes a metal plate and causes an electron to escape, that electron will have a kinetic energy that is
 * a) greater than 3 eV
 * b) less than 3 eV
 * c) equal to 3 eV
 * d) zero
 * e) equal to 6 eV

8) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters. The second is oriented 30&deg; from the first, and the third is rotated by an additional 60&deg;, making it at right angles from the first filter.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 3/32
 * b) 1/32
 * c) 1/8
 * d) 1/16
 * e) 3/16

9) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 65&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 3/4
 * b) 1
 * c) 1/4
 * d) 0
 * e) 1/2

10) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 70&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 1/2
 * c) 0
 * d) 3/4
 * e) 1

11) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 6mW
 * b) 8mW
 * c) 9mW
 * d) 3mW
 * e) 4mW

12) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * a) 1
 * b) 4
 * c) 2
 * d) 5
 * e) 3

T10 D0
1) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following loses?
 * a) K and K&spades;
 * b) K and K&clubs;
 * c) two of these are true
 * d) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * e) none of these are true

2) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * a) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * b) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

3) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * a) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * b) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2
 * c) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 4mW
 * b) 9mW
 * c) 6mW
 * d) 8mW
 * e) 3mW

5) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * a) at 45 degrees
 * b) perpendicular
 * c) all of these are possible
 * d) parallel

6) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular
 * b) linearly
 * c) linear or elliptical
 * d) circular or elliptical
 * e) circular or linear

7) If the wavelength &lambda; associated with a photon doubles, the photon's frequency f
 * a) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * b) stays the same
 * c) becomes twice as big
 * d) becomes 4 times as big
 * e) is cut in half

8) If an atom absorbs a photon with 4 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * a) increases by 2 eV
 * b) stays the same
 * c) increases by 4 eV
 * d) decreases by 4 eV
 * e) decreases by 2 eV

9) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy?
 * a) The hotter object has a greater energy.
 * b) They have the same energy (since the holes are identical).
 * c) The larger object has a greater energy.
 * d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

10) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object emits more photons per second (above a given threshold energy)?
 * a) The object with the greater temperature emits more.
 * b) The object with the greater volume.
 * c) They both emit the same number of photons (since the holes are identical).
 * d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

11) This figure is associated with
 * a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * c) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * e) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)

12) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is P(prime), or the probability that the number is prime?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 1
 * c) 5/4
 * d) 3/4
 * e) 1/2
 * f) 0

T10 D1
1) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * a) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * c) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 3 4$$

2) If the wavelength &lambda; associated with a photon doubles, the photon's frequency f
 * a) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * b) becomes 4 times as big
 * c) stays the same
 * d) becomes twice as big
 * e) is cut in half

3) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy?
 * a) The hotter object has a greater energy.
 * b) They have the same energy (since the holes are identical).
 * c) The larger object has a greater energy.
 * d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

4) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following loses?
 * a) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * b) two of these are true
 * c) none of these are true
 * d) K and K&clubs;
 * e) K and K&spades;

5) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * a) all of these are possible
 * b) parallel
 * c) perpendicular
 * d) at 45 degrees

6) This figure is associated with
 * a) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * b) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * d) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * e) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)

7) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * a) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * b) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2
 * c) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8

8) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is P(prime), or the probability that the number is prime?
 * a) 1/2
 * b) 1/4
 * c) 1
 * d) 5/4
 * e) 0
 * f) 3/4

9) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 9mW
 * b) 8mW
 * c) 3mW
 * d) 6mW
 * e) 4mW

10) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object emits more photons per second (above a given threshold energy)?
 * a) The object with the greater temperature emits more.
 * b) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * c) They both emit the same number of photons (since the holes are identical).
 * d) The object with the greater volume.

11) If an atom absorbs a photon with 4 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * a) increases by 2 eV
 * b) increases by 4 eV
 * c) decreases by 4 eV
 * d) stays the same
 * e) decreases by 2 eV

12) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular
 * b) circular or elliptical
 * c) circular or linear
 * d) linear or elliptical
 * e) linearly

T10 D2
1) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * a) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * b) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

2) If an atom absorbs a photon with 4 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * a) stays the same
 * b) decreases by 2 eV
 * c) decreases by 4 eV
 * d) increases by 4 eV
 * e) increases by 2 eV

3) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is P(prime), or the probability that the number is prime?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 1
 * c) 0
 * d) 5/4
 * e) 1/2
 * f) 3/4

4) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) linearly
 * b) circular
 * c) linear or elliptical
 * d) circular or linear
 * e) circular or elliptical

5) This figure is associated with
 * a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * b) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * e) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.

6) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following loses?
 * a) K and K&clubs;
 * b) none of these are true
 * c) two of these are true
 * d) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * e) K and K&spades;

7) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy?
 * a) They have the same energy (since the holes are identical).
 * b) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * c) The larger object has a greater energy.
 * d) The hotter object has a greater energy.

8) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * a) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * b) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * c) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2
 * d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8

9) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * a) parallel
 * b) at 45 degrees
 * c) perpendicular
 * d) all of these are possible

10) If the wavelength &lambda; associated with a photon doubles, the photon's frequency f
 * a) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * b) becomes 4 times as big
 * c) becomes twice as big
 * d) is cut in half
 * e) stays the same

11) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object emits more photons per second (above a given threshold energy)?
 * a) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * b) They both emit the same number of photons (since the holes are identical).
 * c) The object with the greater volume.
 * d) The object with the greater temperature emits more.

12) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 4mW
 * b) 9mW
 * c) 8mW
 * d) 3mW
 * e) 6mW

T10 E0
1) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * a) 2
 * b) 5
 * c) 4
 * d) 1
 * e) 3

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * a) 8mW
 * b) 4mW
 * c) 9mW
 * d) 6mW
 * e) 3mW

3) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular or elliptical
 * b) linearly
 * c) circular or linear
 * d) circular
 * e) linear or elliptical

4) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 4mW
 * b) 9mW
 * c) 3mW
 * d) 8mW
 * e) 6mW

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters. The second is oriented 30&deg; from the first, and the third is rotated by an additional 60&deg;, making it at right angles from the first filter.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 3/16
 * b) 1/8
 * c) 3/32
 * d) 1/16
 * e) 1/32

7) In the Phet lab for photoelectric effect, how was the electron's kinetic energy measured?
 * a) measuring polarization
 * b) stopping the electron with an applied voltage
 * c) deflecting the electron with a magnetic field
 * d) measuring both spin and polarization
 * e) measuring spin

8) This figure is associated with
 * a) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * b) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * c) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * e) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)

9) If an atom absorbs a photon with 2 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * a) decreases by 4 eV
 * b) stays the same
 * c) increases by 4 eV
 * d) increases by 2 eV
 * e) decreases by 2 eV

10) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 70&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 1/2
 * c) 3/4
 * d) 0
 * e) 1

11) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 35&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 3/4
 * b) 1/4
 * c) 1
 * d) 0
 * e) 1/2

12) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is P(even), or the probability that the number is even?
 * a) 5/4
 * b) 1
 * c) 0
 * d) 3/4
 * e) 1/2
 * f) 1/4

T10 E1
1) If an atom absorbs a photon with 2 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * a) increases by 2 eV
 * b) stays the same
 * c) decreases by 4 eV
 * d) decreases by 2 eV
 * e) increases by 4 eV

2) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * a) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 3 4$$

3) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular
 * b) linear or elliptical
 * c) circular or elliptical
 * d) linearly
 * e) circular or linear

4) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is P(even), or the probability that the number is even?
 * a) 0
 * b) 1/2
 * c) 1
 * d) 5/4
 * e) 3/4
 * f) 1/4

5) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 35&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1
 * b) 1/4
 * c) 3/4
 * d) 0
 * e) 1/2

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * a) 8mW
 * b) 3mW
 * c) 6mW
 * d) 9mW
 * e) 4mW

7) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 70&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 1
 * c) 0
 * d) 1/2
 * e) 3/4

8) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 4mW
 * b) 6mW
 * c) 9mW
 * d) 3mW
 * e) 8mW

9) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters. The second is oriented 30&deg; from the first, and the third is rotated by an additional 60&deg;, making it at right angles from the first filter.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 1/32
 * b) 1/8
 * c) 3/32
 * d) 1/16
 * e) 3/16

10) This figure is associated with
 * a) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * b) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * c) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * e) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)

11) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * a) 1
 * b) 2
 * c) 4
 * d) 5
 * e) 3

12) In the Phet lab for photoelectric effect, how was the electron's kinetic energy measured?
 * a) measuring polarization
 * b) stopping the electron with an applied voltage
 * c) measuring both spin and polarization
 * d) deflecting the electron with a magnetic field
 * e) measuring spin

T10 E2
1) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * a) 9mW
 * b) 3mW
 * c) 4mW
 * d) 6mW
 * e) 8mW

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters. The second is oriented 30&deg; from the first, and the third is rotated by an additional 60&deg;, making it at right angles from the first filter.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 3/16
 * b) 3/32
 * c) 1/32
 * d) 1/8
 * e) 1/16

3) If an atom absorbs a photon with 2 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * a) increases by 4 eV
 * b) increases by 2 eV
 * c) stays the same
 * d) decreases by 2 eV
 * e) decreases by 4 eV

4) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * a) 2
 * b) 3
 * c) 5
 * d) 1
 * e) 4

5) In the Phet lab for photoelectric effect, how was the electron's kinetic energy measured?
 * a) measuring both spin and polarization
 * b) measuring polarization
 * c) stopping the electron with an applied voltage
 * d) measuring spin
 * e) deflecting the electron with a magnetic field

6) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular or elliptical
 * b) circular
 * c) circular or linear
 * d) linear or elliptical
 * e) linearly

7) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 70&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1/2
 * b) 0
 * c) 3/4
 * d) 1/4
 * e) 1

8) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 4mW
 * b) 3mW
 * c) 9mW
 * d) 6mW
 * e) 8mW

9) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * a) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * e) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$

10) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is P(even), or the probability that the number is even?
 * a) 1
 * b) 5/4
 * c) 3/4
 * d) 1/2
 * e) 1/4
 * f) 0

11) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 35&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1/2
 * b) 1/4
 * c) 1
 * d) 3/4
 * e) 0

12) This figure is associated with
 * a) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * c) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * e) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)

T10 F0
1) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * a) 1
 * b) 3
 * c) 5
 * d) 4
 * e) 2

2) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular or elliptical
 * b) linear or elliptical
 * c) circular or linear
 * d) linearly
 * e) circular

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 3/32
 * b) 3/16
 * c) 1/8
 * d) 1/16
 * e) 1/32

4) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$1$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * c) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * e) $$2\sqrt 2$$

5) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * a) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * b) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8
 * c) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2

6) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * a) parallel
 * b) all of these are possible
 * c) perpendicular
 * d) at 45 degrees

7) This figure is associated with
 * a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * b) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * e) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.

8) This figure is associated with
 * a) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * c) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * d) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * e) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.

9) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * a) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * b) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * c) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * d) The hotter object has a greater energy density.

10) This figure is associated with
 * a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * e) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.

11) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * a) 1018
 * b) 2x1018
 * c) 8x1018
 * d) 6x1018
 * e) 4x1018

12) Calculate the measured probability: P(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) 3/5
 * b) 2/4=1/2
 * c) 3/4
 * d) 5/6
 * e) 2/5

T10 F1
1) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * a) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * b) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * c) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2
 * d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8

2) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * a) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * b) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * c) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * d) The hotter object has a greater energy density.

3) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) linear or elliptical
 * b) linearly
 * c) circular or elliptical
 * d) circular
 * e) circular or linear

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 1/8
 * b) 1/16
 * c) 3/32
 * d) 3/16
 * e) 1/32

5) This figure is associated with
 * a) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * d) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * e) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.

6) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * a) 4
 * b) 3
 * c) 1
 * d) 2
 * e) 5

7) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * a) parallel
 * b) perpendicular
 * c) at 45 degrees
 * d) all of these are possible

8) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$1$$
 * b) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * d) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

9) Calculate the measured probability: P(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) 3/5
 * b) 2/5
 * c) 5/6
 * d) 2/4=1/2
 * e) 3/4

10) This figure is associated with
 * a) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * c) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * d) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * e) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)

11) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * a) 2x1018
 * b) 6x1018
 * c) 8x1018
 * d) 1018
 * e) 4x1018

12) This figure is associated with
 * a) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * b) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * c) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * e) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)

T10 F2
1) Calculate the measured probability: P(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) 2/5
 * b) 2/4=1/2
 * c) 5/6
 * d) 3/4
 * e) 3/5

2) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * a) 1
 * b) 4
 * c) 3
 * d) 5
 * e) 2

3) This figure is associated with
 * a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * e) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.

4) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * a) all of these are possible
 * b) at 45 degrees
 * c) parallel
 * d) perpendicular

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 1/8
 * b) 3/32
 * c) 1/32
 * d) 3/16
 * e) 1/16

6) This figure is associated with
 * a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * b) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * c) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * e) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)

7) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * a) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * b) The hotter object has a greater energy density.
 * c) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * d) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).

8) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) linearly
 * b) circular or linear
 * c) circular or elliptical
 * d) linear or elliptical
 * e) circular

9) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * a) 6x1018
 * b) 4x1018
 * c) 2x1018
 * d) 8x1018
 * e) 1018

10) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$1$$
 * b) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * c) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

11) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * a) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * b) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2
 * c) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8
 * d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8

12) This figure is associated with
 * a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * c) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * e) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.

T10 G0
1) Your solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 4&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;, you would__
 * a) be disqualified for cheating
 * b) lose 1 point
 * c) win 3 points
 * d) win 1 point
 * e) lose 3 points

2) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * a) electromagnetic
 * b) both can be created
 * c) electromagnetic or pendulum
 * d) pendulum

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

5) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular or linear
 * b) circular or elliptical
 * c) linearly
 * d) linear or elliptical
 * e) circular

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 1/32
 * b) 3/16
 * c) 1/16
 * d) 1/8
 * e) 3/32

7) This figure is associated with
 * a) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * b) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * d) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * e) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)

8) This figure is associated with
 * a) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * b) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * c) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * d) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * e) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)

9) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 65&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 1/2
 * b) 1/4
 * c) 0
 * d) 1
 * e) 3/4

10) This figure is associated with
 * a) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * d) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * e) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.

11) If a 3 eV photon strikes a metal plate and causes an electron to escape, that electron will have a kinetic energy that is
 * a) zero
 * b) less than 3 eV
 * c) equal to 3 eV
 * d) equal to 6 eV
 * e) greater than 3 eV

12) Calculate the measured quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) +2/5
 * b) +1
 * c) 0
 * d) &minus;2/5
 * e) &minus;1/5
 * f) +1/5

T10 G1
1) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular
 * b) circular or linear
 * c) linear or elliptical
 * d) circular or elliptical
 * e) linearly

2) This figure is associated with
 * a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * b) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * c) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * d) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * e) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.

3) If a 3 eV photon strikes a metal plate and causes an electron to escape, that electron will have a kinetic energy that is
 * a) greater than 3 eV
 * b) zero
 * c) less than 3 eV
 * d) equal to 6 eV
 * e) equal to 3 eV

4) This figure is associated with
 * a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * b) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * c) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * e) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)

5) Calculate the measured quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) &minus;1/5
 * b) &minus;2/5
 * c) +1
 * d) +2/5
 * e) 0
 * f) +1/5

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 1/8
 * b) 1/16
 * c) 3/16
 * d) 3/32
 * e) 1/32

7) Your solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 4&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;, you would__
 * a) lose 3 points
 * b) win 3 points
 * c) win 1 point
 * d) be disqualified for cheating
 * e) lose 1 point

8) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 65&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 3/4
 * b) 1/4
 * c) 0
 * d) 1/2
 * e) 1

9) This figure is associated with
 * a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * b) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * d) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * e) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.

10) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * a) electromagnetic or pendulum
 * b) pendulum
 * c) electromagnetic
 * d) both can be created

11) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

12) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * c) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

T10 G2
1) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 3/32
 * b) 1/8
 * c) 1/32
 * d) 3/16
 * e) 1/16

2) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * a) both can be created
 * b) pendulum
 * c) electromagnetic
 * d) electromagnetic or pendulum

3) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 65&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 1/2
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 1
 * d) 0
 * e) 1/4

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

5) This figure is associated with
 * a) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * e) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)

6) This figure is associated with
 * a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * c) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * e) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)

7) Your solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 4&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;, you would__
 * a) lose 3 points
 * b) be disqualified for cheating
 * c) lose 1 point
 * d) win 1 point
 * e) win 3 points

8) This figure is associated with
 * a) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * c) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * d) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * e) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.

9) If a 3 eV photon strikes a metal plate and causes an electron to escape, that electron will have a kinetic energy that is
 * a) less than 3 eV
 * b) equal to 6 eV
 * c) greater than 3 eV
 * d) zero
 * e) equal to 3 eV

10) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular or elliptical
 * b) linearly
 * c) circular
 * d) linear or elliptical
 * e) circular or linear

11) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

12) Calculate the measured quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) &minus;2/5
 * b) 0
 * c) &minus;1/5
 * d) +1
 * e) +2/5
 * f) +1/5

T10 H0
1) If you play the solitaire game 6 times, you will on average win ___ times.
 * a) 5
 * b) 2
 * c) 3
 * d) 6
 * e) 4

2) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular or linear
 * b) linearly
 * c) circular or elliptical
 * d) circular
 * e) linear or elliptical

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * a) 4mW
 * b) 9mW
 * c) 8mW
 * d) 6mW
 * e) 3mW

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power passes the filter?
 * a) 8mW
 * b) 3mW
 * c) 9mW
 * d) 4mW
 * e) 6mW

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * a) 4mW
 * b) 6mW
 * c) 3mW
 * d) 8mW
 * e) 9mW

6) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular or linear
 * b) linearly
 * c) linear or elliptical
 * d) circular or elliptical
 * e) circular

7) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 1/2
 * c) 1
 * d) 0
 * e) 3/4

8) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's energy E
 * a) becomes 4 times as big
 * b) is cut in half
 * c) stays the same
 * d) becomes twice as big
 * e) is reduced by a factor of 4

9) This figure is associated with
 * a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * c) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * d) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * e) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.

10) This figure is associated with
 * a) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * b) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * c) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * d) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * e) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)

11) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * a) 1018
 * b) 4x1018
 * c) 8x1018
 * d) 6x1018
 * e) 2x1018

12) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is P(prime)+P(even), or the sum of the probability that it is even, plus the probability that it is prime?
 * a) 1/2
 * b) 1
 * c) 0
 * d) 1/4
 * e) 3/4
 * f) 5/4

T10 H1
1) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular or elliptical
 * b) linear or elliptical
 * c) linearly
 * d) circular or linear
 * e) circular

2) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's energy E
 * a) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * b) stays the same
 * c) is cut in half
 * d) becomes twice as big
 * e) becomes 4 times as big

3) This figure is associated with
 * a) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * b) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * e) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)

4) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * a) 8x1018
 * b) 4x1018
 * c) 6x1018
 * d) 1018
 * e) 2x1018

5) This figure is associated with
 * a) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * e) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power passes the filter?
 * a) 6mW
 * b) 9mW
 * c) 8mW
 * d) 4mW
 * e) 3mW

7) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is P(prime)+P(even), or the sum of the probability that it is even, plus the probability that it is prime?
 * a) 5/4
 * b) 1/4
 * c) 3/4
 * d) 1/2
 * e) 0
 * f) 1

8) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1/2
 * b) 0
 * c) 1
 * d) 3/4
 * e) 1/4

9) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * a) 8mW
 * b) 3mW
 * c) 6mW
 * d) 9mW
 * e) 4mW

10) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * a) 6mW
 * b) 3mW
 * c) 9mW
 * d) 8mW
 * e) 4mW

11) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular
 * b) circular or linear
 * c) linearly
 * d) circular or elliptical
 * e) linear or elliptical

12) If you play the solitaire game 6 times, you will on average win ___ times.
 * a) 6
 * b) 2
 * c) 3
 * d) 5
 * e) 4

T10 H2
1) If you play the solitaire game 6 times, you will on average win ___ times.
 * a) 6
 * b) 4
 * c) 3
 * d) 5
 * e) 2

2) This figure is associated with
 * a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * b) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * e) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.

3) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) linearly
 * b) linear or elliptical
 * c) circular or elliptical
 * d) circular or linear
 * e) circular

4) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is P(prime)+P(even), or the sum of the probability that it is even, plus the probability that it is prime?
 * a) 1/2
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 0
 * d) 1/4
 * e) 5/4
 * f) 1

5) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) linear or elliptical
 * b) linearly
 * c) circular or elliptical
 * d) circular
 * e) circular or linear

6) This figure is associated with
 * a) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * b) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * e) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)

7) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * a) 4mW
 * b) 3mW
 * c) 9mW
 * d) 8mW
 * e) 6mW

8) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power passes the filter?
 * a) 3mW
 * b) 9mW
 * c) 4mW
 * d) 6mW
 * e) 8mW

9) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's energy E
 * a) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * b) becomes 4 times as big
 * c) stays the same
 * d) is cut in half
 * e) becomes twice as big

10) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 1/2
 * d) 0
 * e) 1/4

11) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * a) 1018
 * b) 6x1018
 * c) 4x1018
 * d) 2x1018
 * e) 8x1018

12) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * a) 3mW
 * b) 9mW
 * c) 8mW
 * d) 6mW
 * e) 4mW

T10 I0
1) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following wins?
 * a) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * b) K and K&spades;
 * c) none of these are true
 * d) K and K&clubs;
 * e) two of these are true

2) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * a) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8
 * b) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2
 * c) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 9mW
 * b) 3mW
 * c) 4mW
 * d) 8mW
 * e) 6mW

4) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular
 * b) circular or elliptical
 * c) linear or elliptical
 * d) linearly
 * e) circular or linear

5) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$1$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * c) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * e) $$\sqrt 2$$

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

7) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * a) 4x1018
 * b) 6x1018
 * c) 8x1018
 * d) 1018
 * e) 2x1018

8) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 50&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 0
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 1
 * d) 1/4
 * e) 1/2

9) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * a) decreases by 2 eV
 * b) increases by 4 eV
 * c) stays the same
 * d) increases by 2 eV
 * e) decreases by 4 eV

10) This figure is associated with
 * a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * b) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * c) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * d) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * e) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)

11) This figure is associated with
 * a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * e) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.

12) Calculate the measured probability: P(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) 5/6
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 2/4=1/2
 * d) 2/5
 * e) 3/5

T10 I1
1) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 50&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 1
 * b) 1/2
 * c) 1/4
 * d) 0
 * e) 3/4

2) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * d) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * e) $$1$$

3) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * a) 2x1018
 * b) 6x1018
 * c) 1018
 * d) 4x1018
 * e) 8x1018

4) This figure is associated with
 * a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * b) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * d) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * e) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.

5) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following wins?
 * a) K and K&spades;
 * b) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * c) two of these are true
 * d) none of these are true
 * e) K and K&clubs;

6) Calculate the measured probability: P(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) 3/5
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 2/4=1/2
 * d) 2/5
 * e) 5/6

7) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

8) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * a) stays the same
 * b) increases by 2 eV
 * c) decreases by 4 eV
 * d) decreases by 2 eV
 * e) increases by 4 eV

9) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 3mW
 * b) 8mW
 * c) 6mW
 * d) 9mW
 * e) 4mW

10) This figure is associated with
 * a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * b) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * d) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * e) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.

11) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * a) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2
 * b) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8
 * c) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * d) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations

12) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular or linear
 * b) linearly
 * c) circular or elliptical
 * d) linear or elliptical
 * e) circular

T10 I2
1) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * a) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * b) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2
 * c) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8
 * d) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations

2) This figure is associated with
 * a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * b) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * e) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)

3) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 50&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 3/4
 * b) 1/2
 * c) 0
 * d) 1
 * e) 1/4

4) Calculate the measured probability: P(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) 3/5
 * b) 2/5
 * c) 5/6
 * d) 3/4
 * e) 2/4=1/2

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 4mW
 * b) 9mW
 * c) 3mW
 * d) 8mW
 * e) 6mW

6) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$1$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

7) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * a) 6x1018
 * b) 1018
 * c) 4x1018
 * d) 2x1018
 * e) 8x1018

8) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * d) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 3 4$$

9) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following wins?
 * a) none of these are true
 * b) K and K&clubs;
 * c) K and K&spades;
 * d) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * e) two of these are true

10) This figure is associated with
 * a) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * b) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * d) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * e) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)

11) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * a) decreases by 4 eV
 * b) decreases by 2 eV
 * c) increases by 2 eV
 * d) increases by 4 eV
 * e) stays the same

12) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) linearly
 * b) circular or linear
 * c) linear or elliptical
 * d) circular
 * e) circular or elliptical

T10 J0
1) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following wins?
 * a) two of these are true
 * b) none of these are true
 * c) K and K&spades;
 * d) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * e) K and K&clubs;

2) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * a) electromagnetic
 * b) both can be created
 * c) electromagnetic or pendulum
 * d) pendulum

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * c) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

4) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$1$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * c) $$1$$
 * d) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * e) $$\sqrt 2$$

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 9mW
 * b) 8mW
 * c) 3mW
 * d) 4mW
 * e) 6mW

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 6mW
 * b) 8mW
 * c) 3mW
 * d) 9mW
 * e) 4mW

7) This figure is associated with
 * a) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * e) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.

8) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 70&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 0
 * d) 1/2
 * e) 1

9) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 50&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 1/2
 * b) 0
 * c) 3/4
 * d) 1
 * e) 1/4

10) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * a) The hotter object has a greater energy density.
 * b) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * c) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

11) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object emits more photons per second (above a given threshold energy)?
 * a) They both emit the same number of photons (since the holes are identical).
 * b) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * c) The object with the greater volume.
 * d) The object with the greater temperature emits more.

12) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is P(even), or the probability that the number is even?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 1/2
 * c) 3/4
 * d) 5/4
 * e) 1
 * f) 0

T10 J1
1) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is P(even), or the probability that the number is even?
 * a) 1/2
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 1
 * d) 1/4
 * e) 5/4
 * f) 0

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 9mW
 * b) 8mW
 * c) 6mW
 * d) 3mW
 * e) 4mW

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 4mW
 * b) 9mW
 * c) 3mW
 * d) 6mW
 * e) 8mW

4) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * a) electromagnetic
 * b) both can be created
 * c) electromagnetic or pendulum
 * d) pendulum

5) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 50&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 3/4
 * b) 1/4
 * c) 1
 * d) 1/2
 * e) 0

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * d) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

7) This figure is associated with
 * a) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * c) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * d) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * e) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.

8) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following wins?
 * a) K and K&spades;
 * b) none of these are true
 * c) two of these are true
 * d) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * e) K and K&clubs;

9) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object emits more photons per second (above a given threshold energy)?
 * a) They both emit the same number of photons (since the holes are identical).
 * b) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * c) The object with the greater temperature emits more.
 * d) The object with the greater volume.

10) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * a) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * b) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * c) The hotter object has a greater energy density.
 * d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

11) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$1$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * c) $$1$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * e) $$2\sqrt 2$$

12) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 70&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1
 * b) 0
 * c) 1/4
 * d) 3/4
 * e) 1/2

T10 J2
1) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 3mW
 * b) 8mW
 * c) 4mW
 * d) 6mW
 * e) 9mW

2) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 50&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 1
 * b) 1/2
 * c) 1/4
 * d) 3/4
 * e) 0

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

4) This figure is associated with
 * a) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * b) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * d) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * e) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)

5) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * a) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * b) The hotter object has a greater energy density.
 * c) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 4mW
 * b) 6mW
 * c) 3mW
 * d) 8mW
 * e) 9mW

7) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 70&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 3/4
 * b) 1/4
 * c) 0
 * d) 1/2
 * e) 1

8) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following wins?
 * a) K and K&spades;
 * b) none of these are true
 * c) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * d) K and K&clubs;
 * e) two of these are true

9) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is P(even), or the probability that the number is even?
 * a) 0
 * b) 1/2
 * c) 1/4
 * d) 3/4
 * e) 5/4
 * f) 1

10) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * a) both can be created
 * b) pendulum
 * c) electromagnetic
 * d) electromagnetic or pendulum

11) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object emits more photons per second (above a given threshold energy)?
 * a) The object with the greater temperature emits more.
 * b) The object with the greater volume.
 * c) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * d) They both emit the same number of photons (since the holes are identical).

12) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$1$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$1$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * d) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

T10 K0
1) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * a) 1
 * b) 4
 * c) 3
 * d) 2
 * e) 5

2) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$1$$
 * b) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * c) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

3) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * a) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 1/16
 * b) 1/32
 * c) 3/32
 * d) 1/8
 * e) 3/16

5) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * a) pendulum
 * b) electromagnetic
 * c) both can be created
 * d) electromagnetic or pendulum

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * a) 9mW
 * b) 8mW
 * c) 3mW
 * d) 4mW
 * e) 6mW

7) In the Phet lab for photoelectric effect, how was the electron's kinetic energy measured?
 * a) deflecting the electron with a magnetic field
 * b) stopping the electron with an applied voltage
 * c) measuring spin
 * d) measuring polarization
 * e) measuring both spin and polarization

8) This figure is associated with
 * a) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * e) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)

9) This figure is associated with
 * a) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * c) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * d) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * e) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)

10) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * a) decreases by 2 eV
 * b) decreases by 4 eV
 * c) increases by 2 eV
 * d) stays the same
 * e) increases by 4 eV

11) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy?
 * a) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * b) The larger object has a greater energy.
 * c) They have the same energy (since the holes are identical).
 * d) The hotter object has a greater energy.

12) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is P(prime)+P(even), or the sum of the probability that it is even, plus the probability that it is prime?
 * a) 5/4
 * b) 1
 * c) 3/4
 * d) 1/2
 * e) 0
 * f) 1/4

T10 K1
1) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 3/16
 * b) 1/8
 * c) 1/16
 * d) 3/32
 * e) 1/32

2) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy?
 * a) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * b) The larger object has a greater energy.
 * c) The hotter object has a greater energy.
 * d) They have the same energy (since the holes are identical).

3) In the Phet lab for photoelectric effect, how was the electron's kinetic energy measured?
 * a) stopping the electron with an applied voltage
 * b) measuring polarization
 * c) measuring spin
 * d) deflecting the electron with a magnetic field
 * e) measuring both spin and polarization

4) This figure is associated with
 * a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * b) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * d) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * e) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.

5) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * a) electromagnetic
 * b) both can be created
 * c) pendulum
 * d) electromagnetic or pendulum

6) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * a) increases by 2 eV
 * b) decreases by 4 eV
 * c) stays the same
 * d) decreases by 2 eV
 * e) increases by 4 eV

7) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * a) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 3 4$$

8) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * a) 6mW
 * b) 3mW
 * c) 8mW
 * d) 9mW
 * e) 4mW

9) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is P(prime)+P(even), or the sum of the probability that it is even, plus the probability that it is prime?
 * a) 3/4
 * b) 1/4
 * c) 1
 * d) 1/2
 * e) 5/4
 * f) 0

10) This figure is associated with
 * a) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * e) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)

11) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * a) 5
 * b) 3
 * c) 2
 * d) 1
 * e) 4

12) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$1$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * d) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * e) $$\sqrt 2$$

T10 K2
1) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is P(prime)+P(even), or the sum of the probability that it is even, plus the probability that it is prime?
 * a) 1
 * b) 1/4
 * c) 5/4
 * d) 1/2
 * e) 0
 * f) 3/4

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 1/16
 * b) 3/32
 * c) 1/32
 * d) 3/16
 * e) 1/8

3) In the Phet lab for photoelectric effect, how was the electron's kinetic energy measured?
 * a) measuring polarization
 * b) measuring both spin and polarization
 * c) deflecting the electron with a magnetic field
 * d) measuring spin
 * e) stopping the electron with an applied voltage

4) This figure is associated with
 * a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * b) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * c) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * d) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * e) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * a) 6mW
 * b) 4mW
 * c) 8mW
 * d) 3mW
 * e) 9mW

6) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * a) decreases by 4 eV
 * b) decreases by 2 eV
 * c) increases by 4 eV
 * d) increases by 2 eV
 * e) stays the same

7) This figure is associated with
 * a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * e) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.

8) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * a) 3
 * b) 5
 * c) 1
 * d) 2
 * e) 4

9) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy?
 * a) The hotter object has a greater energy.
 * b) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * c) They have the same energy (since the holes are identical).
 * d) The larger object has a greater energy.

10) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * a) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * b) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

11) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * a) pendulum
 * b) electromagnetic
 * c) electromagnetic or pendulum
 * d) both can be created

12) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * c) $$1$$
 * d) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * e) $$2\sqrt 2$$

T10 L0
1) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average win ___ times.
 * a) 1
 * b) 5
 * c) 4
 * d) 3
 * e) 2

2) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) linearly
 * b) circular or elliptical
 * c) circular or linear
 * d) linear or elliptical
 * e) circular

3) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * b) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

4) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the shorter side?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * d) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

5) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular or elliptical
 * b) circular
 * c) linearly
 * d) linear or elliptical
 * e) circular or linear

6) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * c) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * e) $$1$$

7) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * a) increases by 2 eV
 * b) decreases by 2 eV
 * c) stays the same
 * d) decreases by 4 eV
 * e) increases by 4 eV

8) If an atom absorbs a photon with 2 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * a) increases by 4 eV
 * b) decreases by 4 eV
 * c) stays the same
 * d) increases by 2 eV
 * e) decreases by 2 eV

9) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * a) The hotter object has a greater energy density.
 * b) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * c) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

10) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 0
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 1
 * d) 1/2
 * e) 1/4

11) This figure is associated with
 * a) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * b) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * c) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * e) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.

12) Calculate the measured probability: P(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) 2/5
 * b) 3/5
 * c) 3/4
 * d) 2/4=1/2
 * e) 5/6

T10 L1
1) If an atom absorbs a photon with 2 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * a) decreases by 2 eV
 * b) increases by 4 eV
 * c) increases by 2 eV
 * d) decreases by 4 eV
 * e) stays the same

2) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * a) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * c) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

3) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular or linear
 * b) linearly
 * c) circular or elliptical
 * d) circular
 * e) linear or elliptical

4) Calculate the measured probability: P(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) 2/4=1/2
 * b) 2/5
 * c) 5/6
 * d) 3/5
 * e) 3/4

5) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 1/4
 * d) 1/2
 * e) 0

6) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average win ___ times.
 * a) 5
 * b) 1
 * c) 2
 * d) 4
 * e) 3

7) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the shorter side?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * e) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$

8) This figure is associated with
 * a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * b) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * c) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * e) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)

9) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular or linear
 * b) circular
 * c) linearly
 * d) circular or elliptical
 * e) linear or elliptical

10) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * a) increases by 4 eV
 * b) stays the same
 * c) decreases by 4 eV
 * d) increases by 2 eV
 * e) decreases by 2 eV

11) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * d) $$1$$
 * e) $$\sqrt 2$$

12) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * a) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * b) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * c) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * d) The hotter object has a greater energy density.

T10 L2
1) This figure is associated with
 * a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * b) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * e) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)

2) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 0
 * c) 3/4
 * d) 1/2
 * e) 1

3) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the shorter side?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * c) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * d) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 3 4$$

4) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular
 * b) circular or elliptical
 * c) circular or linear
 * d) linear or elliptical
 * e) linearly

5) Calculate the measured probability: P(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) 5/6
 * b) 2/4=1/2
 * c) 2/5
 * d) 3/4
 * e) 3/5

6) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * a) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * b) The hotter object has a greater energy density.
 * c) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

7) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * a) stays the same
 * b) decreases by 4 eV
 * c) decreases by 2 eV
 * d) increases by 2 eV
 * e) increases by 4 eV

8) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average win ___ times.
 * a) 4
 * b) 2
 * c) 5
 * d) 3
 * e) 1

9) If an atom absorbs a photon with 2 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * a) stays the same
 * b) increases by 2 eV
 * c) decreases by 4 eV
 * d) decreases by 2 eV
 * e) increases by 4 eV

10) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular or linear
 * b) circular or elliptical
 * c) circular
 * d) linear or elliptical
 * e) linearly

11) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * b) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

12) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * c) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$1$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

T10 M0
1) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * a) 4
 * b) 3
 * c) 5
 * d) 2
 * e) 1

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 4$$

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power passes the filter?
 * a) 3mW
 * b) 9mW
 * c) 8mW
 * d) 6mW
 * e) 4mW

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters. The second is oriented 30&deg; from the first, and the third is rotated by an additional 60&deg;, making it at right angles from the first filter.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 3/16
 * b) 1/32
 * c) 1/16
 * d) 1/8
 * e) 3/32

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 3/32
 * b) 3/16
 * c) 1/32
 * d) 1/16
 * e) 1/8

6) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) linearly
 * b) linear or elliptical
 * c) circular or elliptical
 * d) circular
 * e) circular or linear

7) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * a) 4x1018
 * b) 6x1018
 * c) 2x1018
 * d) 8x1018
 * e) 1018

8) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * a) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * b) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * c) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * d) The hotter object has a greater energy density.

9) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 1
 * b) 1/4
 * c) 1/2
 * d) 3/4
 * e) 0

10) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 0
 * c) 3/4
 * d) 1/2
 * e) 1

11) This figure is associated with
 * a) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * b) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * d) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * e) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)

12) Calculate the measured quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) +1
 * b) +2/5
 * c) &minus;1/5
 * d) &minus;2/5
 * e) 0
 * f) +1/5

T10 M1
1) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 0
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 1/4
 * d) 1/2
 * e) 1

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power passes the filter?
 * a) 8mW
 * b) 6mW
 * c) 4mW
 * d) 3mW
 * e) 9mW

3) This figure is associated with
 * a) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * c) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * d) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * e) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 3/32
 * b) 1/8
 * c) 3/16
 * d) 1/32
 * e) 1/16

5) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * a) 1018
 * b) 8x1018
 * c) 6x1018
 * d) 4x1018
 * e) 2x1018

6) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 0
 * c) 1
 * d) 3/4
 * e) 1/2

7) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

8) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular or elliptical
 * b) linearly
 * c) linear or elliptical
 * d) circular or linear
 * e) circular

9) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * a) 3
 * b) 2
 * c) 1
 * d) 5
 * e) 4

10) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * a) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * b) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * c) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * d) The hotter object has a greater energy density.

11) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters. The second is oriented 30&deg; from the first, and the third is rotated by an additional 60&deg;, making it at right angles from the first filter.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 3/32
 * b) 3/16
 * c) 1/16
 * d) 1/8
 * e) 1/32

12) Calculate the measured quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) +2/5
 * b) &minus;1/5
 * c) +1/5
 * d) 0
 * e) &minus;2/5
 * f) +1

T10 M2
1) This figure is associated with
 * a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * c) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * d) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * e) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters. The second is oriented 30&deg; from the first, and the third is rotated by an additional 60&deg;, making it at right angles from the first filter.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 3/32
 * b) 1/8
 * c) 3/16
 * d) 1/16
 * e) 1/32

3) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1
 * b) 1/4
 * c) 0
 * d) 1/2
 * e) 3/4

4) Calculate the measured quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) &minus;2/5
 * b) 0
 * c) +1/5
 * d) +1
 * e) +2/5
 * f) &minus;1/5

5) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 0
 * b) 1/4
 * c) 1/2
 * d) 3/4
 * e) 1

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 3/32
 * b) 1/32
 * c) 1/16
 * d) 3/16
 * e) 1/8

7) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * a) The hotter object has a greater energy density.
 * b) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * c) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * d) The larger object has a greater energy density.

8) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power passes the filter?
 * a) 9mW
 * b) 6mW
 * c) 8mW
 * d) 3mW
 * e) 4mW

9) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * a) 3
 * b) 5
 * c) 2
 * d) 1
 * e) 4

10) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * c) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 4$$

11) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular or linear
 * b) linearly
 * c) circular or elliptical
 * d) linear or elliptical
 * e) circular

12) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * a) 2x1018
 * b) 8x1018
 * c) 1018
 * d) 4x1018
 * e) 6x1018

T10 N0
1) If you play the solitaire game 6 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * a) 4
 * b) 5
 * c) 2
 * d) 3
 * e) 6

2) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * a) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2
 * b) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * c) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8

3) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * a) electromagnetic
 * b) pendulum
 * c) both can be created
 * d) electromagnetic or pendulum

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 3mW
 * b) 4mW
 * c) 6mW
 * d) 9mW
 * e) 8mW

5) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * c) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$1$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 1/16
 * b) 1/8
 * c) 3/16
 * d) 3/32
 * e) 1/32

7) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 0
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 1/4
 * d) 1/2
 * e) 1

8) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 70&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 3/4
 * b) 1
 * c) 0
 * d) 1/2
 * e) 1/4

9) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy?
 * a) The larger object has a greater energy.
 * b) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * c) They have the same energy (since the holes are identical).
 * d) The hotter object has a greater energy.

10) This figure is associated with
 * a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * b) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * c) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * d) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * e) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)

11) This figure is associated with
 * a) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * b) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * c) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * e) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)

12) Calculate the probability P(&spades;,)+P(&spades;,)+P = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) 6/5
 * b) 7/5
 * c) 5/6
 * d) 5/4
 * e) 4/5

T10 N1
1) This figure is associated with
 * a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * c) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * e) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.

2) Calculate the probability P(&spades;,)+P(&spades;,)+P = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) 5/4
 * b) 5/6
 * c) 6/5
 * d) 4/5
 * e) 7/5

3) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * a) electromagnetic
 * b) both can be created
 * c) electromagnetic or pendulum
 * d) pendulum

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 8mW
 * b) 4mW
 * c) 3mW
 * d) 9mW
 * e) 6mW

5) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 70&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1
 * b) 1/4
 * c) 3/4
 * d) 1/2
 * e) 0

6) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * a) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8
 * b) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * c) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2

7) If you play the solitaire game 6 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * a) 6
 * b) 5
 * c) 4
 * d) 2
 * e) 3

8) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * c) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$1$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

9) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 1/32
 * b) 3/32
 * c) 1/8
 * d) 1/16
 * e) 3/16

10) This figure is associated with
 * a) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * c) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * e) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)

11) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 1
 * b) 1/4
 * c) 0
 * d) 3/4
 * e) 1/2

12) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy?
 * a) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * b) The larger object has a greater energy.
 * c) They have the same energy (since the holes are identical).
 * d) The hotter object has a greater energy.

T10 N2
1) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 3mW
 * b) 9mW
 * c) 6mW
 * d) 4mW
 * e) 8mW

2) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy?
 * a) The larger object has a greater energy.
 * b) They have the same energy (since the holes are identical).
 * c) The hotter object has a greater energy.
 * d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

3) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 70&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 0
 * c) 1/2
 * d) 1
 * e) 3/4

4) This figure is associated with
 * a) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * e) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)

5) Calculate the probability P(&spades;,)+P(&spades;,)+P = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) 6/5
 * b) 5/6
 * c) 4/5
 * d) 5/4
 * e) 7/5

6) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * a) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * b) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * c) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8
 * d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2

7) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 3/32
 * b) 3/16
 * c) 1/8
 * d) 1/16
 * e) 1/32

8) This figure is associated with
 * a) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * d) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * e) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.

9) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 1
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 1/2
 * d) 0
 * e) 1/4

10) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * a) electromagnetic
 * b) electromagnetic or pendulum
 * c) pendulum
 * d) both can be created

11) If you play the solitaire game 6 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * a) 4
 * b) 5
 * c) 6
 * d) 2
 * e) 3

12) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * c) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * e) $$1$$

T10 O0
1) Your solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 4&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;, you would__
 * a) be disqualified for cheating
 * b) win 1 point
 * c) win 3 points
 * d) lose 3 points
 * e) lose 1 point

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 4$$

3) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * a) electromagnetic or pendulum
 * b) electromagnetic
 * c) both can be created
 * d) pendulum

4) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$1$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * d) $$1$$
 * e) $$2\sqrt 2$$

5) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the shorter side?
 * a) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * b) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 3 4$$

6) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * c) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * e) $$1$$

7) This figure is associated with
 * a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * c) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * d) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * e) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.

8) This figure is associated with
 * a) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * b) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * d) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * e) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.

9) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * a) 2x1018
 * b) 1018
 * c) 4x1018
 * d) 8x1018
 * e) 6x1018

10) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's energy E
 * a) is cut in half
 * b) stays the same
 * c) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * d) becomes twice as big
 * e) becomes 4 times as big

11) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object emits more photons per second (above a given threshold energy)?
 * a) The object with the greater temperature emits more.
 * b) The object with the greater volume.
 * c) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * d) They both emit the same number of photons (since the holes are identical).

12) Calculate the measured probability: P(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) 3/5
 * b) 2/4=1/2
 * c) 3/4
 * d) 5/6
 * e) 2/5

T10 O1
1) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the shorter side?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * e) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$

2) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$1$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * c) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

3) Calculate the measured probability: P(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) 5/6
 * b) 2/4=1/2
 * c) 3/5
 * d) 2/5
 * e) 3/4

4) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's energy E
 * a) is cut in half
 * b) stays the same
 * c) becomes 4 times as big
 * d) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * e) becomes twice as big

5) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$1$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * c) $$1$$
 * d) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * e) $$\sqrt 2$$

6) Your solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 4&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;, you would__
 * a) be disqualified for cheating
 * b) lose 1 point
 * c) win 3 points
 * d) lose 3 points
 * e) win 1 point

7) This figure is associated with
 * a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * b) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * c) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * e) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)

8) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object emits more photons per second (above a given threshold energy)?
 * a) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * b) They both emit the same number of photons (since the holes are identical).
 * c) The object with the greater temperature emits more.
 * d) The object with the greater volume.

9) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * d) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

10) This figure is associated with
 * a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * c) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * e) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)

11) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * a) 1018
 * b) 6x1018
 * c) 2x1018
 * d) 8x1018
 * e) 4x1018

12) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * a) electromagnetic
 * b) both can be created
 * c) electromagnetic or pendulum
 * d) pendulum

T10 O2
1) Calculate the measured probability: P(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) 3/4
 * b) 2/4=1/2
 * c) 5/6
 * d) 2/5
 * e) 3/5

2) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * c) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * e) $$1$$

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * d) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

4) Your solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 4&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;, you would__
 * a) lose 1 point
 * b) win 3 points
 * c) win 1 point
 * d) lose 3 points
 * e) be disqualified for cheating

5) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * a) 1018
 * b) 4x1018
 * c) 6x1018
 * d) 8x1018
 * e) 2x1018

6) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$1$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$1$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

7) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * a) electromagnetic
 * b) pendulum
 * c) electromagnetic or pendulum
 * d) both can be created

8) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object emits more photons per second (above a given threshold energy)?
 * a) The object with the greater volume.
 * b) The object with the greater temperature emits more.
 * c) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * d) They both emit the same number of photons (since the holes are identical).

9) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's energy E
 * a) is cut in half
 * b) becomes twice as big
 * c) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * d) becomes 4 times as big
 * e) stays the same

10) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the shorter side?
 * a) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * c) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 3 4$$

11) This figure is associated with
 * a) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * c) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * e) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)

12) This figure is associated with
 * a) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * c) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * e) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)

T10 P0
1) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following wins?
 * a) none of these are true
 * b) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * c) K and K&clubs;
 * d) K and K&spades;
 * e) two of these are true

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 6mW
 * b) 4mW
 * c) 3mW
 * d) 8mW
 * e) 9mW

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

4) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$1$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$1$$
 * b) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * c) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

5) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) linearly
 * b) circular or linear
 * c) circular or elliptical
 * d) circular
 * e) linear or elliptical

6) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * a) all of these are possible
 * b) perpendicular
 * c) parallel
 * d) at 45 degrees

7) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 1/2
 * d) 1/4
 * e) 0

8) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * a) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * b) The hotter object has a greater energy density.
 * c) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * d) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).

9) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 40&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 1/2
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 1/4
 * d) 0
 * e) 1

10) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's energy E
 * a) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * b) becomes 4 times as big
 * c) stays the same
 * d) is cut in half
 * e) becomes twice as big

11) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * a) 1018
 * b) 8x1018
 * c) 6x1018
 * d) 4x1018
 * e) 2x1018

12) Calculate the measured probability: P(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) 5/6
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 2/4=1/2
 * d) 3/5
 * e) 2/5

T10 P1
1) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * a) parallel
 * b) at 45 degrees
 * c) perpendicular
 * d) all of these are possible

2) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * a) The hotter object has a greater energy density.
 * b) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * c) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

3) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular or linear
 * b) circular or elliptical
 * c) linearly
 * d) linear or elliptical
 * e) circular

4) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$1$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * b) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * c) $$1$$
 * d) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

5) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's energy E
 * a) becomes 4 times as big
 * b) is cut in half
 * c) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * d) becomes twice as big
 * e) stays the same

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 9mW
 * b) 3mW
 * c) 8mW
 * d) 4mW
 * e) 6mW

7) Calculate the measured probability: P(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) 3/4
 * b) 2/5
 * c) 5/6
 * d) 2/4=1/2
 * e) 3/5

8) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 40&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 3/4
 * b) 1/4
 * c) 1/2
 * d) 1
 * e) 0

9) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1/2
 * b) 1
 * c) 1/4
 * d) 0
 * e) 3/4

10) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following wins?
 * a) two of these are true
 * b) K and K&clubs;
 * c) none of these are true
 * d) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * e) K and K&spades;

11) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * d) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 4$$

12) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * a) 2x1018
 * b) 1018
 * c) 6x1018
 * d) 8x1018
 * e) 4x1018

T10 P2
1) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's energy E
 * a) becomes twice as big
 * b) stays the same
 * c) becomes 4 times as big
 * d) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * e) is cut in half

2) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * a) 4x1018
 * b) 2x1018
 * c) 1018
 * d) 6x1018
 * e) 8x1018

3) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 40&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 1
 * b) 0
 * c) 1/2
 * d) 3/4
 * e) 1/4

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 3 4$$

5) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 0
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 1/2
 * d) 1
 * e) 1/4

6) Calculate the measured probability: P(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) 3/4
 * b) 3/5
 * c) 2/4=1/2
 * d) 2/5
 * e) 5/6

7) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following wins?
 * a) two of these are true
 * b) K and K&clubs;
 * c) none of these are true
 * d) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * e) K and K&spades;

8) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 4mW
 * b) 6mW
 * c) 9mW
 * d) 8mW
 * e) 3mW

9) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular
 * b) linear or elliptical
 * c) circular or elliptical
 * d) circular or linear
 * e) linearly

10) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$1$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * c) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * e) $$1$$

11) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * a) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * b) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * c) The hotter object has a greater energy density.
 * d) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).

12) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * a) perpendicular
 * b) all of these are possible
 * c) parallel
 * d) at 45 degrees

T10 Q0
1) If you play the solitaire game 6 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * a) 6
 * b) 4
 * c) 2
 * d) 3
 * e) 5

2) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * a) perpendicular
 * b) at 45 degrees
 * c) all of these are possible
 * d) parallel

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power passes the filter?
 * a) 6mW
 * b) 8mW
 * c) 9mW
 * d) 4mW
 * e) 3mW

4) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular or linear
 * b) linearly
 * c) linear or elliptical
 * d) circular or elliptical
 * e) circular

5) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * c) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$1$$
 * e) $$2\sqrt 2$$

6) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * c) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * e) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$

7) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1
 * b) 1/4
 * c) 3/4
 * d) 1/2
 * e) 0

8) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * a) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * b) The hotter object has a greater energy density.
 * c) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

9) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 1/2
 * b) 0
 * c) 1/4
 * d) 1
 * e) 3/4

10) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 3/4
 * b) 1/2
 * c) 1/4
 * d) 0
 * e) 1

11) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's energy E
 * a) stays the same
 * b) is cut in half
 * c) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * d) becomes twice as big
 * e) becomes 4 times as big

12) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is P(even), or the probability that the number is even?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 5/4
 * c) 0
 * d) 1/2
 * e) 3/4
 * f) 1

T10 Q1
1) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 0
 * b) 1
 * c) 1/2
 * d) 1/4
 * e) 3/4

2) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's energy E
 * a) stays the same
 * b) becomes twice as big
 * c) becomes 4 times as big
 * d) is cut in half
 * e) is reduced by a factor of 4

3) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular or linear
 * b) linearly
 * c) circular or elliptical
 * d) linear or elliptical
 * e) circular

4) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$1$$
 * c) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * e) $$\sqrt 2$$

5) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is P(even), or the probability that the number is even?
 * a) 0
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 5/4
 * d) 1
 * e) 1/4
 * f) 1/2

6) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * a) all of these are possible
 * b) perpendicular
 * c) at 45 degrees
 * d) parallel

7) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * a) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * b) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * d) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

8) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 1
 * d) 0
 * e) 1/2

9) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * a) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * b) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * c) The hotter object has a greater energy density.
 * d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

10) If you play the solitaire game 6 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * a) 4
 * b) 2
 * c) 6
 * d) 3
 * e) 5

11) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 1
 * c) 3/4
 * d) 0
 * e) 1/2

12) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power passes the filter?
 * a) 3mW
 * b) 8mW
 * c) 6mW
 * d) 4mW
 * e) 9mW

T10 Q2
1) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * b) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

2) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * b) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * e) $$1$$

3) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's energy E
 * a) becomes 4 times as big
 * b) is cut in half
 * c) becomes twice as big
 * d) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * e) stays the same

4) If you play the solitaire game 6 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * a) 5
 * b) 3
 * c) 4
 * d) 6
 * e) 2

5) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * a) parallel
 * b) at 45 degrees
 * c) perpendicular
 * d) all of these are possible

6) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 0
 * b) 1
 * c) 1/2
 * d) 1/4
 * e) 3/4

7) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power passes the filter?
 * a) 8mW
 * b) 9mW
 * c) 6mW
 * d) 4mW
 * e) 3mW

8) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 1
 * c) 1/2
 * d) 3/4
 * e) 0

9) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is P(even), or the probability that the number is even?
 * a) 3/4
 * b) 1/4
 * c) 5/4
 * d) 1
 * e) 0
 * f) 1/2

10) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * a) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * b) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * c) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * d) The hotter object has a greater energy density.

11) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular or linear
 * b) circular
 * c) linearly
 * d) linear or elliptical
 * e) circular or elliptical

12) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 0
 * b) 1/2
 * c) 3/4
 * d) 1
 * e) 1/4

T10 R0
1) If you play the solitaire game 6 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * a) 3
 * b) 5
 * c) 4
 * d) 6
 * e) 2

2) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * a) all of these are possible
 * b) at 45 degrees
 * c) perpendicular
 * d) parallel

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 9mW
 * b) 4mW
 * c) 6mW
 * d) 8mW
 * e) 3mW

4) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the shorter side?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * c) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * d) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * d) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 4$$

6) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) linearly
 * b) circular
 * c) circular or elliptical
 * d) linear or elliptical
 * e) circular or linear

7) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * a) decreases by 4 eV
 * b) increases by 2 eV
 * c) stays the same
 * d) increases by 4 eV
 * e) decreases by 2 eV

8) This figure is associated with
 * a) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * d) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * e) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.

9) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 70&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 0
 * c) 1
 * d) 3/4
 * e) 1/2

10) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * a) The hotter object has a greater energy density.
 * b) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * c) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

11) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 1/2
 * c) 3/4
 * d) 0
 * e) 1

12) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is the probability that it is both even and prime?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 1/2
 * c) 3/4
 * d) 1
 * e) 0
 * f) 5/4

T10 R1
1) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 1
 * d) 1/2
 * e) 0

2) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 70&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 0
 * b) 1/2
 * c) 3/4
 * d) 1
 * e) 1/4

3) If you play the solitaire game 6 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * a) 3
 * b) 6
 * c) 4
 * d) 2
 * e) 5

4) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is the probability that it is both even and prime?
 * a) 1
 * b) 5/4
 * c) 1/2
 * d) 3/4
 * e) 0
 * f) 1/4

5) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) linear or elliptical
 * b) circular or linear
 * c) circular or elliptical
 * d) linearly
 * e) circular

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 4mW
 * b) 3mW
 * c) 6mW
 * d) 9mW
 * e) 8mW

7) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the shorter side?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * c) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

8) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * a) parallel
 * b) all of these are possible
 * c) perpendicular
 * d) at 45 degrees

9) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 4$$

10) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * a) decreases by 2 eV
 * b) decreases by 4 eV
 * c) stays the same
 * d) increases by 2 eV
 * e) increases by 4 eV

11) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * a) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * b) The hotter object has a greater energy density.
 * c) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

12) This figure is associated with
 * a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * b) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * c) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * e) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)

T10 R2
1) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 8mW
 * b) 6mW
 * c) 9mW
 * d) 4mW
 * e) 3mW

2) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * a) decreases by 2 eV
 * b) decreases by 4 eV
 * c) increases by 2 eV
 * d) increases by 4 eV
 * e) stays the same

3) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * a) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * b) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * c) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * d) The hotter object has a greater energy density.

4) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 70&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 1/2
 * c) 0
 * d) 3/4
 * e) 1

5) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) linearly
 * b) linear or elliptical
 * c) circular or linear
 * d) circular
 * e) circular or elliptical

6) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * a) at 45 degrees
 * b) all of these are possible
 * c) perpendicular
 * d) parallel

7) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 3/4
 * b) 1/2
 * c) 0
 * d) 1
 * e) 1/4

8) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

9) If you play the solitaire game 6 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * a) 4
 * b) 6
 * c) 2
 * d) 5
 * e) 3

10) This figure is associated with
 * a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * b) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * e) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)

11) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the shorter side?
 * a) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * d) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

12) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is the probability that it is both even and prime?
 * a) 1/2
 * b) 1/4
 * c) 1
 * d) 5/4
 * e) 0
 * f) 3/4

T10 S0
1) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following wins?
 * a) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * b) two of these are true
 * c) none of these are true
 * d) K and K&clubs;
 * e) K and K&spades;

2) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * a) pendulum
 * b) both can be created
 * c) electromagnetic or pendulum
 * d) electromagnetic

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * a) 9mW
 * b) 8mW
 * c) 4mW
 * d) 3mW
 * e) 6mW

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 3/16
 * b) 1/32
 * c) 1/8
 * d) 1/16
 * e) 3/32

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters. The second is oriented 30&deg; from the first, and the third is rotated by an additional 60&deg;, making it at right angles from the first filter.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 1/32
 * b) 1/8
 * c) 3/32
 * d) 3/16
 * e) 1/16

6) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular or linear
 * b) circular or elliptical
 * c) circular
 * d) linearly
 * e) linear or elliptical

7) This figure is associated with
 * a) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * b) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * d) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * e) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)

8) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy?
 * a) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * b) They have the same energy (since the holes are identical).
 * c) The larger object has a greater energy.
 * d) The hotter object has a greater energy.

9) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 0
 * c) 1/2
 * d) 1
 * e) 3/4

10) This figure is associated with
 * a) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * c) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * d) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * e) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)

11) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1/2
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 0
 * d) 1/4
 * e) 1

12) Calculate the probability P(&spades;,)+P(&spades;,)+P = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) 7/5
 * b) 6/5
 * c) 4/5
 * d) 5/4
 * e) 5/6

T10 S1
1) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 3/32
 * b) 1/16
 * c) 1/8
 * d) 1/32
 * e) 3/16

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * a) 6mW
 * b) 3mW
 * c) 4mW
 * d) 9mW
 * e) 8mW

3) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following wins?
 * a) none of these are true
 * b) K and K&clubs;
 * c) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * d) K and K&spades;
 * e) two of these are true

4) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 1/2
 * d) 1/4
 * e) 0

5) Calculate the probability P(&spades;,)+P(&spades;,)+P = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) 5/6
 * b) 6/5
 * c) 7/5
 * d) 5/4
 * e) 4/5

6) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * a) both can be created
 * b) electromagnetic
 * c) pendulum
 * d) electromagnetic or pendulum

7) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy?
 * a) The hotter object has a greater energy.
 * b) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * c) The larger object has a greater energy.
 * d) They have the same energy (since the holes are identical).

8) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1/2
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 0
 * d) 1/4
 * e) 1

9) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular or elliptical
 * b) linearly
 * c) circular
 * d) linear or elliptical
 * e) circular or linear

10) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters. The second is oriented 30&deg; from the first, and the third is rotated by an additional 60&deg;, making it at right angles from the first filter.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 3/32
 * b) 1/16
 * c) 1/32
 * d) 3/16
 * e) 1/8

11) This figure is associated with
 * a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * e) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.

12) This figure is associated with
 * a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * b) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * e) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)

T10 S2
1) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters. The second is oriented 30&deg; from the first, and the third is rotated by an additional 60&deg;, making it at right angles from the first filter.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 1/8
 * b) 1/16
 * c) 1/32
 * d) 3/16
 * e) 3/32

2) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy?
 * a) The larger object has a greater energy.
 * b) They have the same energy (since the holes are identical).
 * c) The hotter object has a greater energy.
 * d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

3) This figure is associated with
 * a) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * b) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * c) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * d) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * e) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)

4) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 3/4
 * b) 0
 * c) 1/2
 * d) 1/4
 * e) 1

5) This figure is associated with
 * a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * b) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * d) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * e) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.

6) Calculate the probability P(&spades;,)+P(&spades;,)+P = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) 7/5
 * b) 6/5
 * c) 5/6
 * d) 5/4
 * e) 4/5

7) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 1/32
 * b) 1/8
 * c) 3/16
 * d) 1/16
 * e) 3/32

8) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * a) 9mW
 * b) 8mW
 * c) 6mW
 * d) 3mW
 * e) 4mW

9) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) linearly
 * b) circular
 * c) circular or elliptical
 * d) linear or elliptical
 * e) circular or linear

10) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * a) both can be created
 * b) electromagnetic or pendulum
 * c) pendulum
 * d) electromagnetic

11) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 3/4
 * b) 1/2
 * c) 1/4
 * d) 0
 * e) 1

12) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following wins?
 * a) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * b) two of these are true
 * c) K and K&clubs;
 * d) K and K&spades;
 * e) none of these are true

T10 T0
1) If you play the solitaire game 6 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * a) 4
 * b) 3
 * c) 5
 * d) 2
 * e) 6

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 8mW
 * b) 9mW
 * c) 6mW
 * d) 3mW
 * e) 4mW

3) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) linearly
 * b) circular
 * c) circular or linear
 * d) linear or elliptical
 * e) circular or elliptical

4) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$1$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * d) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

5) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) linear or elliptical
 * b) linearly
 * c) circular or elliptical
 * d) circular or linear
 * e) circular

6) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * a) at 45 degrees
 * b) all of these are possible
 * c) parallel
 * d) perpendicular

7) In the Phet lab for photoelectric effect, how was the electron's kinetic energy measured?
 * a) measuring spin
 * b) measuring both spin and polarization
 * c) deflecting the electron with a magnetic field
 * d) measuring polarization
 * e) stopping the electron with an applied voltage

8) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 65&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 1
 * b) 1/2
 * c) 0
 * d) 1/4
 * e) 3/4

9) If the wavelength &lambda; associated with a photon doubles, the photon's frequency f
 * a) stays the same
 * b) becomes twice as big
 * c) becomes 4 times as big
 * d) is cut in half
 * e) is reduced by a factor of 4

10) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 70&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 0
 * b) 1
 * c) 3/4
 * d) 1/4
 * e) 1/2

11) If an atom absorbs a photon with 2 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * a) stays the same
 * b) decreases by 4 eV
 * c) decreases by 2 eV
 * d) increases by 4 eV
 * e) increases by 2 eV

12) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is the probability that it is either even or prime?
 * a) 5/4
 * b) 1/4
 * c) 3/4
 * d) 1/2
 * e) 1
 * f) 0

T10 T1
1) If an atom absorbs a photon with 2 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * a) increases by 4 eV
 * b) increases by 2 eV
 * c) decreases by 4 eV
 * d) stays the same
 * e) decreases by 2 eV

2) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular
 * b) linear or elliptical
 * c) circular or elliptical
 * d) linearly
 * e) circular or linear

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 4mW
 * b) 3mW
 * c) 6mW
 * d) 9mW
 * e) 8mW

4) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) linear or elliptical
 * b) circular
 * c) linearly
 * d) circular or linear
 * e) circular or elliptical

5) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is the probability that it is either even or prime?
 * a) 1/2
 * b) 1/4
 * c) 1
 * d) 0
 * e) 5/4
 * f) 3/4

6) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 65&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 1
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 0
 * d) 1/2
 * e) 1/4

7) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * a) perpendicular
 * b) at 45 degrees
 * c) parallel
 * d) all of these are possible

8) If you play the solitaire game 6 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * a) 2
 * b) 5
 * c) 6
 * d) 4
 * e) 3

9) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 70&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1/2
 * b) 1
 * c) 0
 * d) 3/4
 * e) 1/4

10) If the wavelength &lambda; associated with a photon doubles, the photon's frequency f
 * a) becomes twice as big
 * b) becomes 4 times as big
 * c) is cut in half
 * d) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * e) stays the same

11) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$1$$
 * c) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

12) In the Phet lab for photoelectric effect, how was the electron's kinetic energy measured?
 * a) deflecting the electron with a magnetic field
 * b) stopping the electron with an applied voltage
 * c) measuring spin
 * d) measuring both spin and polarization
 * e) measuring polarization

T10 T2
1) In the Phet lab for photoelectric effect, how was the electron's kinetic energy measured?
 * a) measuring spin
 * b) deflecting the electron with a magnetic field
 * c) measuring both spin and polarization
 * d) measuring polarization
 * e) stopping the electron with an applied voltage

2) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is the probability that it is either even or prime?
 * a) 1
 * b) 1/4
 * c) 0
 * d) 1/2
 * e) 5/4
 * f) 3/4

3) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular or elliptical
 * b) linearly
 * c) circular
 * d) linear or elliptical
 * e) circular or linear

4) If an atom absorbs a photon with 2 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * a) decreases by 2 eV
 * b) stays the same
 * c) increases by 2 eV
 * d) increases by 4 eV
 * e) decreases by 4 eV

5) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 65&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 1
 * d) 0
 * e) 1/2

6) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 70&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 3/4
 * b) 1
 * c) 1/2
 * d) 1/4
 * e) 0

7) If you play the solitaire game 6 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * a) 5
 * b) 6
 * c) 4
 * d) 2
 * e) 3

8) If the wavelength &lambda; associated with a photon doubles, the photon's frequency f
 * a) becomes 4 times as big
 * b) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * c) becomes twice as big
 * d) stays the same
 * e) is cut in half

9) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 6mW
 * b) 9mW
 * c) 4mW
 * d) 3mW
 * e) 8mW

10) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular or linear
 * b) linear or elliptical
 * c) circular or elliptical
 * d) circular
 * e) linearly

11) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * c) $$1$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * e) $$\sqrt 2$$

12) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * a) perpendicular
 * b) at 45 degrees
 * c) all of these are possible
 * d) parallel

T10 U0
1) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following wins?
 * a) K and K&clubs;
 * b) two of these are true
 * c) none of these are true
 * d) K and K&spades;
 * e) K&spades; and K&clubs;

2) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the shorter side?
 * a) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * c) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 3 4$$

3) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) linearly
 * b) linear or elliptical
 * c) circular or linear
 * d) circular
 * e) circular or elliptical

4) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * a) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 3 4$$

5) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * e) $$1$$

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * a) 3mW
 * b) 9mW
 * c) 8mW
 * d) 4mW
 * e) 6mW

7) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * a) The hotter object has a greater energy density.
 * b) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * c) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

8) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 65&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 0
 * b) 1
 * c) 1/4
 * d) 3/4
 * e) 1/2

9) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 40&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 1/2
 * b) 1/4
 * c) 1
 * d) 3/4
 * e) 0

10) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1
 * b) 1/2
 * c) 1/4
 * d) 0
 * e) 3/4

11) If an atom absorbs a photon with 4 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * a) stays the same
 * b) increases by 2 eV
 * c) increases by 4 eV
 * d) decreases by 4 eV
 * e) decreases by 2 eV

12) Calculate the quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) 0
 * b) +1/5
 * c) &minus;2/5
 * d) +2/5
 * e) &minus;1/5
 * f) +1

T10 U1
1) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * a) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * b) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * c) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * d) The hotter object has a greater energy density.

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * a) 8mW
 * b) 6mW
 * c) 4mW
 * d) 3mW
 * e) 9mW

3) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the shorter side?
 * a) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

4) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following wins?
 * a) none of these are true
 * b) K and K&clubs;
 * c) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * d) two of these are true
 * e) K and K&spades;

5) Calculate the quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) 0
 * b) +1/5
 * c) +1
 * d) &minus;2/5
 * e) +2/5
 * f) &minus;1/5

6) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * c) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * e) $$1$$

7) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular or elliptical
 * b) linearly
 * c) circular
 * d) linear or elliptical
 * e) circular or linear

8) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 40&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 0
 * c) 1
 * d) 3/4
 * e) 1/2

9) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 65&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 3/4
 * b) 1/2
 * c) 0
 * d) 1
 * e) 1/4

10) If an atom absorbs a photon with 4 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * a) decreases by 2 eV
 * b) increases by 2 eV
 * c) decreases by 4 eV
 * d) stays the same
 * e) increases by 4 eV

11) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * a) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * c) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * d) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

12) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 0
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 1/4
 * d) 1
 * e) 1/2

T10 U2
1) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * a) 8mW
 * b) 6mW
 * c) 4mW
 * d) 9mW
 * e) 3mW

2) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following wins?
 * a) K and K&clubs;
 * b) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * c) none of these are true
 * d) two of these are true
 * e) K and K&spades;

3) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the shorter side?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * d) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

4) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 40&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 0
 * b) 1/4
 * c) 3/4
 * d) 1/2
 * e) 1

5) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 65&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 1/2
 * c) 1
 * d) 3/4
 * e) 0

6) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 0
 * b) 1
 * c) 1/2
 * d) 3/4
 * e) 1/4

7) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * a) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * b) The hotter object has a greater energy density.
 * c) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

8) If an atom absorbs a photon with 4 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * a) increases by 4 eV
 * b) decreases by 2 eV
 * c) increases by 2 eV
 * d) stays the same
 * e) decreases by 4 eV

9) Calculate the quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) +1
 * b) +1/5
 * c) &minus;2/5
 * d) +2/5
 * e) 0
 * f) &minus;1/5

10) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

11) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular or linear
 * b) circular or elliptical
 * c) circular
 * d) linearly
 * e) linear or elliptical

12) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * a) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * d) $$1$$
 * e) $$2\sqrt 2$$

T10 V0
1) Your solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;, you would__
 * a) be disqualified for cheating
 * b) lose 1 point
 * c) lose 3 points
 * d) win 1 point
 * e) win 3 points

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 1/8
 * b) 1/16
 * c) 3/32
 * d) 3/16
 * e) 1/32

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * a) 3mW
 * b) 9mW
 * c) 4mW
 * d) 6mW
 * e) 8mW

4) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * a) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2
 * b) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * c) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8

5) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * a) both can be created
 * b) electromagnetic or pendulum
 * c) electromagnetic
 * d) pendulum

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 3mW
 * b) 4mW
 * c) 9mW
 * d) 6mW
 * e) 8mW

7) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 50&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 3/4
 * b) 1/2
 * c) 1
 * d) 1/4
 * e) 0

8) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * a) decreases by 4 eV
 * b) stays the same
 * c) increases by 4 eV
 * d) decreases by 2 eV
 * e) increases by 2 eV

9) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's energy E
 * a) becomes twice as big
 * b) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * c) is cut in half
 * d) becomes 4 times as big
 * e) stays the same

10) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 40&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 1
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 1/2
 * d) 0
 * e) 1/4

11) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's wavelength &lambda;
 * a) is cut in half
 * b) stays the same
 * c) becomes twice as big
 * d) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * e) becomes 4 times as big

12) Calculate the measured quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) &minus;1/5
 * b) +1/5
 * c) +2/5
 * d) +1
 * e) &minus;2/5
 * f) 0

T10 V1
1) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's wavelength &lambda;
 * a) becomes 4 times as big
 * b) becomes twice as big
 * c) is cut in half
 * d) stays the same
 * e) is reduced by a factor of 4

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * a) 8mW
 * b) 6mW
 * c) 3mW
 * d) 9mW
 * e) 4mW

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 1/16
 * b) 3/16
 * c) 1/8
 * d) 3/32
 * e) 1/32

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 4mW
 * b) 6mW
 * c) 3mW
 * d) 8mW
 * e) 9mW

5) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * a) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2
 * b) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * c) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8
 * d) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations

6) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's energy E
 * a) is cut in half
 * b) becomes twice as big
 * c) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * d) becomes 4 times as big
 * e) stays the same

7) Calculate the measured quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) &minus;1/5
 * b) 0
 * c) +1
 * d) &minus;2/5
 * e) +2/5
 * f) +1/5

8) Your solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;, you would__
 * a) win 3 points
 * b) win 1 point
 * c) be disqualified for cheating
 * d) lose 1 point
 * e) lose 3 points

9) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * a) increases by 4 eV
 * b) decreases by 4 eV
 * c) increases by 2 eV
 * d) stays the same
 * e) decreases by 2 eV

10) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * a) electromagnetic
 * b) electromagnetic or pendulum
 * c) both can be created
 * d) pendulum

11) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 40&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 0
 * c) 3/4
 * d) 1
 * e) 1/2

12) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 50&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 3/4
 * b) 0
 * c) 1/4
 * d) 1/2
 * e) 1

T10 V2
1) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 8mW
 * b) 3mW
 * c) 9mW
 * d) 4mW
 * e) 6mW

2) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 40&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 1
 * b) 0
 * c) 3/4
 * d) 1/4
 * e) 1/2

3) Your solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;, you would__
 * a) lose 3 points
 * b) win 1 point
 * c) win 3 points
 * d) be disqualified for cheating
 * e) lose 1 point

4) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 50&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 3/4
 * b) 1
 * c) 0
 * d) 1/4
 * e) 1/2

5) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's energy E
 * a) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * b) becomes twice as big
 * c) is cut in half
 * d) becomes 4 times as big
 * e) stays the same

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * a) 3mW
 * b) 8mW
 * c) 4mW
 * d) 9mW
 * e) 6mW

7) Calculate the measured quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) 0
 * b) +1
 * c) +2/5
 * d) +1/5
 * e) &minus;1/5
 * f) &minus;2/5

8) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's wavelength &lambda;
 * a) stays the same
 * b) becomes twice as big
 * c) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * d) becomes 4 times as big
 * e) is cut in half

9) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * a) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2
 * b) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8
 * c) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * d) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations

10) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 3/32
 * b) 3/16
 * c) 1/16
 * d) 1/8
 * e) 1/32

11) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * a) increases by 4 eV
 * b) decreases by 4 eV
 * c) increases by 2 eV
 * d) decreases by 2 eV
 * e) stays the same

12) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * a) electromagnetic or pendulum
 * b) pendulum
 * c) both can be created
 * d) electromagnetic

T10 W0
1) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following loses?
 * a) K and K&spades;
 * b) two of these are true
 * c) none of these are true
 * d) K and K&clubs;
 * e) K&spades; and K&clubs;

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * c) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

3) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * a) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8
 * b) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * c) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2

4) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the shorter side?
 * a) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * a) 8mW
 * b) 9mW
 * c) 6mW
 * d) 3mW
 * e) 4mW

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power passes the filter?
 * a) 4mW
 * b) 3mW
 * c) 9mW
 * d) 6mW
 * e) 8mW

7) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 1
 * c) 1/2
 * d) 0
 * e) 3/4

8) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object emits more photons per second (above a given threshold energy)?
 * a) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * b) The object with the greater temperature emits more.
 * c) They both emit the same number of photons (since the holes are identical).
 * d) The object with the greater volume.

9) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 50&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 3/4
 * b) 1/4
 * c) 1
 * d) 0
 * e) 1/2

10) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 0
 * d) 1/2
 * e) 1

11) If an atom absorbs a photon with 2 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * a) decreases by 4 eV
 * b) decreases by 2 eV
 * c) stays the same
 * d) increases by 2 eV
 * e) increases by 4 eV

12) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is the probability that it is either even or prime?
 * a) 1
 * b) 5/4
 * c) 1/4
 * d) 1/2
 * e) 0
 * f) 3/4

T10 W1
1) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the shorter side?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * b) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

2) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * a) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8
 * b) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * c) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2

3) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object emits more photons per second (above a given threshold energy)?
 * a) The object with the greater temperature emits more.
 * b) The object with the greater volume.
 * c) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * d) They both emit the same number of photons (since the holes are identical).

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power passes the filter?
 * a) 3mW
 * b) 9mW
 * c) 6mW
 * d) 4mW
 * e) 8mW

5) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 1/2
 * d) 1/4
 * e) 0

6) If an atom absorbs a photon with 2 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * a) increases by 4 eV
 * b) stays the same
 * c) increases by 2 eV
 * d) decreases by 2 eV
 * e) decreases by 4 eV

7) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is the probability that it is either even or prime?
 * a) 1
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 1/4
 * d) 1/2
 * e) 0
 * f) 5/4

8) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following loses?
 * a) two of these are true
 * b) K and K&clubs;
 * c) none of these are true
 * d) K and K&spades;
 * e) K&spades; and K&clubs;

9) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

10) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 1
 * b) 1/4
 * c) 3/4
 * d) 1/2
 * e) 0

11) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 50&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 3/4
 * b) 1/2
 * c) 1
 * d) 0
 * e) 1/4

12) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * a) 3mW
 * b) 6mW
 * c) 9mW
 * d) 4mW
 * e) 8mW

T10 W2
1) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object emits more photons per second (above a given threshold energy)?
 * a) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * b) The object with the greater temperature emits more.
 * c) The object with the greater volume.
 * d) They both emit the same number of photons (since the holes are identical).

2) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 1
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 1/2
 * d) 1/4
 * e) 0

3) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the shorter side?
 * a) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * d) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

4) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is the probability that it is either even or prime?
 * a) 0
 * b) 1/4
 * c) 1
 * d) 5/4
 * e) 1/2
 * f) 3/4

5) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 50&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 1/2
 * b) 1
 * c) 3/4
 * d) 1/4
 * e) 0

6) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1/2
 * b) 1/4
 * c) 1
 * d) 0
 * e) 3/4

7) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power passes the filter?
 * a) 3mW
 * b) 8mW
 * c) 4mW
 * d) 6mW
 * e) 9mW

8) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 4$$

9) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * a) 4mW
 * b) 6mW
 * c) 9mW
 * d) 3mW
 * e) 8mW

10) If an atom absorbs a photon with 2 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * a) decreases by 2 eV
 * b) stays the same
 * c) increases by 4 eV
 * d) increases by 2 eV
 * e) decreases by 4 eV

11) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following loses?
 * a) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * b) none of these are true
 * c) K and K&clubs;
 * d) K and K&spades;
 * e) two of these are true

12) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * a) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * b) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2
 * c) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8
 * d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8

T10 X0
1) Your solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;, you would__
 * a) lose 3 points
 * b) lose 1 point
 * c) be disqualified for cheating
 * d) win 3 points
 * e) win 1 point

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 1/8
 * b) 1/32
 * c) 3/16
 * d) 3/32
 * e) 1/16

3) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) linearly
 * b) circular or elliptical
 * c) circular or linear
 * d) linear or elliptical
 * e) circular

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 4$$

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters. The second is oriented 30&deg; from the first, and the third is rotated by an additional 60&deg;, making it at right angles from the first filter.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 1/8
 * b) 1/16
 * c) 3/16
 * d) 1/32
 * e) 3/32

6) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * a) all of these are possible
 * b) at 45 degrees
 * c) perpendicular
 * d) parallel

7) If an atom absorbs a photon with 2 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * a) stays the same
 * b) increases by 2 eV
 * c) increases by 4 eV
 * d) decreases by 4 eV
 * e) decreases by 2 eV

8) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1/2
 * b) 1
 * c) 0
 * d) 1/4
 * e) 3/4

9) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's wavelength &lambda;
 * a) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * b) becomes twice as big
 * c) becomes 4 times as big
 * d) stays the same
 * e) is cut in half

10) If the wavelength &lambda; associated with a photon doubles, the photon's frequency f
 * a) stays the same
 * b) becomes 4 times as big
 * c) is cut in half
 * d) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * e) becomes twice as big

11) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy?
 * a) The hotter object has a greater energy.
 * b) The larger object has a greater energy.
 * c) They have the same energy (since the holes are identical).
 * d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

12) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is the probability that it is either even or prime?
 * a) 0
 * b) 1/2
 * c) 1
 * d) 1/4
 * e) 3/4
 * f) 5/4

T10 X1
1) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 1/32
 * b) 1/8
 * c) 3/16
 * d) 3/32
 * e) 1/16

2) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1/2
 * b) 0
 * c) 1
 * d) 1/4
 * e) 3/4

3) If the wavelength &lambda; associated with a photon doubles, the photon's frequency f
 * a) is cut in half
 * b) stays the same
 * c) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * d) becomes twice as big
 * e) becomes 4 times as big

4) Your solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;, you would__
 * a) be disqualified for cheating
 * b) win 1 point
 * c) lose 3 points
 * d) win 3 points
 * e) lose 1 point

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * b) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

6) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy?
 * a) The hotter object has a greater energy.
 * b) They have the same energy (since the holes are identical).
 * c) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * d) The larger object has a greater energy.

7) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * a) parallel
 * b) at 45 degrees
 * c) perpendicular
 * d) all of these are possible

8) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is the probability that it is either even or prime?
 * a) 3/4
 * b) 1/4
 * c) 1
 * d) 1/2
 * e) 5/4
 * f) 0

9) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular or linear
 * b) circular
 * c) circular or elliptical
 * d) linear or elliptical
 * e) linearly

10) If an atom absorbs a photon with 2 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * a) stays the same
 * b) increases by 2 eV
 * c) decreases by 4 eV
 * d) decreases by 2 eV
 * e) increases by 4 eV

11) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's wavelength &lambda;
 * a) is cut in half
 * b) becomes twice as big
 * c) becomes 4 times as big
 * d) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * e) stays the same

12) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters. The second is oriented 30&deg; from the first, and the third is rotated by an additional 60&deg;, making it at right angles from the first filter.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 3/16
 * b) 3/32
 * c) 1/32
 * d) 1/8
 * e) 1/16

T10 X2
1) If an atom absorbs a photon with 2 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * a) decreases by 4 eV
 * b) decreases by 2 eV
 * c) increases by 4 eV
 * d) stays the same
 * e) increases by 2 eV

2) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1/2
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 1
 * d) 0
 * e) 1/4

3) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * a) at 45 degrees
 * b) perpendicular
 * c) parallel
 * d) all of these are possible

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters. The second is oriented 30&deg; from the first, and the third is rotated by an additional 60&deg;, making it at right angles from the first filter.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 3/16
 * b) 1/32
 * c) 1/8
 * d) 3/32
 * e) 1/16

5) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's wavelength &lambda;
 * a) becomes twice as big
 * b) becomes 4 times as big
 * c) is cut in half
 * d) stays the same
 * e) is reduced by a factor of 4

6) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular
 * b) linearly
 * c) linear or elliptical
 * d) circular or linear
 * e) circular or elliptical

7) If the wavelength &lambda; associated with a photon doubles, the photon's frequency f
 * a) becomes 4 times as big
 * b) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * c) stays the same
 * d) is cut in half
 * e) becomes twice as big

8) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * a) 3/16
 * b) 3/32
 * c) 1/32
 * d) 1/8
 * e) 1/16

9) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy?
 * a) The larger object has a greater energy.
 * b) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * c) The hotter object has a greater energy.
 * d) They have the same energy (since the holes are identical).

10) Your solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;, you would__
 * a) lose 3 points
 * b) be disqualified for cheating
 * c) lose 1 point
 * d) win 1 point
 * e) win 3 points

11) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is the probability that it is either even or prime?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 0
 * c) 1
 * d) 1/2
 * e) 3/4
 * f) 5/4

12) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

T10 Y0
1) Your solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;, you would__
 * a) be disqualified for cheating
 * b) win 3 points
 * c) lose 1 point
 * d) win 1 point
 * e) lose 3 points

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 4mW
 * b) 6mW
 * c) 3mW
 * d) 9mW
 * e) 8mW

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * a) 3mW
 * b) 6mW
 * c) 9mW
 * d) 4mW
 * e) 8mW

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * a) 8mW
 * b) 6mW
 * c) 4mW
 * d) 3mW
 * e) 9mW

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 6mW
 * b) 9mW
 * c) 4mW
 * d) 3mW
 * e) 8mW

7) This figure is associated with
 * a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * c) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * e) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.

8) If the wavelength &lambda; associated with a photon is cut in half, the photon's energy E
 * a) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * b) is cut in half
 * c) becomes 4 times as big
 * d) becomes twice as big
 * e) stays the same

9) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 0
 * b) 1/2
 * c) 1/4
 * d) 3/4
 * e) 1

10) This figure is associated with
 * a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * c) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * e) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)

11) If an atom absorbs a photon with 2 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * a) stays the same
 * b) decreases by 4 eV
 * c) increases by 2 eV
 * d) increases by 4 eV
 * e) decreases by 2 eV

12) Calculate the measured probability: P(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) 2/4=1/2
 * b) 2/5
 * c) 3/5
 * d) 3/4
 * e) 5/6

T10 Y1
1) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 9mW
 * b) 6mW
 * c) 4mW
 * d) 3mW
 * e) 8mW

2) This figure is associated with
 * a) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * c) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * e) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf

3) This figure is associated with
 * a) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * b) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * c) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * d) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * e) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)

4) If an atom absorbs a photon with 2 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * a) increases by 4 eV
 * b) decreases by 2 eV
 * c) decreases by 4 eV
 * d) stays the same
 * e) increases by 2 eV

5) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 1
 * c) 0
 * d) 3/4
 * e) 1/2

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

7) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * a) 3mW
 * b) 6mW
 * c) 9mW
 * d) 4mW
 * e) 8mW

8) If the wavelength &lambda; associated with a photon is cut in half, the photon's energy E
 * a) becomes 4 times as big
 * b) stays the same
 * c) is cut in half
 * d) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * e) becomes twice as big

9) Calculate the measured probability: P(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) 2/4=1/2
 * b) 3/5
 * c) 2/5
 * d) 3/4
 * e) 5/6

10) Your solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;, you would__
 * a) lose 1 point
 * b) lose 3 points
 * c) be disqualified for cheating
 * d) win 1 point
 * e) win 3 points

11) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 4mW
 * b) 8mW
 * c) 3mW
 * d) 9mW
 * e) 6mW

12) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * a) 4mW
 * b) 6mW
 * c) 3mW
 * d) 8mW
 * e) 9mW

T10 Y2
1) If the wavelength &lambda; associated with a photon is cut in half, the photon's energy E
 * a) becomes twice as big
 * b) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * c) becomes 4 times as big
 * d) is cut in half
 * e) stays the same

2) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 1/2
 * c) 1
 * d) 0
 * e) 3/4

3) Your solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;, you would__
 * a) win 1 point
 * b) lose 1 point
 * c) win 3 points
 * d) be disqualified for cheating
 * e) lose 3 points

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * a) 4mW
 * b) 9mW
 * c) 3mW
 * d) 6mW
 * e) 8mW

5) This figure is associated with
 * a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * b) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * e) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 6mW
 * b) 9mW
 * c) 8mW
 * d) 4mW
 * e) 3mW

7) Calculate the measured probability: P(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) 2/4=1/2
 * b) 3/4
 * c) 2/5
 * d) 5/6
 * e) 3/5

8) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * a) 3mW
 * b) 9mW
 * c) 4mW
 * d) 8mW
 * e) 6mW

9) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 8mW
 * b) 4mW
 * c) 9mW
 * d) 6mW
 * e) 3mW

10) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * c) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

11) This figure is associated with
 * a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * c) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * e) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.

12) If an atom absorbs a photon with 2 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * a) decreases by 4 eV
 * b) decreases by 2 eV
 * c) stays the same
 * d) increases by 4 eV
 * e) increases by 2 eV

T10 Z0
1) Your solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 4&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;, you would__
 * a) lose 3 points
 * b) be disqualified for cheating
 * c) win 1 point
 * d) lose 1 point
 * e) win 3 points

2) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * a) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * e) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * c) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 3 4$$

4) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) linearly
 * b) circular or linear
 * c) circular
 * d) linear or elliptical
 * e) circular or elliptical

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power passes the filter?
 * a) 4mW
 * b) 9mW
 * c) 3mW
 * d) 6mW
 * e) 8mW

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 4mW
 * b) 8mW
 * c) 9mW
 * d) 3mW
 * e) 6mW

7) This figure is associated with
 * a) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * c) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * e) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)

8) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 35&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 0
 * b) 1
 * c) 1/4
 * d) 3/4
 * e) 1/2

9) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 3/4
 * b) 1
 * c) 0
 * d) 1/2
 * e) 1/4

10) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's wavelength &lambda;
 * a) becomes twice as big
 * b) stays the same
 * c) is cut in half
 * d) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * e) becomes 4 times as big

11) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 65&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 1/2
 * b) 0
 * c) 3/4
 * d) 1/4
 * e) 1

12) Calculate the probability P(&spades;,)+P(&spades;,)+P = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) 7/5
 * b) 5/4
 * c) 4/5
 * d) 5/6
 * e) 6/5

T10 Z1
1) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 65&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 1
 * b) 1/2
 * c) 1/4
 * d) 3/4
 * e) 0

2) This figure is associated with
 * a) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * b) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * c) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * d) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * e) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.

3) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's wavelength &lambda;
 * a) becomes twice as big
 * b) is cut in half
 * c) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * d) stays the same
 * e) becomes 4 times as big

4) Calculate the probability P(&spades;,)+P(&spades;,)+P = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) 6/5
 * b) 7/5
 * c) 4/5
 * d) 5/6
 * e) 5/4

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power passes the filter?
 * a) 9mW
 * b) 3mW
 * c) 6mW
 * d) 8mW
 * e) 4mW

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 8mW
 * b) 4mW
 * c) 6mW
 * d) 3mW
 * e) 9mW

7) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 1
 * c) 1/2
 * d) 0
 * e) 3/4

8) Your solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 4&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;, you would__
 * a) lose 3 points
 * b) win 3 points
 * c) win 1 point
 * d) lose 1 point
 * e) be disqualified for cheating

9) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) linear or elliptical
 * b) linearly
 * c) circular or linear
 * d) circular or elliptical
 * e) circular

10) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * b) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 3 4$$

11) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 35&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 0
 * c) 1/2
 * d) 3/4
 * e) 1

12) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

T10 Z2
1) This figure is associated with
 * a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * b) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * e) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)

2) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * c) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * b) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * c) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * d) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

4) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * a) circular
 * b) linear or elliptical
 * c) linearly
 * d) circular or elliptical
 * e) circular or linear

5) Your solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 4&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;, you would__
 * a) lose 1 point
 * b) win 3 points
 * c) lose 3 points
 * d) be disqualified for cheating
 * e) win 1 point

6) Calculate the probability P(&spades;,)+P(&spades;,)+P = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * a) 5/6
 * b) 7/5
 * c) 6/5
 * d) 5/4
 * e) 4/5

7) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 65&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * a) 1
 * b) 1/2
 * c) 3/4
 * d) 1/4
 * e) 0

8) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 35&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 1/4
 * b) 1/2
 * c) 0
 * d) 3/4
 * e) 1

9) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * a) 9mW
 * b) 8mW
 * c) 6mW
 * d) 3mW
 * e) 4mW

10) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * a) 3/4
 * b) 1/4
 * c) 1/2
 * d) 0
 * e) 1

11) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power passes the filter?
 * a) 8mW
 * b) 6mW
 * c) 9mW
 * d) 4mW
 * e) 3mW

12) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's wavelength &lambda;
 * a) is cut in half
 * b) becomes twice as big
 * c) becomes 4 times as big
 * d) stays the same
 * e) is reduced by a factor of 4


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Key: A0
1) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following wins?
 * -a) K and K&spades;
 * -b) none of these are true
 * -c) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * +d) two of these are true
 * -e) K and K&clubs;

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 9mW
 * -b) 8mW
 * -c) 4mW
 * -d) 3mW
 * +e) 6mW

3) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * -a) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8
 * +b) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * -c) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * -d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power passes the filter?
 * -a) 8mW
 * -b) 4mW
 * +c) 9mW
 * -d) 6mW
 * -e) 3mW

5) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * +a) linearly
 * -b) linear or elliptical
 * -c) circular or elliptical
 * -d) circular
 * -e) circular or linear

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * +a) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

7) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 40&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 0
 * -b) 1/2
 * -c) 1/4
 * -d) 1
 * +e) 3/4

8) If a 3 eV photon strikes a metal plate and causes an electron to escape, that electron will have a kinetic energy that is
 * -a) zero
 * -b) greater than 3 eV
 * +c) less than 3 eV
 * -d) equal to 6 eV
 * -e) equal to 3 eV

9) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) stays the same
 * -b) increases by 4 eV
 * -c) increases by 2 eV
 * +d) decreases by 4 eV
 * -e) decreases by 2 eV

10) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object emits more photons per second (above a given threshold energy)?
 * -a) The object with the greater volume.
 * +b) The object with the greater temperature emits more.
 * -c) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * -d) They both emit the same number of photons (since the holes are identical).

11) If the wavelength &lambda; associated with a photon is cut in half, the photon's energy E
 * -a) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * -b) becomes 4 times as big
 * +c) becomes twice as big
 * -d) is cut in half
 * -e) stays the same

12) Calculate the quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * +a) +1/5
 * -b) &minus;1/5
 * -c) +2/5
 * -d) &minus;2/5
 * -e) +1
 * -f) 0

Key: A1
1) Calculate the quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * -a) 0
 * -b) +1
 * +c) +1/5
 * -d) &minus;2/5
 * -e) &minus;1/5
 * -f) +2/5

2) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 40&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 1
 * +b) 3/4
 * -c) 0
 * -d) 1/2
 * -e) 1/4

3) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object emits more photons per second (above a given threshold energy)?
 * -a) The object with the greater volume.
 * +b) The object with the greater temperature emits more.
 * -c) They both emit the same number of photons (since the holes are identical).
 * -d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

4) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) circular or linear
 * -b) circular or elliptical
 * -c) circular
 * -d) linear or elliptical
 * +e) linearly

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * +a) 6mW
 * -b) 4mW
 * -c) 8mW
 * -d) 3mW
 * -e) 9mW

6) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) increases by 2 eV
 * -b) decreases by 2 eV
 * -c) stays the same
 * -d) increases by 4 eV
 * +e) decreases by 4 eV

7) If the wavelength &lambda; associated with a photon is cut in half, the photon's energy E
 * -a) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * +b) becomes twice as big
 * -c) becomes 4 times as big
 * -d) is cut in half
 * -e) stays the same

8) If a 3 eV photon strikes a metal plate and causes an electron to escape, that electron will have a kinetic energy that is
 * -a) zero
 * +b) less than 3 eV
 * -c) equal to 3 eV
 * -d) equal to 6 eV
 * -e) greater than 3 eV

9) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * +a) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * -b) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * -c) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8
 * -d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2

10) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power passes the filter?
 * +a) 9mW
 * -b) 6mW
 * -c) 3mW
 * -d) 8mW
 * -e) 4mW

11) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following wins?
 * +a) two of these are true
 * -b) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * -c) K and K&clubs;
 * -d) K and K&spades;
 * -e) none of these are true

12) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * +d) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 3 4$$

Key: A2
1) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 40&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 1
 * -b) 1/2
 * -c) 1/4
 * +d) 3/4
 * -e) 0

2) If the wavelength &lambda; associated with a photon is cut in half, the photon's energy E
 * -a) becomes 4 times as big
 * -b) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * -c) is cut in half
 * -d) stays the same
 * +e) becomes twice as big

3) If a 3 eV photon strikes a metal plate and causes an electron to escape, that electron will have a kinetic energy that is
 * -a) equal to 3 eV
 * -b) zero
 * -c) greater than 3 eV
 * +d) less than 3 eV
 * -e) equal to 6 eV

4) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) increases by 4 eV
 * +b) decreases by 4 eV
 * -c) stays the same
 * -d) increases by 2 eV
 * -e) decreases by 2 eV

5) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object emits more photons per second (above a given threshold energy)?
 * +a) The object with the greater temperature emits more.
 * -b) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * -c) They both emit the same number of photons (since the holes are identical).
 * -d) The object with the greater volume.

6) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following wins?
 * -a) K and K&clubs;
 * -b) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * -c) K and K&spades;
 * -d) none of these are true
 * +e) two of these are true

7) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) linear or elliptical
 * -b) circular or linear
 * -c) circular or elliptical
 * -d) circular
 * +e) linearly

8) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power passes the filter?
 * -a) 6mW
 * +b) 9mW
 * -c) 4mW
 * -d) 8mW
 * -e) 3mW

9) Calculate the quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * -a) 0
 * -b) &minus;1/5
 * -c) +1
 * +d) +1/5
 * -e) &minus;2/5
 * -f) +2/5

10) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * +b) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 3 4$$

11) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 8mW
 * -b) 4mW
 * -c) 9mW
 * -d) 3mW
 * +e) 6mW

12) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * -a) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * -b) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2
 * +c) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * -d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8

Key: B0
1) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * -a) 2
 * +b) 1
 * -c) 4
 * -d) 3
 * -e) 5

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * +c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * +a) 3mW
 * -b) 8mW
 * -c) 6mW
 * -d) 4mW
 * -e) 9mW

4) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * -a) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2
 * -b) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8
 * +c) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * -d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * -a) 3mW
 * -b) 4mW
 * -c) 6mW
 * -d) 8mW
 * +e) 9mW

6) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) circular or linear
 * -b) circular
 * -c) linear or elliptical
 * +d) linearly
 * -e) circular or elliptical

7) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's energy E
 * +a) becomes 4 times as big
 * -b) is cut in half
 * -c) becomes twice as big
 * -d) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * -e) stays the same

8) This figure is associated with
 * -a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * -b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * +c) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -e) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)

9) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 0
 * -b) 1/4
 * -c) 1
 * -d) 3/4
 * +e) 1/2

10) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 3/4
 * -b) 1/4
 * -c) 1/2
 * +d) 1
 * -e) 0

11) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * +a) decreases by 4 eV
 * -b) stays the same
 * -c) decreases by 2 eV
 * -d) increases by 2 eV
 * -e) increases by 4 eV

12) Calculate the measured quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * -a) +1
 * -b) 0
 * -c) +1/5
 * -d) +2/5
 * -e) &minus;2/5
 * +f) &minus;1/5

Key: B1
1) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * -a) 4
 * -b) 3
 * -c) 5
 * +d) 1
 * -e) 2

2) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's energy E
 * -a) stays the same
 * -b) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * -c) is cut in half
 * -d) becomes twice as big
 * +e) becomes 4 times as big

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * +a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 3 4$$

4) Calculate the measured quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * -a) +1/5
 * -b) 0
 * -c) +1
 * -d) &minus;2/5
 * +e) &minus;1/5
 * -f) +2/5

5) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 1/4
 * -b) 3/4
 * -c) 1
 * -d) 0
 * +e) 1/2

6) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * +a) linearly
 * -b) circular
 * -c) circular or linear
 * -d) linear or elliptical
 * -e) circular or elliptical

7) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * -a) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * +b) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * -c) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2
 * -d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8

8) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -c) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * +d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -e) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)

9) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) stays the same
 * -b) increases by 4 eV
 * -c) decreases by 2 eV
 * +d) decreases by 4 eV
 * -e) increases by 2 eV

10) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 0
 * +b) 1
 * -c) 3/4
 * -d) 1/4
 * -e) 1/2

11) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * -a) 9mW
 * -b) 6mW
 * +c) 3mW
 * -d) 8mW
 * -e) 4mW

12) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * -a) 8mW
 * -b) 4mW
 * -c) 6mW
 * +d) 9mW
 * -e) 3mW

Key: B2
1) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * +a) linearly
 * -b) circular or elliptical
 * -c) circular or linear
 * -d) circular
 * -e) linear or elliptical

2) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) decreases by 2 eV
 * -b) increases by 4 eV
 * +c) decreases by 4 eV
 * -d) increases by 2 eV
 * -e) stays the same

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * +e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

4) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * +a) 1
 * -b) 2
 * -c) 4
 * -d) 3
 * -e) 5

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * -a) 6mW
 * -b) 8mW
 * +c) 3mW
 * -d) 9mW
 * -e) 4mW

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * -a) 6mW
 * -b) 8mW
 * -c) 3mW
 * +d) 9mW
 * -e) 4mW

7) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 3/4
 * -b) 1/2
 * +c) 1
 * -d) 1/4
 * -e) 0

8) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -c) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * +d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -e) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)

9) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's energy E
 * -a) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * -b) stays the same
 * -c) becomes twice as big
 * -d) is cut in half
 * +e) becomes 4 times as big

10) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 1/4
 * -b) 3/4
 * +c) 1/2
 * -d) 0
 * -e) 1

11) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * +a) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * -b) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2
 * -c) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8
 * -d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8

12) Calculate the measured quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * +a) &minus;1/5
 * -b) &minus;2/5
 * -c) +1/5
 * -d) 0
 * -e) +2/5
 * -f) +1

Key: C0
1) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * -a) 5
 * -b) 3
 * -c) 2
 * +d) 1
 * -e) 4

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 9mW
 * -b) 4mW
 * -c) 8mW
 * -d) 6mW
 * +e) 3mW

3) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * -a) all of these are possible
 * -b) at 45 degrees
 * -c) parallel
 * +d) perpendicular

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters. The second is oriented 30&deg; from the first, and the third is rotated by an additional 60&deg;, making it at right angles from the first filter.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * -a) 1/32
 * +b) 3/32
 * -c) 1/8
 * -d) 3/16
 * -e) 1/16

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * -a) 3/32
 * +b) 1/8
 * -c) 1/16
 * -d) 1/32
 * -e) 3/16

6) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$1$$ what is the length of each side?
 * -a) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * +c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -d) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * -e) $$1$$

7) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * -a) 2x1018
 * -b) 6x1018
 * -c) 1018
 * +d) 4x1018
 * -e) 8x1018

8) If a 3 eV photon strikes a metal plate and causes an electron to escape, that electron will have a kinetic energy that is
 * -a) equal to 6 eV
 * +b) less than 3 eV
 * -c) equal to 3 eV
 * -d) greater than 3 eV
 * -e) zero

9) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object emits more photons per second (above a given threshold energy)?
 * -a) They both emit the same number of photons (since the holes are identical).
 * -b) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * -c) The object with the greater volume.
 * +d) The object with the greater temperature emits more.

10) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 70&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * +a) 1/4
 * -b) 1
 * -c) 1/2
 * -d) 0
 * -e) 3/4

11) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 65&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * +a) 1/4
 * -b) 3/4
 * -c) 1/2
 * -d) 0
 * -e) 1

12) Calculate the measured quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * +a) &minus;1/5
 * -b) 0
 * -c) +2/5
 * -d) +1
 * -e) +1/5
 * -f) &minus;2/5

Key: C1
1) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * -a) 1/16
 * -b) 3/32
 * -c) 1/32
 * +d) 1/8
 * -e) 3/16

2) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * -a) 6x1018
 * -b) 1018
 * -c) 8x1018
 * +d) 4x1018
 * -e) 2x1018

3) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * -a) 3
 * -b) 4
 * -c) 2
 * -d) 5
 * +e) 1

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters. The second is oriented 30&deg; from the first, and the third is rotated by an additional 60&deg;, making it at right angles from the first filter.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * -a) 1/16
 * -b) 1/32
 * -c) 1/8
 * +d) 3/32
 * -e) 3/16

5) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 70&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 1/2
 * -b) 3/4
 * +c) 1/4
 * -d) 1
 * -e) 0

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 4mW
 * -b) 9mW
 * +c) 3mW
 * -d) 8mW
 * -e) 6mW

7) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 65&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 1/2
 * -b) 1
 * -c) 0
 * -d) 3/4
 * +e) 1/4

8) Calculate the measured quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * +a) &minus;1/5
 * -b) &minus;2/5
 * -c) +1/5
 * -d) +1
 * -e) 0
 * -f) +2/5

9) If a 3 eV photon strikes a metal plate and causes an electron to escape, that electron will have a kinetic energy that is
 * -a) greater than 3 eV
 * +b) less than 3 eV
 * -c) zero
 * -d) equal to 3 eV
 * -e) equal to 6 eV

10) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$1$$ what is the length of each side?
 * +a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -b) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * -c) $$1$$
 * -d) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

11) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * -a) at 45 degrees
 * +b) perpendicular
 * -c) all of these are possible
 * -d) parallel

12) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object emits more photons per second (above a given threshold energy)?
 * -a) They both emit the same number of photons (since the holes are identical).
 * +b) The object with the greater temperature emits more.
 * -c) The object with the greater volume.
 * -d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

Key: C2
1) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$1$$ what is the length of each side?
 * +a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -b) $$1$$
 * -c) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * -d) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

2) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * -a) 2x1018
 * -b) 8x1018
 * +c) 4x1018
 * -d) 1018
 * -e) 6x1018

3) Calculate the measured quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * -a) +1
 * -b) &minus;2/5
 * +c) &minus;1/5
 * -d) +2/5
 * -e) 0
 * -f) +1/5

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * -a) 3/32
 * -b) 1/32
 * -c) 3/16
 * +d) 1/8
 * -e) 1/16

5) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * +a) perpendicular
 * -b) at 45 degrees
 * -c) parallel
 * -d) all of these are possible

6) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object emits more photons per second (above a given threshold energy)?
 * -a) The object with the greater volume.
 * -b) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * -c) They both emit the same number of photons (since the holes are identical).
 * +d) The object with the greater temperature emits more.

7) If a 3 eV photon strikes a metal plate and causes an electron to escape, that electron will have a kinetic energy that is
 * -a) greater than 3 eV
 * +b) less than 3 eV
 * -c) equal to 3 eV
 * -d) zero
 * -e) equal to 6 eV

8) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters. The second is oriented 30&deg; from the first, and the third is rotated by an additional 60&deg;, making it at right angles from the first filter.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * +a) 3/32
 * -b) 1/32
 * -c) 1/8
 * -d) 1/16
 * -e) 3/16

9) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 65&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 3/4
 * -b) 1
 * +c) 1/4
 * -d) 0
 * -e) 1/2

10) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 70&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * +a) 1/4
 * -b) 1/2
 * -c) 0
 * -d) 3/4
 * -e) 1

11) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 6mW
 * -b) 8mW
 * -c) 9mW
 * +d) 3mW
 * -e) 4mW

12) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * +a) 1
 * -b) 4
 * -c) 2
 * -d) 5
 * -e) 3

Key: D0
1) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following loses?
 * -a) K and K&spades;
 * +b) K and K&clubs;
 * -c) two of these are true
 * -d) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * -e) none of these are true

2) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * -a) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * +b) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

3) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * -a) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * -b) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2
 * +c) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * -d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 4mW
 * -b) 9mW
 * -c) 6mW
 * -d) 8mW
 * +e) 3mW

5) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * -a) at 45 degrees
 * +b) perpendicular
 * -c) all of these are possible
 * -d) parallel

6) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) circular
 * +b) linearly
 * -c) linear or elliptical
 * -d) circular or elliptical
 * -e) circular or linear

7) If the wavelength &lambda; associated with a photon doubles, the photon's frequency f
 * -a) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * -b) stays the same
 * -c) becomes twice as big
 * -d) becomes 4 times as big
 * +e) is cut in half

8) If an atom absorbs a photon with 4 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) increases by 2 eV
 * -b) stays the same
 * -c) increases by 4 eV
 * +d) decreases by 4 eV
 * -e) decreases by 2 eV

9) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy?
 * -a) The hotter object has a greater energy.
 * -b) They have the same energy (since the holes are identical).
 * -c) The larger object has a greater energy.
 * +d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

10) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object emits more photons per second (above a given threshold energy)?
 * +a) The object with the greater temperature emits more.
 * -b) The object with the greater volume.
 * -c) They both emit the same number of photons (since the holes are identical).
 * -d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

11) This figure is associated with
 * -a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * +b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -c) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -e) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)

12) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is P(prime), or the probability that the number is prime?
 * -a) 1/4
 * -b) 1
 * -c) 5/4
 * +d) 3/4
 * -e) 1/2
 * -f) 0

Key: D1
1) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * +a) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -c) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 3 4$$

2) If the wavelength &lambda; associated with a photon doubles, the photon's frequency f
 * -a) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * -b) becomes 4 times as big
 * -c) stays the same
 * -d) becomes twice as big
 * +e) is cut in half

3) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy?
 * -a) The hotter object has a greater energy.
 * -b) They have the same energy (since the holes are identical).
 * -c) The larger object has a greater energy.
 * +d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

4) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following loses?
 * -a) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * -b) two of these are true
 * -c) none of these are true
 * +d) K and K&clubs;
 * -e) K and K&spades;

5) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * -a) all of these are possible
 * -b) parallel
 * +c) perpendicular
 * -d) at 45 degrees

6) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -b) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * +d) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -e) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)

7) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * +a) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * -b) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2
 * -c) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * -d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8

8) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is P(prime), or the probability that the number is prime?
 * -a) 1/2
 * -b) 1/4
 * -c) 1
 * -d) 5/4
 * -e) 0
 * +f) 3/4

9) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 9mW
 * -b) 8mW
 * +c) 3mW
 * -d) 6mW
 * -e) 4mW

10) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object emits more photons per second (above a given threshold energy)?
 * +a) The object with the greater temperature emits more.
 * -b) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * -c) They both emit the same number of photons (since the holes are identical).
 * -d) The object with the greater volume.

11) If an atom absorbs a photon with 4 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) increases by 2 eV
 * -b) increases by 4 eV
 * +c) decreases by 4 eV
 * -d) stays the same
 * -e) decreases by 2 eV

12) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) circular
 * -b) circular or elliptical
 * -c) circular or linear
 * -d) linear or elliptical
 * +e) linearly

Key: D2
1) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * +a) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -b) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

2) If an atom absorbs a photon with 4 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) stays the same
 * -b) decreases by 2 eV
 * +c) decreases by 4 eV
 * -d) increases by 4 eV
 * -e) increases by 2 eV

3) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is P(prime), or the probability that the number is prime?
 * -a) 1/4
 * -b) 1
 * -c) 0
 * -d) 5/4
 * -e) 1/2
 * +f) 3/4

4) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * +a) linearly
 * -b) circular
 * -c) linear or elliptical
 * -d) circular or linear
 * -e) circular or elliptical

5) This figure is associated with
 * +a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -b) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * -c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -e) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.

6) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following loses?
 * +a) K and K&clubs;
 * -b) none of these are true
 * -c) two of these are true
 * -d) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * -e) K and K&spades;

7) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy?
 * -a) They have the same energy (since the holes are identical).
 * +b) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * -c) The larger object has a greater energy.
 * -d) The hotter object has a greater energy.

8) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * -a) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * +b) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * -c) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2
 * -d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8

9) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * -a) parallel
 * -b) at 45 degrees
 * +c) perpendicular
 * -d) all of these are possible

10) If the wavelength &lambda; associated with a photon doubles, the photon's frequency f
 * -a) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * -b) becomes 4 times as big
 * -c) becomes twice as big
 * +d) is cut in half
 * -e) stays the same

11) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object emits more photons per second (above a given threshold energy)?
 * -a) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * -b) They both emit the same number of photons (since the holes are identical).
 * -c) The object with the greater volume.
 * +d) The object with the greater temperature emits more.

12) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 4mW
 * -b) 9mW
 * -c) 8mW
 * +d) 3mW
 * -e) 6mW

Key: E0
1) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * -a) 2
 * -b) 5
 * -c) 4
 * +d) 1
 * -e) 3

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * -a) 8mW
 * -b) 4mW
 * -c) 9mW
 * -d) 6mW
 * +e) 3mW

3) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * +a) circular or elliptical
 * -b) linearly
 * -c) circular or linear
 * -d) circular
 * -e) linear or elliptical

4) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -d) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * +e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 4mW
 * -b) 9mW
 * -c) 3mW
 * -d) 8mW
 * +e) 6mW

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters. The second is oriented 30&deg; from the first, and the third is rotated by an additional 60&deg;, making it at right angles from the first filter.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * -a) 3/16
 * -b) 1/8
 * +c) 3/32
 * -d) 1/16
 * -e) 1/32

7) In the Phet lab for photoelectric effect, how was the electron's kinetic energy measured?
 * -a) measuring polarization
 * +b) stopping the electron with an applied voltage
 * -c) deflecting the electron with a magnetic field
 * -d) measuring both spin and polarization
 * -e) measuring spin

8) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -b) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * +c) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -e) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)

9) If an atom absorbs a photon with 2 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) decreases by 4 eV
 * -b) stays the same
 * -c) increases by 4 eV
 * +d) increases by 2 eV
 * -e) decreases by 2 eV

10) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 70&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * +a) 1/4
 * -b) 1/2
 * -c) 3/4
 * -d) 0
 * -e) 1

11) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 35&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * +a) 3/4
 * -b) 1/4
 * -c) 1
 * -d) 0
 * -e) 1/2

12) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is P(even), or the probability that the number is even?
 * -a) 5/4
 * -b) 1
 * -c) 0
 * -d) 3/4
 * +e) 1/2
 * -f) 1/4

Key: E1
1) If an atom absorbs a photon with 2 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * +a) increases by 2 eV
 * -b) stays the same
 * -c) decreases by 4 eV
 * -d) decreases by 2 eV
 * -e) increases by 4 eV

2) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * -a) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * +c) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 3 4$$

3) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) circular
 * -b) linear or elliptical
 * +c) circular or elliptical
 * -d) linearly
 * -e) circular or linear

4) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is P(even), or the probability that the number is even?
 * -a) 0
 * +b) 1/2
 * -c) 1
 * -d) 5/4
 * -e) 3/4
 * -f) 1/4

5) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 35&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 1
 * -b) 1/4
 * +c) 3/4
 * -d) 0
 * -e) 1/2

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * -a) 8mW
 * +b) 3mW
 * -c) 6mW
 * -d) 9mW
 * -e) 4mW

7) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 70&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * +a) 1/4
 * -b) 1
 * -c) 0
 * -d) 1/2
 * -e) 3/4

8) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 4mW
 * +b) 6mW
 * -c) 9mW
 * -d) 3mW
 * -e) 8mW

9) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters. The second is oriented 30&deg; from the first, and the third is rotated by an additional 60&deg;, making it at right angles from the first filter.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * -a) 1/32
 * -b) 1/8
 * +c) 3/32
 * -d) 1/16
 * -e) 3/16

10) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -b) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * +c) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -e) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)

11) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * +a) 1
 * -b) 2
 * -c) 4
 * -d) 5
 * -e) 3

12) In the Phet lab for photoelectric effect, how was the electron's kinetic energy measured?
 * -a) measuring polarization
 * +b) stopping the electron with an applied voltage
 * -c) measuring both spin and polarization
 * -d) deflecting the electron with a magnetic field
 * -e) measuring spin

Key: E2
1) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * -a) 9mW
 * +b) 3mW
 * -c) 4mW
 * -d) 6mW
 * -e) 8mW

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters. The second is oriented 30&deg; from the first, and the third is rotated by an additional 60&deg;, making it at right angles from the first filter.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * -a) 3/16
 * +b) 3/32
 * -c) 1/32
 * -d) 1/8
 * -e) 1/16

3) If an atom absorbs a photon with 2 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) increases by 4 eV
 * +b) increases by 2 eV
 * -c) stays the same
 * -d) decreases by 2 eV
 * -e) decreases by 4 eV

4) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * -a) 2
 * -b) 3
 * -c) 5
 * +d) 1
 * -e) 4

5) In the Phet lab for photoelectric effect, how was the electron's kinetic energy measured?
 * -a) measuring both spin and polarization
 * -b) measuring polarization
 * +c) stopping the electron with an applied voltage
 * -d) measuring spin
 * -e) deflecting the electron with a magnetic field

6) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * +a) circular or elliptical
 * -b) circular
 * -c) circular or linear
 * -d) linear or elliptical
 * -e) linearly

7) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 70&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 1/2
 * -b) 0
 * -c) 3/4
 * +d) 1/4
 * -e) 1

8) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 4mW
 * -b) 3mW
 * -c) 9mW
 * +d) 6mW
 * -e) 8mW

9) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * +d) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -e) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$

10) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is P(even), or the probability that the number is even?
 * -a) 1
 * -b) 5/4
 * -c) 3/4
 * +d) 1/2
 * -e) 1/4
 * -f) 0

11) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 35&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 1/2
 * -b) 1/4
 * -c) 1
 * +d) 3/4
 * -e) 0

12) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * +b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -c) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -e) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)

Key: F0
1) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * +a) 1
 * -b) 3
 * -c) 5
 * -d) 4
 * -e) 2

2) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * +a) circular or elliptical
 * -b) linear or elliptical
 * -c) circular or linear
 * -d) linearly
 * -e) circular

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * -a) 3/32
 * -b) 3/16
 * +c) 1/8
 * -d) 1/16
 * -e) 1/32

4) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * -a) $$1$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * +c) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -e) $$2\sqrt 2$$

5) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * +a) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * -b) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8
 * -c) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * -d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2

6) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * -a) parallel
 * -b) all of these are possible
 * +c) perpendicular
 * -d) at 45 degrees

7) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -b) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * +c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -e) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.

8) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * +c) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -d) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * -e) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.

9) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * -a) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * -b) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * -c) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * +d) The hotter object has a greater energy density.

10) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * +c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * -d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -e) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.

11) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * -a) 1018
 * -b) 2x1018
 * -c) 8x1018
 * -d) 6x1018
 * +e) 4x1018

12) Calculate the measured probability: P(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * -a) 3/5
 * -b) 2/4=1/2
 * -c) 3/4
 * -d) 5/6
 * +e) 2/5

Key: F1
1) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * -a) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * +b) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * -c) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2
 * -d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8

2) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * -a) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * -b) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * -c) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * +d) The hotter object has a greater energy density.

3) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) linear or elliptical
 * -b) linearly
 * +c) circular or elliptical
 * -d) circular
 * -e) circular or linear

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * +a) 1/8
 * -b) 1/16
 * -c) 3/32
 * -d) 3/16
 * -e) 1/32

5) This figure is associated with
 * +a) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -d) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * -e) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.

6) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * -a) 4
 * -b) 3
 * +c) 1
 * -d) 2
 * -e) 5

7) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * -a) parallel
 * +b) perpendicular
 * -c) at 45 degrees
 * -d) all of these are possible

8) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * -a) $$1$$
 * +b) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -d) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

9) Calculate the measured probability: P(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * -a) 3/5
 * +b) 2/5
 * -c) 5/6
 * -d) 2/4=1/2
 * -e) 3/4

10) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -c) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -d) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * +e) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)

11) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * -a) 2x1018
 * -b) 6x1018
 * -c) 8x1018
 * -d) 1018
 * +e) 4x1018

12) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * +b) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * -c) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -e) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)

Key: F2
1) Calculate the measured probability: P(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * +a) 2/5
 * -b) 2/4=1/2
 * -c) 5/6
 * -d) 3/4
 * -e) 3/5

2) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * +a) 1
 * -b) 4
 * -c) 3
 * -d) 5
 * -e) 2

3) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * +c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * -d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -e) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.

4) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * -a) all of these are possible
 * -b) at 45 degrees
 * -c) parallel
 * +d) perpendicular

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * +a) 1/8
 * -b) 3/32
 * -c) 1/32
 * -d) 3/16
 * -e) 1/16

6) This figure is associated with
 * -a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * -b) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -c) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * +e) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)

7) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * -a) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * +b) The hotter object has a greater energy density.
 * -c) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * -d) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).

8) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) linearly
 * -b) circular or linear
 * +c) circular or elliptical
 * -d) linear or elliptical
 * -e) circular

9) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * -a) 6x1018
 * +b) 4x1018
 * -c) 2x1018
 * -d) 8x1018
 * -e) 1018

10) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * -a) $$1$$
 * +b) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * -c) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

11) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * +a) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * -b) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2
 * -c) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8
 * -d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8

12) This figure is associated with
 * -a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * -b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -c) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * +d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -e) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.

Key: G0
1) Your solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 4&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;, you would__
 * -a) be disqualified for cheating
 * -b) lose 1 point
 * -c) win 3 points
 * -d) win 1 point
 * +e) lose 3 points

2) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * -a) electromagnetic
 * -b) both can be created
 * +c) electromagnetic or pendulum
 * -d) pendulum

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * +d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * +e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

5) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) circular or linear
 * -b) circular or elliptical
 * +c) linearly
 * -d) linear or elliptical
 * -e) circular

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * -a) 1/32
 * -b) 3/16
 * -c) 1/16
 * +d) 1/8
 * -e) 3/32

7) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -b) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * +d) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -e) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)

8) This figure is associated with
 * +a) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -b) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * -c) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -d) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -e) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)

9) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 65&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 1/2
 * +b) 1/4
 * -c) 0
 * -d) 1
 * -e) 3/4

10) This figure is associated with
 * -a) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * +c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * -d) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -e) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.

11) If a 3 eV photon strikes a metal plate and causes an electron to escape, that electron will have a kinetic energy that is
 * -a) zero
 * +b) less than 3 eV
 * -c) equal to 3 eV
 * -d) equal to 6 eV
 * -e) greater than 3 eV

12) Calculate the measured quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * -a) +2/5
 * -b) +1
 * -c) 0
 * -d) &minus;2/5
 * +e) &minus;1/5
 * -f) +1/5

Key: G1
1) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) circular
 * -b) circular or linear
 * -c) linear or elliptical
 * -d) circular or elliptical
 * +e) linearly

2) This figure is associated with
 * +a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * -b) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -c) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -d) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -e) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.

3) If a 3 eV photon strikes a metal plate and causes an electron to escape, that electron will have a kinetic energy that is
 * -a) greater than 3 eV
 * -b) zero
 * +c) less than 3 eV
 * -d) equal to 6 eV
 * -e) equal to 3 eV

4) This figure is associated with
 * +a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -b) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * -c) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -e) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)

5) Calculate the measured quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * +a) &minus;1/5
 * -b) &minus;2/5
 * -c) +1
 * -d) +2/5
 * -e) 0
 * -f) +1/5

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * +a) 1/8
 * -b) 1/16
 * -c) 3/16
 * -d) 3/32
 * -e) 1/32

7) Your solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 4&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;, you would__
 * +a) lose 3 points
 * -b) win 3 points
 * -c) win 1 point
 * -d) be disqualified for cheating
 * -e) lose 1 point

8) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 65&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 3/4
 * +b) 1/4
 * -c) 0
 * -d) 1/2
 * -e) 1

9) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * +b) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * -d) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -e) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.

10) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * +a) electromagnetic or pendulum
 * -b) pendulum
 * -c) electromagnetic
 * -d) both can be created

11) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * +e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

12) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * +e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

Key: G2
1) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * -a) 3/32
 * +b) 1/8
 * -c) 1/32
 * -d) 3/16
 * -e) 1/16

2) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * -a) both can be created
 * -b) pendulum
 * -c) electromagnetic
 * +d) electromagnetic or pendulum

3) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 65&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 1/2
 * -b) 3/4
 * -c) 1
 * -d) 0
 * +e) 1/4

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * +b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

5) This figure is associated with
 * -a) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * +b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -e) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)

6) This figure is associated with
 * -a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * -b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -c) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * +d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -e) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)

7) Your solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 4&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;, you would__
 * +a) lose 3 points
 * -b) be disqualified for cheating
 * -c) lose 1 point
 * -d) win 1 point
 * -e) win 3 points

8) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -c) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * +d) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * -e) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.

9) If a 3 eV photon strikes a metal plate and causes an electron to escape, that electron will have a kinetic energy that is
 * +a) less than 3 eV
 * -b) equal to 6 eV
 * -c) greater than 3 eV
 * -d) zero
 * -e) equal to 3 eV

10) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) circular or elliptical
 * +b) linearly
 * -c) circular
 * -d) linear or elliptical
 * -e) circular or linear

11) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * +c) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

12) Calculate the measured quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * -a) &minus;2/5
 * -b) 0
 * +c) &minus;1/5
 * -d) +1
 * -e) +2/5
 * -f) +1/5

Key: H0
1) If you play the solitaire game 6 times, you will on average win ___ times.
 * -a) 5
 * -b) 2
 * -c) 3
 * -d) 6
 * +e) 4

2) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) circular or linear
 * +b) linearly
 * -c) circular or elliptical
 * -d) circular
 * -e) linear or elliptical

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * -a) 4mW
 * -b) 9mW
 * -c) 8mW
 * -d) 6mW
 * +e) 3mW

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power passes the filter?
 * -a) 8mW
 * -b) 3mW
 * +c) 9mW
 * -d) 4mW
 * -e) 6mW

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * -a) 4mW
 * -b) 6mW
 * -c) 3mW
 * -d) 8mW
 * +e) 9mW

6) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) circular or linear
 * -b) linearly
 * -c) linear or elliptical
 * +d) circular or elliptical
 * -e) circular

7) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 1/4
 * +b) 1/2
 * -c) 1
 * -d) 0
 * -e) 3/4

8) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's energy E
 * +a) becomes 4 times as big
 * -b) is cut in half
 * -c) stays the same
 * -d) becomes twice as big
 * -e) is reduced by a factor of 4

9) This figure is associated with
 * -a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * -b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -c) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -d) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * +e) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.

10) This figure is associated with
 * -a) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -b) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -c) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * +d) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * -e) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)

11) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * -a) 1018
 * +b) 4x1018
 * -c) 8x1018
 * -d) 6x1018
 * -e) 2x1018

12) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is P(prime)+P(even), or the sum of the probability that it is even, plus the probability that it is prime?
 * -a) 1/2
 * -b) 1
 * -c) 0
 * -d) 1/4
 * -e) 3/4
 * +f) 5/4

Key: H1
1) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * +a) circular or elliptical
 * -b) linear or elliptical
 * -c) linearly
 * -d) circular or linear
 * -e) circular

2) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's energy E
 * -a) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * -b) stays the same
 * -c) is cut in half
 * -d) becomes twice as big
 * +e) becomes 4 times as big

3) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * +b) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * -c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -e) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)

4) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * -a) 8x1018
 * +b) 4x1018
 * -c) 6x1018
 * -d) 1018
 * -e) 2x1018

5) This figure is associated with
 * +a) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * -d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -e) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power passes the filter?
 * -a) 6mW
 * +b) 9mW
 * -c) 8mW
 * -d) 4mW
 * -e) 3mW

7) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is P(prime)+P(even), or the sum of the probability that it is even, plus the probability that it is prime?
 * +a) 5/4
 * -b) 1/4
 * -c) 3/4
 * -d) 1/2
 * -e) 0
 * -f) 1

8) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * +a) 1/2
 * -b) 0
 * -c) 1
 * -d) 3/4
 * -e) 1/4

9) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * -a) 8mW
 * +b) 3mW
 * -c) 6mW
 * -d) 9mW
 * -e) 4mW

10) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * -a) 6mW
 * -b) 3mW
 * +c) 9mW
 * -d) 8mW
 * -e) 4mW

11) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) circular
 * -b) circular or linear
 * +c) linearly
 * -d) circular or elliptical
 * -e) linear or elliptical

12) If you play the solitaire game 6 times, you will on average win ___ times.
 * -a) 6
 * -b) 2
 * -c) 3
 * -d) 5
 * +e) 4

Key: H2
1) If you play the solitaire game 6 times, you will on average win ___ times.
 * -a) 6
 * +b) 4
 * -c) 3
 * -d) 5
 * -e) 2

2) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * +b) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * -c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -e) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.

3) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * +a) linearly
 * -b) linear or elliptical
 * -c) circular or elliptical
 * -d) circular or linear
 * -e) circular

4) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is P(prime)+P(even), or the sum of the probability that it is even, plus the probability that it is prime?
 * -a) 1/2
 * -b) 3/4
 * -c) 0
 * -d) 1/4
 * +e) 5/4
 * -f) 1

5) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) linear or elliptical
 * -b) linearly
 * +c) circular or elliptical
 * -d) circular
 * -e) circular or linear

6) This figure is associated with
 * -a) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -b) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * -c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * +d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -e) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)

7) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * -a) 4mW
 * +b) 3mW
 * -c) 9mW
 * -d) 8mW
 * -e) 6mW

8) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power passes the filter?
 * -a) 3mW
 * +b) 9mW
 * -c) 4mW
 * -d) 6mW
 * -e) 8mW

9) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's energy E
 * -a) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * +b) becomes 4 times as big
 * -c) stays the same
 * -d) is cut in half
 * -e) becomes twice as big

10) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 1
 * -b) 3/4
 * +c) 1/2
 * -d) 0
 * -e) 1/4

11) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * -a) 1018
 * -b) 6x1018
 * +c) 4x1018
 * -d) 2x1018
 * -e) 8x1018

12) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * -a) 3mW
 * +b) 9mW
 * -c) 8mW
 * -d) 6mW
 * -e) 4mW

Key: I0
1) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following wins?
 * -a) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * -b) K and K&spades;
 * -c) none of these are true
 * -d) K and K&clubs;
 * +e) two of these are true

2) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * -a) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8
 * -b) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2
 * +c) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * -d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 9mW
 * +b) 3mW
 * -c) 4mW
 * -d) 8mW
 * -e) 6mW

4) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) circular
 * -b) circular or elliptical
 * -c) linear or elliptical
 * +d) linearly
 * -e) circular or linear

5) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * -a) $$1$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -c) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * +e) $$\sqrt 2$$

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * +c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

7) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * +a) 4x1018
 * -b) 6x1018
 * -c) 8x1018
 * -d) 1018
 * -e) 2x1018

8) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 50&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 0
 * -b) 3/4
 * -c) 1
 * -d) 1/4
 * +e) 1/2

9) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) decreases by 2 eV
 * -b) increases by 4 eV
 * -c) stays the same
 * -d) increases by 2 eV
 * +e) decreases by 4 eV

10) This figure is associated with
 * -a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * -b) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -c) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -d) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * +e) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)

11) This figure is associated with
 * -a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * -b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * +e) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.

12) Calculate the measured probability: P(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * -a) 5/6
 * -b) 3/4
 * -c) 2/4=1/2
 * -d) 2/5
 * +e) 3/5

Key: I1
1) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 50&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 1
 * +b) 1/2
 * -c) 1/4
 * -d) 0
 * -e) 3/4

2) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * -a) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * +d) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * -e) $$1$$

3) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * -a) 2x1018
 * -b) 6x1018
 * -c) 1018
 * +d) 4x1018
 * -e) 8x1018

4) This figure is associated with
 * -a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * -b) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -d) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * +e) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.

5) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following wins?
 * -a) K and K&spades;
 * -b) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * +c) two of these are true
 * -d) none of these are true
 * -e) K and K&clubs;

6) Calculate the measured probability: P(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * +a) 3/5
 * -b) 3/4
 * -c) 2/4=1/2
 * -d) 2/5
 * -e) 5/6

7) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * -a) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * +d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

8) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) stays the same
 * -b) increases by 2 eV
 * +c) decreases by 4 eV
 * -d) decreases by 2 eV
 * -e) increases by 4 eV

9) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * +a) 3mW
 * -b) 8mW
 * -c) 6mW
 * -d) 9mW
 * -e) 4mW

10) This figure is associated with
 * -a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * -b) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * +c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -d) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -e) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.

11) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * -a) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2
 * -b) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8
 * -c) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * +d) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations

12) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) circular or linear
 * +b) linearly
 * -c) circular or elliptical
 * -d) linear or elliptical
 * -e) circular

Key: I2
1) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * -a) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * -b) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2
 * -c) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8
 * +d) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations

2) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -b) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * -d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * +e) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)

3) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 50&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 3/4
 * +b) 1/2
 * -c) 0
 * -d) 1
 * -e) 1/4

4) Calculate the measured probability: P(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * +a) 3/5
 * -b) 2/5
 * -c) 5/6
 * -d) 3/4
 * -e) 2/4=1/2

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 4mW
 * -b) 9mW
 * +c) 3mW
 * -d) 8mW
 * -e) 6mW

6) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * -a) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * -b) $$1$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * +d) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

7) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * -a) 6x1018
 * -b) 1018
 * +c) 4x1018
 * -d) 2x1018
 * -e) 8x1018

8) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * +b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 3 4$$

9) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following wins?
 * -a) none of these are true
 * -b) K and K&clubs;
 * -c) K and K&spades;
 * -d) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * +e) two of these are true

10) This figure is associated with
 * +a) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -b) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * -d) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -e) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)

11) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * +a) decreases by 4 eV
 * -b) decreases by 2 eV
 * -c) increases by 2 eV
 * -d) increases by 4 eV
 * -e) stays the same

12) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * +a) linearly
 * -b) circular or linear
 * -c) linear or elliptical
 * -d) circular
 * -e) circular or elliptical

Key: J0
1) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following wins?
 * +a) two of these are true
 * -b) none of these are true
 * -c) K and K&spades;
 * -d) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * -e) K and K&clubs;

2) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * -a) electromagnetic
 * -b) both can be created
 * +c) electromagnetic or pendulum
 * -d) pendulum

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * +e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

4) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$1$$ what is the length of each side?
 * +a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -c) $$1$$
 * -d) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * -e) $$\sqrt 2$$

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 9mW
 * -b) 8mW
 * -c) 3mW
 * -d) 4mW
 * +e) 6mW

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 6mW
 * -b) 8mW
 * +c) 3mW
 * -d) 9mW
 * -e) 4mW

7) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * +c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * -d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -e) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.

8) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 70&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * +a) 1/4
 * -b) 3/4
 * -c) 0
 * -d) 1/2
 * -e) 1

9) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 50&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * +a) 1/2
 * -b) 0
 * -c) 3/4
 * -d) 1
 * -e) 1/4

10) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * +a) The hotter object has a greater energy density.
 * -b) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * -c) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * -d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

11) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object emits more photons per second (above a given threshold energy)?
 * -a) They both emit the same number of photons (since the holes are identical).
 * -b) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * -c) The object with the greater volume.
 * +d) The object with the greater temperature emits more.

12) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is P(even), or the probability that the number is even?
 * -a) 1/4
 * +b) 1/2
 * -c) 3/4
 * -d) 5/4
 * -e) 1
 * -f) 0

Key: J1
1) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is P(even), or the probability that the number is even?
 * +a) 1/2
 * -b) 3/4
 * -c) 1
 * -d) 1/4
 * -e) 5/4
 * -f) 0

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 9mW
 * -b) 8mW
 * -c) 6mW
 * +d) 3mW
 * -e) 4mW

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 4mW
 * -b) 9mW
 * -c) 3mW
 * +d) 6mW
 * -e) 8mW

4) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * -a) electromagnetic
 * -b) both can be created
 * +c) electromagnetic or pendulum
 * -d) pendulum

5) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 50&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 3/4
 * -b) 1/4
 * -c) 1
 * +d) 1/2
 * -e) 0

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * +b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

7) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -c) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * +d) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * -e) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.

8) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following wins?
 * -a) K and K&spades;
 * -b) none of these are true
 * +c) two of these are true
 * -d) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * -e) K and K&clubs;

9) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object emits more photons per second (above a given threshold energy)?
 * -a) They both emit the same number of photons (since the holes are identical).
 * -b) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * +c) The object with the greater temperature emits more.
 * -d) The object with the greater volume.

10) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * -a) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * -b) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * +c) The hotter object has a greater energy density.
 * -d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

11) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$1$$ what is the length of each side?
 * +a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -b) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * -c) $$1$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -e) $$2\sqrt 2$$

12) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 70&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 1
 * -b) 0
 * +c) 1/4
 * -d) 3/4
 * -e) 1/2

Key: J2
1) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 3mW
 * -b) 8mW
 * -c) 4mW
 * +d) 6mW
 * -e) 9mW

2) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 50&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 1
 * +b) 1/2
 * -c) 1/4
 * -d) 3/4
 * -e) 0

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * +b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

4) This figure is associated with
 * -a) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -b) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * +c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * -d) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -e) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)

5) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * -a) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * +b) The hotter object has a greater energy density.
 * -c) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * -d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 4mW
 * -b) 6mW
 * +c) 3mW
 * -d) 8mW
 * -e) 9mW

7) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 70&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 3/4
 * +b) 1/4
 * -c) 0
 * -d) 1/2
 * -e) 1

8) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following wins?
 * -a) K and K&spades;
 * -b) none of these are true
 * -c) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * -d) K and K&clubs;
 * +e) two of these are true

9) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is P(even), or the probability that the number is even?
 * -a) 0
 * +b) 1/2
 * -c) 1/4
 * -d) 3/4
 * -e) 5/4
 * -f) 1

10) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * -a) both can be created
 * -b) pendulum
 * -c) electromagnetic
 * +d) electromagnetic or pendulum

11) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object emits more photons per second (above a given threshold energy)?
 * +a) The object with the greater temperature emits more.
 * -b) The object with the greater volume.
 * -c) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * -d) They both emit the same number of photons (since the holes are identical).

12) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$1$$ what is the length of each side?
 * -a) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * -b) $$1$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -d) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * +e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

Key: K0
1) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * +a) 1
 * -b) 4
 * -c) 3
 * -d) 2
 * -e) 5

2) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * -a) $$1$$
 * -b) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * +c) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

3) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * -a) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * +e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * -a) 1/16
 * -b) 1/32
 * -c) 3/32
 * +d) 1/8
 * -e) 3/16

5) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * -a) pendulum
 * -b) electromagnetic
 * -c) both can be created
 * +d) electromagnetic or pendulum

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * +a) 9mW
 * -b) 8mW
 * -c) 3mW
 * -d) 4mW
 * -e) 6mW

7) In the Phet lab for photoelectric effect, how was the electron's kinetic energy measured?
 * -a) deflecting the electron with a magnetic field
 * +b) stopping the electron with an applied voltage
 * -c) measuring spin
 * -d) measuring polarization
 * -e) measuring both spin and polarization

8) This figure is associated with
 * -a) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * +c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -e) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)

9) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -c) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -d) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * +e) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)

10) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) decreases by 2 eV
 * +b) decreases by 4 eV
 * -c) increases by 2 eV
 * -d) stays the same
 * -e) increases by 4 eV

11) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy?
 * +a) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * -b) The larger object has a greater energy.
 * -c) They have the same energy (since the holes are identical).
 * -d) The hotter object has a greater energy.

12) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is P(prime)+P(even), or the sum of the probability that it is even, plus the probability that it is prime?
 * +a) 5/4
 * -b) 1
 * -c) 3/4
 * -d) 1/2
 * -e) 0
 * -f) 1/4

Key: K1
1) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * -a) 3/16
 * +b) 1/8
 * -c) 1/16
 * -d) 3/32
 * -e) 1/32

2) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy?
 * +a) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * -b) The larger object has a greater energy.
 * -c) The hotter object has a greater energy.
 * -d) They have the same energy (since the holes are identical).

3) In the Phet lab for photoelectric effect, how was the electron's kinetic energy measured?
 * +a) stopping the electron with an applied voltage
 * -b) measuring polarization
 * -c) measuring spin
 * -d) deflecting the electron with a magnetic field
 * -e) measuring both spin and polarization

4) This figure is associated with
 * +a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -b) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -d) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * -e) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.

5) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * -a) electromagnetic
 * -b) both can be created
 * -c) pendulum
 * +d) electromagnetic or pendulum

6) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) increases by 2 eV
 * +b) decreases by 4 eV
 * -c) stays the same
 * -d) decreases by 2 eV
 * -e) increases by 4 eV

7) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * -a) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * +d) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 3 4$$

8) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * -a) 6mW
 * -b) 3mW
 * -c) 8mW
 * +d) 9mW
 * -e) 4mW

9) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is P(prime)+P(even), or the sum of the probability that it is even, plus the probability that it is prime?
 * -a) 3/4
 * -b) 1/4
 * -c) 1
 * -d) 1/2
 * +e) 5/4
 * -f) 0

10) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * -d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * +e) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)

11) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * -a) 5
 * -b) 3
 * -c) 2
 * +d) 1
 * -e) 4

12) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -b) $$1$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -d) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * +e) $$\sqrt 2$$

Key: K2
1) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is P(prime)+P(even), or the sum of the probability that it is even, plus the probability that it is prime?
 * -a) 1
 * -b) 1/4
 * +c) 5/4
 * -d) 1/2
 * -e) 0
 * -f) 3/4

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * -a) 1/16
 * -b) 3/32
 * -c) 1/32
 * -d) 3/16
 * +e) 1/8

3) In the Phet lab for photoelectric effect, how was the electron's kinetic energy measured?
 * -a) measuring polarization
 * -b) measuring both spin and polarization
 * -c) deflecting the electron with a magnetic field
 * -d) measuring spin
 * +e) stopping the electron with an applied voltage

4) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -b) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -c) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * +d) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -e) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * -a) 6mW
 * -b) 4mW
 * -c) 8mW
 * -d) 3mW
 * +e) 9mW

6) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * +a) decreases by 4 eV
 * -b) decreases by 2 eV
 * -c) increases by 4 eV
 * -d) increases by 2 eV
 * -e) stays the same

7) This figure is associated with
 * -a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * +b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -e) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.

8) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * -a) 3
 * -b) 5
 * +c) 1
 * -d) 2
 * -e) 4

9) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy?
 * -a) The hotter object has a greater energy.
 * +b) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * -c) They have the same energy (since the holes are identical).
 * -d) The larger object has a greater energy.

10) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * -a) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * +b) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

11) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * -a) pendulum
 * -b) electromagnetic
 * +c) electromagnetic or pendulum
 * -d) both can be created

12) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -c) $$1$$
 * +d) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * -e) $$2\sqrt 2$$

Key: L0
1) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average win ___ times.
 * -a) 1
 * -b) 5
 * -c) 4
 * -d) 3
 * +e) 2

2) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) linearly
 * +b) circular or elliptical
 * -c) circular or linear
 * -d) linear or elliptical
 * -e) circular

3) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -b) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * +e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

4) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the shorter side?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -b) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * +e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

5) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) circular or elliptical
 * -b) circular
 * +c) linearly
 * -d) linear or elliptical
 * -e) circular or linear

6) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * -a) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * +c) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -e) $$1$$

7) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) increases by 2 eV
 * -b) decreases by 2 eV
 * -c) stays the same
 * +d) decreases by 4 eV
 * -e) increases by 4 eV

8) If an atom absorbs a photon with 2 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) increases by 4 eV
 * -b) decreases by 4 eV
 * -c) stays the same
 * +d) increases by 2 eV
 * -e) decreases by 2 eV

9) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * +a) The hotter object has a greater energy density.
 * -b) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * -c) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * -d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

10) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * +a) 0
 * -b) 3/4
 * -c) 1
 * -d) 1/2
 * -e) 1/4

11) This figure is associated with
 * +a) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -b) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * -c) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -e) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.

12) Calculate the measured probability: P(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * -a) 2/5
 * +b) 3/5
 * -c) 3/4
 * -d) 2/4=1/2
 * -e) 5/6

Key: L1
1) If an atom absorbs a photon with 2 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) decreases by 2 eV
 * -b) increases by 4 eV
 * +c) increases by 2 eV
 * -d) decreases by 4 eV
 * -e) stays the same

2) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * +a) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -c) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

3) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) circular or linear
 * -b) linearly
 * +c) circular or elliptical
 * -d) circular
 * -e) linear or elliptical

4) Calculate the measured probability: P(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * -a) 2/4=1/2
 * -b) 2/5
 * -c) 5/6
 * +d) 3/5
 * -e) 3/4

5) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 1
 * -b) 3/4
 * -c) 1/4
 * -d) 1/2
 * +e) 0

6) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average win ___ times.
 * -a) 5
 * -b) 1
 * +c) 2
 * -d) 4
 * -e) 3

7) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the shorter side?
 * +a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -e) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$

8) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -b) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * -c) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * +e) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)

9) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) circular or linear
 * -b) circular
 * +c) linearly
 * -d) circular or elliptical
 * -e) linear or elliptical

10) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) increases by 4 eV
 * -b) stays the same
 * +c) decreases by 4 eV
 * -d) increases by 2 eV
 * -e) decreases by 2 eV

11) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * -a) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -d) $$1$$
 * +e) $$\sqrt 2$$

12) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * -a) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * -b) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * -c) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * +d) The hotter object has a greater energy density.

Key: L2
1) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -b) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * -d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * +e) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)

2) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 1/4
 * +b) 0
 * -c) 3/4
 * -d) 1/2
 * -e) 1

3) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the shorter side?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * +b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -c) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 3 4$$

4) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) circular
 * -b) circular or elliptical
 * -c) circular or linear
 * -d) linear or elliptical
 * +e) linearly

5) Calculate the measured probability: P(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * -a) 5/6
 * -b) 2/4=1/2
 * -c) 2/5
 * -d) 3/4
 * +e) 3/5

6) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * -a) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * +b) The hotter object has a greater energy density.
 * -c) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * -d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

7) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) stays the same
 * +b) decreases by 4 eV
 * -c) decreases by 2 eV
 * -d) increases by 2 eV
 * -e) increases by 4 eV

8) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average win ___ times.
 * -a) 4
 * +b) 2
 * -c) 5
 * -d) 3
 * -e) 1

9) If an atom absorbs a photon with 2 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) stays the same
 * +b) increases by 2 eV
 * -c) decreases by 4 eV
 * -d) decreases by 2 eV
 * -e) increases by 4 eV

10) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) circular or linear
 * +b) circular or elliptical
 * -c) circular
 * -d) linear or elliptical
 * -e) linearly

11) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -b) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * +e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

12) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * +b) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * -c) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * -d) $$1$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

Key: M0
1) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * -a) 4
 * -b) 3
 * -c) 5
 * -d) 2
 * +e) 1

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * +b) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 4$$

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power passes the filter?
 * -a) 3mW
 * +b) 9mW
 * -c) 8mW
 * -d) 6mW
 * -e) 4mW

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters. The second is oriented 30&deg; from the first, and the third is rotated by an additional 60&deg;, making it at right angles from the first filter.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * -a) 3/16
 * -b) 1/32
 * -c) 1/16
 * -d) 1/8
 * +e) 3/32

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * -a) 3/32
 * -b) 3/16
 * -c) 1/32
 * -d) 1/16
 * +e) 1/8

6) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) linearly
 * -b) linear or elliptical
 * +c) circular or elliptical
 * -d) circular
 * -e) circular or linear

7) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * +a) 4x1018
 * -b) 6x1018
 * -c) 2x1018
 * -d) 8x1018
 * -e) 1018

8) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * -a) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * -b) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * -c) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * +d) The hotter object has a greater energy density.

9) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * +a) 1
 * -b) 1/4
 * -c) 1/2
 * -d) 3/4
 * -e) 0

10) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 1/4
 * +b) 0
 * -c) 3/4
 * -d) 1/2
 * -e) 1

11) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -b) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * +c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -d) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * -e) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)

12) Calculate the measured quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * -a) +1
 * -b) +2/5
 * +c) &minus;1/5
 * -d) &minus;2/5
 * -e) 0
 * -f) +1/5

Key: M1
1) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 0
 * -b) 3/4
 * -c) 1/4
 * -d) 1/2
 * +e) 1

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power passes the filter?
 * -a) 8mW
 * -b) 6mW
 * -c) 4mW
 * -d) 3mW
 * +e) 9mW

3) This figure is associated with
 * -a) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -c) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * +d) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -e) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * -a) 3/32
 * +b) 1/8
 * -c) 3/16
 * -d) 1/32
 * -e) 1/16

5) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * -a) 1018
 * -b) 8x1018
 * -c) 6x1018
 * +d) 4x1018
 * -e) 2x1018

6) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 1/4
 * +b) 0
 * -c) 1
 * -d) 3/4
 * -e) 1/2

7) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * +c) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

8) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * +a) circular or elliptical
 * -b) linearly
 * -c) linear or elliptical
 * -d) circular or linear
 * -e) circular

9) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * -a) 3
 * -b) 2
 * +c) 1
 * -d) 5
 * -e) 4

10) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * -a) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * -b) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * -c) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * +d) The hotter object has a greater energy density.

11) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters. The second is oriented 30&deg; from the first, and the third is rotated by an additional 60&deg;, making it at right angles from the first filter.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * +a) 3/32
 * -b) 3/16
 * -c) 1/16
 * -d) 1/8
 * -e) 1/32

12) Calculate the measured quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * -a) +2/5
 * +b) &minus;1/5
 * -c) +1/5
 * -d) 0
 * -e) &minus;2/5
 * -f) +1

Key: M2
1) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * +b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -c) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -d) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * -e) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters. The second is oriented 30&deg; from the first, and the third is rotated by an additional 60&deg;, making it at right angles from the first filter.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * +a) 3/32
 * -b) 1/8
 * -c) 3/16
 * -d) 1/16
 * -e) 1/32

3) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 1
 * -b) 1/4
 * +c) 0
 * -d) 1/2
 * -e) 3/4

4) Calculate the measured quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * -a) &minus;2/5
 * -b) 0
 * -c) +1/5
 * -d) +1
 * -e) +2/5
 * +f) &minus;1/5

5) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 0
 * -b) 1/4
 * -c) 1/2
 * -d) 3/4
 * +e) 1

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * -a) 3/32
 * -b) 1/32
 * -c) 1/16
 * -d) 3/16
 * +e) 1/8

7) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * +a) The hotter object has a greater energy density.
 * -b) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * -c) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * -d) The larger object has a greater energy density.

8) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power passes the filter?
 * +a) 9mW
 * -b) 6mW
 * -c) 8mW
 * -d) 3mW
 * -e) 4mW

9) If you play the solitaire game 3 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * -a) 3
 * -b) 5
 * -c) 2
 * +d) 1
 * -e) 4

10) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * +c) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 4$$

11) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) circular or linear
 * -b) linearly
 * +c) circular or elliptical
 * -d) linear or elliptical
 * -e) circular

12) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * -a) 2x1018
 * -b) 8x1018
 * -c) 1018
 * +d) 4x1018
 * -e) 6x1018

Key: N0
1) If you play the solitaire game 6 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * -a) 4
 * -b) 5
 * +c) 2
 * -d) 3
 * -e) 6

2) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * -a) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2
 * +b) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * -c) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * -d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8

3) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * -a) electromagnetic
 * -b) pendulum
 * -c) both can be created
 * +d) electromagnetic or pendulum

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 3mW
 * -b) 4mW
 * +c) 6mW
 * -d) 9mW
 * -e) 8mW

5) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * -a) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * +c) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * -d) $$1$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * -a) 1/16
 * +b) 1/8
 * -c) 3/16
 * -d) 3/32
 * -e) 1/32

7) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 0
 * -b) 3/4
 * -c) 1/4
 * -d) 1/2
 * +e) 1

8) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 70&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 3/4
 * -b) 1
 * -c) 0
 * -d) 1/2
 * +e) 1/4

9) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy?
 * -a) The larger object has a greater energy.
 * +b) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * -c) They have the same energy (since the holes are identical).
 * -d) The hotter object has a greater energy.

10) This figure is associated with
 * -a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * -b) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -c) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -d) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * +e) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)

11) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * +b) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * -c) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -e) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)

12) Calculate the probability P(&spades;,)+P(&spades;,)+P = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * -a) 6/5
 * +b) 7/5
 * -c) 5/6
 * -d) 5/4
 * -e) 4/5

Key: N1
1) This figure is associated with
 * +a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * -b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -c) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -e) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.

2) Calculate the probability P(&spades;,)+P(&spades;,)+P = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * -a) 5/4
 * -b) 5/6
 * -c) 6/5
 * -d) 4/5
 * +e) 7/5

3) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * -a) electromagnetic
 * -b) both can be created
 * +c) electromagnetic or pendulum
 * -d) pendulum

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 8mW
 * -b) 4mW
 * -c) 3mW
 * -d) 9mW
 * +e) 6mW

5) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 70&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 1
 * +b) 1/4
 * -c) 3/4
 * -d) 1/2
 * -e) 0

6) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * -a) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8
 * -b) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * +c) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * -d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2

7) If you play the solitaire game 6 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * -a) 6
 * -b) 5
 * -c) 4
 * +d) 2
 * -e) 3

8) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * +a) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -c) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * -d) $$1$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

9) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * -a) 1/32
 * -b) 3/32
 * +c) 1/8
 * -d) 1/16
 * -e) 3/16

10) This figure is associated with
 * -a) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * +c) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -e) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)

11) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * +a) 1
 * -b) 1/4
 * -c) 0
 * -d) 3/4
 * -e) 1/2

12) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy?
 * +a) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * -b) The larger object has a greater energy.
 * -c) They have the same energy (since the holes are identical).
 * -d) The hotter object has a greater energy.

Key: N2
1) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 3mW
 * -b) 9mW
 * +c) 6mW
 * -d) 4mW
 * -e) 8mW

2) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy?
 * -a) The larger object has a greater energy.
 * -b) They have the same energy (since the holes are identical).
 * -c) The hotter object has a greater energy.
 * +d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

3) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 70&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * +a) 1/4
 * -b) 0
 * -c) 1/2
 * -d) 1
 * -e) 3/4

4) This figure is associated with
 * -a) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * +c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * -d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -e) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)

5) Calculate the probability P(&spades;,)+P(&spades;,)+P = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * -a) 6/5
 * -b) 5/6
 * -c) 4/5
 * -d) 5/4
 * +e) 7/5

6) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * +a) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * -b) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * -c) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8
 * -d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2

7) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * -a) 3/32
 * -b) 3/16
 * +c) 1/8
 * -d) 1/16
 * -e) 1/32

8) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * +d) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -e) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.

9) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * +a) 1
 * -b) 3/4
 * -c) 1/2
 * -d) 0
 * -e) 1/4

10) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * -a) electromagnetic
 * +b) electromagnetic or pendulum
 * -c) pendulum
 * -d) both can be created

11) If you play the solitaire game 6 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * -a) 4
 * -b) 5
 * -c) 6
 * +d) 2
 * -e) 3

12) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * +b) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * -c) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -e) $$1$$

Key: O0
1) Your solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 4&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;, you would__
 * -a) be disqualified for cheating
 * -b) win 1 point
 * -c) win 3 points
 * +d) lose 3 points
 * -e) lose 1 point

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * +b) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 4$$

3) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * +a) electromagnetic or pendulum
 * -b) electromagnetic
 * -c) both can be created
 * -d) pendulum

4) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$1$$ what is the length of each side?
 * +a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -b) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -d) $$1$$
 * -e) $$2\sqrt 2$$

5) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the shorter side?
 * -a) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -b) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * +d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 3 4$$

6) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -c) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * +d) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * -e) $$1$$

7) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * +b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -c) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -d) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * -e) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.

8) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -b) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * +d) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -e) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.

9) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * -a) 2x1018
 * -b) 1018
 * +c) 4x1018
 * -d) 8x1018
 * -e) 6x1018

10) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's energy E
 * -a) is cut in half
 * -b) stays the same
 * -c) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * -d) becomes twice as big
 * +e) becomes 4 times as big

11) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object emits more photons per second (above a given threshold energy)?
 * +a) The object with the greater temperature emits more.
 * -b) The object with the greater volume.
 * -c) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * -d) They both emit the same number of photons (since the holes are identical).

12) Calculate the measured probability: P(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * -a) 3/5
 * -b) 2/4=1/2
 * -c) 3/4
 * -d) 5/6
 * +e) 2/5

Key: O1
1) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the shorter side?
 * +a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -e) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$

2) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * -a) $$1$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -c) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * +d) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

3) Calculate the measured probability: P(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * -a) 5/6
 * -b) 2/4=1/2
 * -c) 3/5
 * +d) 2/5
 * -e) 3/4

4) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's energy E
 * -a) is cut in half
 * -b) stays the same
 * +c) becomes 4 times as big
 * -d) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * -e) becomes twice as big

5) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$1$$ what is the length of each side?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * +b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -c) $$1$$
 * -d) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * -e) $$\sqrt 2$$

6) Your solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 4&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;, you would__
 * -a) be disqualified for cheating
 * -b) lose 1 point
 * -c) win 3 points
 * +d) lose 3 points
 * -e) win 1 point

7) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -b) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * -c) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * +e) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)

8) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object emits more photons per second (above a given threshold energy)?
 * -a) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * -b) They both emit the same number of photons (since the holes are identical).
 * +c) The object with the greater temperature emits more.
 * -d) The object with the greater volume.

9) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * +d) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

10) This figure is associated with
 * +a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -c) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -e) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)

11) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * -a) 1018
 * -b) 6x1018
 * -c) 2x1018
 * -d) 8x1018
 * +e) 4x1018

12) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * -a) electromagnetic
 * -b) both can be created
 * +c) electromagnetic or pendulum
 * -d) pendulum

Key: O2
1) Calculate the measured probability: P(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * -a) 3/4
 * -b) 2/4=1/2
 * -c) 5/6
 * +d) 2/5
 * -e) 3/5

2) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * +a) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -c) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -e) $$1$$

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * +d) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

4) Your solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 4&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;, you would__
 * -a) lose 1 point
 * -b) win 3 points
 * -c) win 1 point
 * +d) lose 3 points
 * -e) be disqualified for cheating

5) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * -a) 1018
 * +b) 4x1018
 * -c) 6x1018
 * -d) 8x1018
 * -e) 2x1018

6) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$1$$ what is the length of each side?
 * -a) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * -b) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * +c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -d) $$1$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

7) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * -a) electromagnetic
 * -b) pendulum
 * +c) electromagnetic or pendulum
 * -d) both can be created

8) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object emits more photons per second (above a given threshold energy)?
 * -a) The object with the greater volume.
 * +b) The object with the greater temperature emits more.
 * -c) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * -d) They both emit the same number of photons (since the holes are identical).

9) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's energy E
 * -a) is cut in half
 * -b) becomes twice as big
 * -c) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * +d) becomes 4 times as big
 * -e) stays the same

10) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the shorter side?
 * -a) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * +b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -c) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 3 4$$

11) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * +c) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -e) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)

12) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * +b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -c) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -e) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)

Key: P0
1) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following wins?
 * -a) none of these are true
 * -b) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * -c) K and K&clubs;
 * -d) K and K&spades;
 * +e) two of these are true

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 6mW
 * -b) 4mW
 * +c) 3mW
 * -d) 8mW
 * -e) 9mW

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * -a) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * +d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

4) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$1$$ what is the length of each side?
 * -a) $$1$$
 * -b) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * -c) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * +d) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

5) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) linearly
 * -b) circular or linear
 * +c) circular or elliptical
 * -d) circular
 * -e) linear or elliptical

6) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * -a) all of these are possible
 * +b) perpendicular
 * -c) parallel
 * -d) at 45 degrees

7) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 1
 * -b) 3/4
 * -c) 1/2
 * -d) 1/4
 * +e) 0

8) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * -a) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * +b) The hotter object has a greater energy density.
 * -c) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * -d) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).

9) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 40&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 1/2
 * +b) 3/4
 * -c) 1/4
 * -d) 0
 * -e) 1

10) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's energy E
 * -a) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * +b) becomes 4 times as big
 * -c) stays the same
 * -d) is cut in half
 * -e) becomes twice as big

11) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * -a) 1018
 * -b) 8x1018
 * -c) 6x1018
 * +d) 4x1018
 * -e) 2x1018

12) Calculate the measured probability: P(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * -a) 5/6
 * -b) 3/4
 * -c) 2/4=1/2
 * +d) 3/5
 * -e) 2/5

Key: P1
1) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * -a) parallel
 * -b) at 45 degrees
 * +c) perpendicular
 * -d) all of these are possible

2) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * +a) The hotter object has a greater energy density.
 * -b) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * -c) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * -d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

3) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) circular or linear
 * +b) circular or elliptical
 * -c) linearly
 * -d) linear or elliptical
 * -e) circular

4) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$1$$ what is the length of each side?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -b) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * -c) $$1$$
 * -d) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * +e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

5) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's energy E
 * +a) becomes 4 times as big
 * -b) is cut in half
 * -c) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * -d) becomes twice as big
 * -e) stays the same

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 9mW
 * +b) 3mW
 * -c) 8mW
 * -d) 4mW
 * -e) 6mW

7) Calculate the measured probability: P(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * -a) 3/4
 * -b) 2/5
 * -c) 5/6
 * -d) 2/4=1/2
 * +e) 3/5

8) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 40&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * +a) 3/4
 * -b) 1/4
 * -c) 1/2
 * -d) 1
 * -e) 0

9) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 1/2
 * -b) 1
 * -c) 1/4
 * +d) 0
 * -e) 3/4

10) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following wins?
 * +a) two of these are true
 * -b) K and K&clubs;
 * -c) none of these are true
 * -d) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * -e) K and K&spades;

11) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * +a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 4$$

12) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * -a) 2x1018
 * -b) 1018
 * -c) 6x1018
 * -d) 8x1018
 * +e) 4x1018

Key: P2
1) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's energy E
 * -a) becomes twice as big
 * -b) stays the same
 * +c) becomes 4 times as big
 * -d) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * -e) is cut in half

2) If 1018 photons pass through a small hole in your roof every second, how many photons would pass through it if you doubled the diameter?
 * +a) 4x1018
 * -b) 2x1018
 * -c) 1018
 * -d) 6x1018
 * -e) 8x1018

3) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 40&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 1
 * -b) 0
 * -c) 1/2
 * +d) 3/4
 * -e) 1/4

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * +c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 3 4$$

5) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * +a) 0
 * -b) 3/4
 * -c) 1/2
 * -d) 1
 * -e) 1/4

6) Calculate the measured probability: P(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * -a) 3/4
 * +b) 3/5
 * -c) 2/4=1/2
 * -d) 2/5
 * -e) 5/6

7) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following wins?
 * +a) two of these are true
 * -b) K and K&clubs;
 * -c) none of these are true
 * -d) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * -e) K and K&spades;

8) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 4mW
 * -b) 6mW
 * -c) 9mW
 * -d) 8mW
 * +e) 3mW

9) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) circular
 * -b) linear or elliptical
 * +c) circular or elliptical
 * -d) circular or linear
 * -e) linearly

10) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$1$$ what is the length of each side?
 * +a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -c) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * -d) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * -e) $$1$$

11) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * -a) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * -b) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * +c) The hotter object has a greater energy density.
 * -d) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).

12) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * +a) perpendicular
 * -b) all of these are possible
 * -c) parallel
 * -d) at 45 degrees

Key: Q0
1) If you play the solitaire game 6 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * -a) 6
 * -b) 4
 * +c) 2
 * -d) 3
 * -e) 5

2) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * +a) perpendicular
 * -b) at 45 degrees
 * -c) all of these are possible
 * -d) parallel

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power passes the filter?
 * -a) 6mW
 * -b) 8mW
 * +c) 9mW
 * -d) 4mW
 * -e) 3mW

4) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) circular or linear
 * -b) linearly
 * -c) linear or elliptical
 * +d) circular or elliptical
 * -e) circular

5) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * +c) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * -d) $$1$$
 * -e) $$2\sqrt 2$$

6) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * +c) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -e) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$

7) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 1
 * -b) 1/4
 * -c) 3/4
 * -d) 1/2
 * +e) 0

8) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * -a) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * +b) The hotter object has a greater energy density.
 * -c) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * -d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

9) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 1/2
 * -b) 0
 * -c) 1/4
 * +d) 1
 * -e) 3/4

10) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 3/4
 * +b) 1/2
 * -c) 1/4
 * -d) 0
 * -e) 1

11) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's energy E
 * -a) stays the same
 * -b) is cut in half
 * -c) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * -d) becomes twice as big
 * +e) becomes 4 times as big

12) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is P(even), or the probability that the number is even?
 * -a) 1/4
 * -b) 5/4
 * -c) 0
 * +d) 1/2
 * -e) 3/4
 * -f) 1

Key: Q1
1) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * +a) 0
 * -b) 1
 * -c) 1/2
 * -d) 1/4
 * -e) 3/4

2) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's energy E
 * -a) stays the same
 * -b) becomes twice as big
 * +c) becomes 4 times as big
 * -d) is cut in half
 * -e) is reduced by a factor of 4

3) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) circular or linear
 * -b) linearly
 * +c) circular or elliptical
 * -d) linear or elliptical
 * -e) circular

4) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -b) $$1$$
 * -c) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * +e) $$\sqrt 2$$

5) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is P(even), or the probability that the number is even?
 * -a) 0
 * -b) 3/4
 * -c) 5/4
 * -d) 1
 * -e) 1/4
 * +f) 1/2

6) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * -a) all of these are possible
 * +b) perpendicular
 * -c) at 45 degrees
 * -d) parallel

7) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * +b) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -d) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

8) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 1/4
 * -b) 3/4
 * +c) 1
 * -d) 0
 * -e) 1/2

9) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * -a) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * -b) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * +c) The hotter object has a greater energy density.
 * -d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

10) If you play the solitaire game 6 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * -a) 4
 * +b) 2
 * -c) 6
 * -d) 3
 * -e) 5

11) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 1/4
 * -b) 1
 * -c) 3/4
 * -d) 0
 * +e) 1/2

12) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power passes the filter?
 * -a) 3mW
 * -b) 8mW
 * -c) 6mW
 * -d) 4mW
 * +e) 9mW

Key: Q2
1) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -b) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * +e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

2) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * +b) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -d) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * -e) $$1$$

3) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's energy E
 * +a) becomes 4 times as big
 * -b) is cut in half
 * -c) becomes twice as big
 * -d) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * -e) stays the same

4) If you play the solitaire game 6 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * -a) 5
 * -b) 3
 * -c) 4
 * -d) 6
 * +e) 2

5) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * -a) parallel
 * -b) at 45 degrees
 * +c) perpendicular
 * -d) all of these are possible

6) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 0
 * +b) 1
 * -c) 1/2
 * -d) 1/4
 * -e) 3/4

7) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power passes the filter?
 * -a) 8mW
 * +b) 9mW
 * -c) 6mW
 * -d) 4mW
 * -e) 3mW

8) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 1/4
 * -b) 1
 * +c) 1/2
 * -d) 3/4
 * -e) 0

9) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is P(even), or the probability that the number is even?
 * -a) 3/4
 * -b) 1/4
 * -c) 5/4
 * -d) 1
 * -e) 0
 * +f) 1/2

10) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * -a) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * -b) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * -c) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * +d) The hotter object has a greater energy density.

11) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) circular or linear
 * -b) circular
 * -c) linearly
 * -d) linear or elliptical
 * +e) circular or elliptical

12) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * +a) 0
 * -b) 1/2
 * -c) 3/4
 * -d) 1
 * -e) 1/4

Key: R0
1) If you play the solitaire game 6 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * -a) 3
 * -b) 5
 * -c) 4
 * -d) 6
 * +e) 2

2) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * -a) all of these are possible
 * -b) at 45 degrees
 * +c) perpendicular
 * -d) parallel

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 9mW
 * -b) 4mW
 * +c) 6mW
 * -d) 8mW
 * -e) 3mW

4) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the shorter side?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -d) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * +e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * +d) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 4$$

6) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) linearly
 * -b) circular
 * +c) circular or elliptical
 * -d) linear or elliptical
 * -e) circular or linear

7) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * +a) decreases by 4 eV
 * -b) increases by 2 eV
 * -c) stays the same
 * -d) increases by 4 eV
 * -e) decreases by 2 eV

8) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * +c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -d) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * -e) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.

9) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 70&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * +a) 1/4
 * -b) 0
 * -c) 1
 * -d) 3/4
 * -e) 1/2

10) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * +a) The hotter object has a greater energy density.
 * -b) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * -c) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * -d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

11) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 1/4
 * -b) 1/2
 * -c) 3/4
 * +d) 0
 * -e) 1

12) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is the probability that it is both even and prime?
 * +a) 1/4
 * -b) 1/2
 * -c) 3/4
 * -d) 1
 * -e) 0
 * -f) 5/4

Key: R1
1) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 1/4
 * -b) 3/4
 * -c) 1
 * -d) 1/2
 * +e) 0

2) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 70&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 0
 * -b) 1/2
 * -c) 3/4
 * -d) 1
 * +e) 1/4

3) If you play the solitaire game 6 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * -a) 3
 * -b) 6
 * -c) 4
 * +d) 2
 * -e) 5

4) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is the probability that it is both even and prime?
 * -a) 1
 * -b) 5/4
 * -c) 1/2
 * -d) 3/4
 * -e) 0
 * +f) 1/4

5) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) linear or elliptical
 * -b) circular or linear
 * +c) circular or elliptical
 * -d) linearly
 * -e) circular

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 4mW
 * -b) 3mW
 * +c) 6mW
 * -d) 9mW
 * -e) 8mW

7) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the shorter side?
 * +a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -c) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

8) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * -a) parallel
 * -b) all of these are possible
 * +c) perpendicular
 * -d) at 45 degrees

9) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * +a) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 4$$

10) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) decreases by 2 eV
 * +b) decreases by 4 eV
 * -c) stays the same
 * -d) increases by 2 eV
 * -e) increases by 4 eV

11) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * -a) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * +b) The hotter object has a greater energy density.
 * -c) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * -d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

12) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -b) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * -c) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * +e) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)

Key: R2
1) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 8mW
 * +b) 6mW
 * -c) 9mW
 * -d) 4mW
 * -e) 3mW

2) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) decreases by 2 eV
 * +b) decreases by 4 eV
 * -c) increases by 2 eV
 * -d) increases by 4 eV
 * -e) stays the same

3) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * -a) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * -b) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * -c) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * +d) The hotter object has a greater energy density.

4) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 70&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * +a) 1/4
 * -b) 1/2
 * -c) 0
 * -d) 3/4
 * -e) 1

5) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) linearly
 * -b) linear or elliptical
 * -c) circular or linear
 * -d) circular
 * +e) circular or elliptical

6) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * -a) at 45 degrees
 * -b) all of these are possible
 * +c) perpendicular
 * -d) parallel

7) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 3/4
 * -b) 1/2
 * +c) 0
 * -d) 1
 * -e) 1/4

8) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * +b) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

9) If you play the solitaire game 6 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * -a) 4
 * -b) 6
 * +c) 2
 * -d) 5
 * -e) 3

10) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -b) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * +c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -e) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)

11) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the shorter side?
 * -a) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * +b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

12) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is the probability that it is both even and prime?
 * -a) 1/2
 * +b) 1/4
 * -c) 1
 * -d) 5/4
 * -e) 0
 * -f) 3/4

Key: S0
1) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following wins?
 * -a) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * +b) two of these are true
 * -c) none of these are true
 * -d) K and K&clubs;
 * -e) K and K&spades;

2) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * -a) pendulum
 * -b) both can be created
 * +c) electromagnetic or pendulum
 * -d) electromagnetic

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * -a) 9mW
 * -b) 8mW
 * -c) 4mW
 * +d) 3mW
 * -e) 6mW

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * -a) 3/16
 * -b) 1/32
 * +c) 1/8
 * -d) 1/16
 * -e) 3/32

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters. The second is oriented 30&deg; from the first, and the third is rotated by an additional 60&deg;, making it at right angles from the first filter.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * -a) 1/32
 * -b) 1/8
 * +c) 3/32
 * -d) 3/16
 * -e) 1/16

6) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) circular or linear
 * +b) circular or elliptical
 * -c) circular
 * -d) linearly
 * -e) linear or elliptical

7) This figure is associated with
 * -a) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * +b) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * -d) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -e) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)

8) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy?
 * +a) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * -b) They have the same energy (since the holes are identical).
 * -c) The larger object has a greater energy.
 * -d) The hotter object has a greater energy.

9) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 1/4
 * -b) 0
 * +c) 1/2
 * -d) 1
 * -e) 3/4

10) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -c) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * +d) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * -e) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)

11) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 1/2
 * -b) 3/4
 * +c) 0
 * -d) 1/4
 * -e) 1

12) Calculate the probability P(&spades;,)+P(&spades;,)+P = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * +a) 7/5
 * -b) 6/5
 * -c) 4/5
 * -d) 5/4
 * -e) 5/6

Key: S1
1) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * -a) 3/32
 * -b) 1/16
 * +c) 1/8
 * -d) 1/32
 * -e) 3/16

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * -a) 6mW
 * +b) 3mW
 * -c) 4mW
 * -d) 9mW
 * -e) 8mW

3) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following wins?
 * -a) none of these are true
 * -b) K and K&clubs;
 * -c) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * -d) K and K&spades;
 * +e) two of these are true

4) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 1
 * -b) 3/4
 * -c) 1/2
 * -d) 1/4
 * +e) 0

5) Calculate the probability P(&spades;,)+P(&spades;,)+P = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * -a) 5/6
 * -b) 6/5
 * +c) 7/5
 * -d) 5/4
 * -e) 4/5

6) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * -a) both can be created
 * -b) electromagnetic
 * -c) pendulum
 * +d) electromagnetic or pendulum

7) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy?
 * -a) The hotter object has a greater energy.
 * +b) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * -c) The larger object has a greater energy.
 * -d) They have the same energy (since the holes are identical).

8) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * +a) 1/2
 * -b) 3/4
 * -c) 0
 * -d) 1/4
 * -e) 1

9) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * +a) circular or elliptical
 * -b) linearly
 * -c) circular
 * -d) linear or elliptical
 * -e) circular or linear

10) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters. The second is oriented 30&deg; from the first, and the third is rotated by an additional 60&deg;, making it at right angles from the first filter.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * +a) 3/32
 * -b) 1/16
 * -c) 1/32
 * -d) 3/16
 * -e) 1/8

11) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * +d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -e) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.

12) This figure is associated with
 * +a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * -b) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -e) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)

Key: S2
1) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters. The second is oriented 30&deg; from the first, and the third is rotated by an additional 60&deg;, making it at right angles from the first filter.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * -a) 1/8
 * -b) 1/16
 * -c) 1/32
 * -d) 3/16
 * +e) 3/32

2) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy?
 * -a) The larger object has a greater energy.
 * -b) They have the same energy (since the holes are identical).
 * -c) The hotter object has a greater energy.
 * +d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

3) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -b) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * +c) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -d) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * -e) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)

4) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 3/4
 * +b) 0
 * -c) 1/2
 * -d) 1/4
 * -e) 1

5) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -b) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * +d) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * -e) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.

6) Calculate the probability P(&spades;,)+P(&spades;,)+P = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * +a) 7/5
 * -b) 6/5
 * -c) 5/6
 * -d) 5/4
 * -e) 4/5

7) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * -a) 1/32
 * +b) 1/8
 * -c) 3/16
 * -d) 1/16
 * -e) 3/32

8) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * -a) 9mW
 * -b) 8mW
 * -c) 6mW
 * +d) 3mW
 * -e) 4mW

9) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) linearly
 * -b) circular
 * +c) circular or elliptical
 * -d) linear or elliptical
 * -e) circular or linear

10) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * -a) both can be created
 * +b) electromagnetic or pendulum
 * -c) pendulum
 * -d) electromagnetic

11) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 3/4
 * +b) 1/2
 * -c) 1/4
 * -d) 0
 * -e) 1

12) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following wins?
 * -a) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * +b) two of these are true
 * -c) K and K&clubs;
 * -d) K and K&spades;
 * -e) none of these are true

Key: T0
1) If you play the solitaire game 6 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * -a) 4
 * -b) 3
 * -c) 5
 * +d) 2
 * -e) 6

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 8mW
 * -b) 9mW
 * +c) 6mW
 * -d) 3mW
 * -e) 4mW

3) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * +a) linearly
 * -b) circular
 * -c) circular or linear
 * -d) linear or elliptical
 * -e) circular or elliptical

4) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * -a) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * -b) $$1$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * +d) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

5) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) linear or elliptical
 * -b) linearly
 * +c) circular or elliptical
 * -d) circular or linear
 * -e) circular

6) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * -a) at 45 degrees
 * -b) all of these are possible
 * -c) parallel
 * +d) perpendicular

7) In the Phet lab for photoelectric effect, how was the electron's kinetic energy measured?
 * -a) measuring spin
 * -b) measuring both spin and polarization
 * -c) deflecting the electron with a magnetic field
 * -d) measuring polarization
 * +e) stopping the electron with an applied voltage

8) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 65&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 1
 * -b) 1/2
 * -c) 0
 * +d) 1/4
 * -e) 3/4

9) If the wavelength &lambda; associated with a photon doubles, the photon's frequency f
 * -a) stays the same
 * -b) becomes twice as big
 * -c) becomes 4 times as big
 * +d) is cut in half
 * -e) is reduced by a factor of 4

10) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 70&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 0
 * -b) 1
 * -c) 3/4
 * +d) 1/4
 * -e) 1/2

11) If an atom absorbs a photon with 2 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) stays the same
 * -b) decreases by 4 eV
 * -c) decreases by 2 eV
 * -d) increases by 4 eV
 * +e) increases by 2 eV

12) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is the probability that it is either even or prime?
 * -a) 5/4
 * -b) 1/4
 * -c) 3/4
 * -d) 1/2
 * +e) 1
 * -f) 0

Key: T1
1) If an atom absorbs a photon with 2 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) increases by 4 eV
 * +b) increases by 2 eV
 * -c) decreases by 4 eV
 * -d) stays the same
 * -e) decreases by 2 eV

2) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) circular
 * -b) linear or elliptical
 * -c) circular or elliptical
 * +d) linearly
 * -e) circular or linear

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 4mW
 * -b) 3mW
 * +c) 6mW
 * -d) 9mW
 * -e) 8mW

4) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) linear or elliptical
 * -b) circular
 * -c) linearly
 * -d) circular or linear
 * +e) circular or elliptical

5) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is the probability that it is either even or prime?
 * -a) 1/2
 * -b) 1/4
 * +c) 1
 * -d) 0
 * -e) 5/4
 * -f) 3/4

6) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 65&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 1
 * -b) 3/4
 * -c) 0
 * -d) 1/2
 * +e) 1/4

7) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * +a) perpendicular
 * -b) at 45 degrees
 * -c) parallel
 * -d) all of these are possible

8) If you play the solitaire game 6 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * +a) 2
 * -b) 5
 * -c) 6
 * -d) 4
 * -e) 3

9) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 70&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 1/2
 * -b) 1
 * -c) 0
 * -d) 3/4
 * +e) 1/4

10) If the wavelength &lambda; associated with a photon doubles, the photon's frequency f
 * -a) becomes twice as big
 * -b) becomes 4 times as big
 * +c) is cut in half
 * -d) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * -e) stays the same

11) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * -a) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * -b) $$1$$
 * +c) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

12) In the Phet lab for photoelectric effect, how was the electron's kinetic energy measured?
 * -a) deflecting the electron with a magnetic field
 * +b) stopping the electron with an applied voltage
 * -c) measuring spin
 * -d) measuring both spin and polarization
 * -e) measuring polarization

Key: T2
1) In the Phet lab for photoelectric effect, how was the electron's kinetic energy measured?
 * -a) measuring spin
 * -b) deflecting the electron with a magnetic field
 * -c) measuring both spin and polarization
 * -d) measuring polarization
 * +e) stopping the electron with an applied voltage

2) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is the probability that it is either even or prime?
 * +a) 1
 * -b) 1/4
 * -c) 0
 * -d) 1/2
 * -e) 5/4
 * -f) 3/4

3) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) circular or elliptical
 * +b) linearly
 * -c) circular
 * -d) linear or elliptical
 * -e) circular or linear

4) If an atom absorbs a photon with 2 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) decreases by 2 eV
 * -b) stays the same
 * +c) increases by 2 eV
 * -d) increases by 4 eV
 * -e) decreases by 4 eV

5) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 65&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * +a) 1/4
 * -b) 3/4
 * -c) 1
 * -d) 0
 * -e) 1/2

6) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 70&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 3/4
 * -b) 1
 * -c) 1/2
 * +d) 1/4
 * -e) 0

7) If you play the solitaire game 6 times, you will on average lose ___ times.
 * -a) 5
 * -b) 6
 * -c) 4
 * +d) 2
 * -e) 3

8) If the wavelength &lambda; associated with a photon doubles, the photon's frequency f
 * -a) becomes 4 times as big
 * -b) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * -c) becomes twice as big
 * -d) stays the same
 * +e) is cut in half

9) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * +a) 6mW
 * -b) 9mW
 * -c) 4mW
 * -d) 3mW
 * -e) 8mW

10) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) circular or linear
 * -b) linear or elliptical
 * +c) circular or elliptical
 * -d) circular
 * -e) linearly

11) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * -a) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -c) $$1$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * +e) $$\sqrt 2$$

12) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * +a) perpendicular
 * -b) at 45 degrees
 * -c) all of these are possible
 * -d) parallel

Key: U0
1) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following wins?
 * -a) K and K&clubs;
 * +b) two of these are true
 * -c) none of these are true
 * -d) K and K&spades;
 * -e) K&spades; and K&clubs;

2) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the shorter side?
 * -a) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -c) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * +d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 3 4$$

3) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * +a) linearly
 * -b) linear or elliptical
 * -c) circular or linear
 * -d) circular
 * -e) circular or elliptical

4) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * -a) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * +d) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 3 4$$

5) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * +a) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -d) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * -e) $$1$$

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * +a) 3mW
 * -b) 9mW
 * -c) 8mW
 * -d) 4mW
 * -e) 6mW

7) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * +a) The hotter object has a greater energy density.
 * -b) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * -c) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * -d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

8) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 65&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 0
 * -b) 1
 * +c) 1/4
 * -d) 3/4
 * -e) 1/2

9) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 40&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 1/2
 * -b) 1/4
 * -c) 1
 * +d) 3/4
 * -e) 0

10) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 1
 * +b) 1/2
 * -c) 1/4
 * -d) 0
 * -e) 3/4

11) If an atom absorbs a photon with 4 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) stays the same
 * -b) increases by 2 eV
 * -c) increases by 4 eV
 * +d) decreases by 4 eV
 * -e) decreases by 2 eV

12) Calculate the quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * -a) 0
 * +b) +1/5
 * -c) &minus;2/5
 * -d) +2/5
 * -e) &minus;1/5
 * -f) +1

Key: U1
1) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * -a) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * -b) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * -c) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * +d) The hotter object has a greater energy density.

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * -a) 8mW
 * -b) 6mW
 * -c) 4mW
 * +d) 3mW
 * -e) 9mW

3) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the shorter side?
 * -a) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * +b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

4) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following wins?
 * -a) none of these are true
 * -b) K and K&clubs;
 * -c) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * +d) two of these are true
 * -e) K and K&spades;

5) Calculate the quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * -a) 0
 * +b) +1/5
 * -c) +1
 * -d) &minus;2/5
 * -e) +2/5
 * -f) &minus;1/5

6) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -c) $$2\sqrt 2$$
 * +d) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * -e) $$1$$

7) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) circular or elliptical
 * +b) linearly
 * -c) circular
 * -d) linear or elliptical
 * -e) circular or linear

8) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 40&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 1/4
 * -b) 0
 * -c) 1
 * +d) 3/4
 * -e) 1/2

9) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 65&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 3/4
 * -b) 1/2
 * -c) 0
 * -d) 1
 * +e) 1/4

10) If an atom absorbs a photon with 4 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) decreases by 2 eV
 * -b) increases by 2 eV
 * +c) decreases by 4 eV
 * -d) stays the same
 * -e) increases by 4 eV

11) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -c) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * +d) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

12) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 0
 * -b) 3/4
 * -c) 1/4
 * -d) 1
 * +e) 1/2

Key: U2
1) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * -a) 8mW
 * -b) 6mW
 * -c) 4mW
 * -d) 9mW
 * +e) 3mW

2) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following wins?
 * -a) K and K&clubs;
 * -b) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * -c) none of these are true
 * +d) two of these are true
 * -e) K and K&spades;

3) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the shorter side?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * +c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -d) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

4) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 40&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 0
 * -b) 1/4
 * +c) 3/4
 * -d) 1/2
 * -e) 1

5) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 65&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * +a) 1/4
 * -b) 1/2
 * -c) 1
 * -d) 3/4
 * -e) 0

6) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 0
 * -b) 1
 * +c) 1/2
 * -d) 3/4
 * -e) 1/4

7) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy density (energy per unit volume)?
 * -a) The larger object has a greater energy density.
 * +b) The hotter object has a greater energy density.
 * -c) They have the same energy density (since the holes are identical).
 * -d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

8) If an atom absorbs a photon with 4 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) increases by 4 eV
 * -b) decreases by 2 eV
 * -c) increases by 2 eV
 * -d) stays the same
 * +e) decreases by 4 eV

9) Calculate the quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * -a) +1
 * +b) +1/5
 * -c) &minus;2/5
 * -d) +2/5
 * -e) 0
 * -f) &minus;1/5

10) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -b) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * +e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

11) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction parallel to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) circular or linear
 * -b) circular or elliptical
 * -c) circular
 * +d) linearly
 * -e) linear or elliptical

12) If the hypotenuse of a 45&deg;-45&deg; right triangle has a length of $$\sqrt 2$$ what is the length of each side?
 * +a) $$\sqrt 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -d) $$1$$
 * -e) $$2\sqrt 2$$

Key: V0
1) Your solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;, you would__
 * -a) be disqualified for cheating
 * -b) lose 1 point
 * -c) lose 3 points
 * +d) win 1 point
 * -e) win 3 points

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * +a) 1/8
 * -b) 1/16
 * -c) 3/32
 * -d) 3/16
 * -e) 1/32

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * +a) 3mW
 * -b) 9mW
 * -c) 4mW
 * -d) 6mW
 * -e) 8mW

4) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * -a) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2
 * +b) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * -c) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * -d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8

5) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * -a) both can be created
 * +b) electromagnetic or pendulum
 * -c) electromagnetic
 * -d) pendulum

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 3mW
 * -b) 4mW
 * -c) 9mW
 * +d) 6mW
 * -e) 8mW

7) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 50&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 3/4
 * +b) 1/2
 * -c) 1
 * -d) 1/4
 * -e) 0

8) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * +a) decreases by 4 eV
 * -b) stays the same
 * -c) increases by 4 eV
 * -d) decreases by 2 eV
 * -e) increases by 2 eV

9) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's energy E
 * -a) becomes twice as big
 * -b) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * -c) is cut in half
 * +d) becomes 4 times as big
 * -e) stays the same

10) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 40&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 1
 * +b) 3/4
 * -c) 1/2
 * -d) 0
 * -e) 1/4

11) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's wavelength &lambda;
 * -a) is cut in half
 * -b) stays the same
 * -c) becomes twice as big
 * +d) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * -e) becomes 4 times as big

12) Calculate the measured quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * +a) &minus;1/5
 * -b) +1/5
 * -c) +2/5
 * -d) +1
 * -e) &minus;2/5
 * -f) 0

Key: V1
1) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's wavelength &lambda;
 * -a) becomes 4 times as big
 * -b) becomes twice as big
 * -c) is cut in half
 * -d) stays the same
 * +e) is reduced by a factor of 4

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * -a) 8mW
 * -b) 6mW
 * +c) 3mW
 * -d) 9mW
 * -e) 4mW

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * -a) 1/16
 * -b) 3/16
 * +c) 1/8
 * -d) 3/32
 * -e) 1/32

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 4mW
 * +b) 6mW
 * -c) 3mW
 * -d) 8mW
 * -e) 9mW

5) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * -a) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2
 * -b) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * -c) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8
 * +d) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations

6) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's energy E
 * -a) is cut in half
 * -b) becomes twice as big
 * -c) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * +d) becomes 4 times as big
 * -e) stays the same

7) Calculate the measured quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * +a) &minus;1/5
 * -b) 0
 * -c) +1
 * -d) &minus;2/5
 * -e) +2/5
 * -f) +1/5

8) Your solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;, you would__
 * -a) win 3 points
 * +b) win 1 point
 * -c) be disqualified for cheating
 * -d) lose 1 point
 * -e) lose 3 points

9) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) increases by 4 eV
 * +b) decreases by 4 eV
 * -c) increases by 2 eV
 * -d) stays the same
 * -e) decreases by 2 eV

10) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * -a) electromagnetic
 * +b) electromagnetic or pendulum
 * -c) both can be created
 * -d) pendulum

11) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 40&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 1/4
 * -b) 0
 * +c) 3/4
 * -d) 1
 * -e) 1/2

12) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 50&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 3/4
 * -b) 0
 * -c) 1/4
 * +d) 1/2
 * -e) 1

Key: V2
1) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 8mW
 * -b) 3mW
 * -c) 9mW
 * -d) 4mW
 * +e) 6mW

2) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 40&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 1
 * -b) 0
 * +c) 3/4
 * -d) 1/4
 * -e) 1/2

3) Your solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;, you would__
 * -a) lose 3 points
 * +b) win 1 point
 * -c) win 3 points
 * -d) be disqualified for cheating
 * -e) lose 1 point

4) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 50&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 3/4
 * -b) 1
 * -c) 0
 * -d) 1/4
 * +e) 1/2

5) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's energy E
 * -a) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * -b) becomes twice as big
 * -c) is cut in half
 * +d) becomes 4 times as big
 * -e) stays the same

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * +a) 3mW
 * -b) 8mW
 * -c) 4mW
 * -d) 9mW
 * -e) 6mW

7) Calculate the measured quantum correlation: C(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * -a) 0
 * -b) +1
 * -c) +2/5
 * -d) +1/5
 * +e) &minus;1/5
 * -f) &minus;2/5

8) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's wavelength &lambda;
 * -a) stays the same
 * -b) becomes twice as big
 * +c) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * -d) becomes 4 times as big
 * -e) is cut in half

9) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * -a) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2
 * -b) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8
 * -c) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * +d) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations

10) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * -a) 3/32
 * -b) 3/16
 * -c) 1/16
 * +d) 1/8
 * -e) 1/32

11) If an atom emits two photons in a cascade emission and both photons have 2 eV of energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) increases by 4 eV
 * +b) decreases by 4 eV
 * -c) increases by 2 eV
 * -d) decreases by 2 eV
 * -e) stays the same

12) A mathematically pure (strictly monochromatic) __________ wave (oscillation) that is unpolarized cannot be created
 * +a) electromagnetic or pendulum
 * -b) pendulum
 * -c) both can be created
 * -d) electromagnetic

Key: W0
1) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following loses?
 * -a) K and K&spades;
 * -b) two of these are true
 * -c) none of these are true
 * +d) K and K&clubs;
 * -e) K&spades; and K&clubs;

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * +d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

3) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * -a) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8
 * -b) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * +c) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * -d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2

4) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the shorter side?
 * -a) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -d) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * +e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * -a) 8mW
 * -b) 9mW
 * -c) 6mW
 * +d) 3mW
 * -e) 4mW

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power passes the filter?
 * -a) 4mW
 * -b) 3mW
 * +c) 9mW
 * -d) 6mW
 * -e) 8mW

7) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 1/4
 * -b) 1
 * +c) 1/2
 * -d) 0
 * -e) 3/4

8) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object emits more photons per second (above a given threshold energy)?
 * -a) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * +b) The object with the greater temperature emits more.
 * -c) They both emit the same number of photons (since the holes are identical).
 * -d) The object with the greater volume.

9) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 50&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 3/4
 * -b) 1/4
 * -c) 1
 * -d) 0
 * +e) 1/2

10) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 1/4
 * -b) 3/4
 * -c) 0
 * -d) 1/2
 * +e) 1

11) If an atom absorbs a photon with 2 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) decreases by 4 eV
 * -b) decreases by 2 eV
 * -c) stays the same
 * +d) increases by 2 eV
 * -e) increases by 4 eV

12) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is the probability that it is either even or prime?
 * +a) 1
 * -b) 5/4
 * -c) 1/4
 * -d) 1/2
 * -e) 0
 * -f) 3/4

Key: W1
1) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the shorter side?
 * +a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -b) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

2) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * -a) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8
 * +b) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * -c) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8
 * -d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2

3) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object emits more photons per second (above a given threshold energy)?
 * +a) The object with the greater temperature emits more.
 * -b) The object with the greater volume.
 * -c) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * -d) They both emit the same number of photons (since the holes are identical).

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power passes the filter?
 * -a) 3mW
 * +b) 9mW
 * -c) 6mW
 * -d) 4mW
 * -e) 8mW

5) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 1
 * -b) 3/4
 * +c) 1/2
 * -d) 1/4
 * -e) 0

6) If an atom absorbs a photon with 2 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) increases by 4 eV
 * -b) stays the same
 * +c) increases by 2 eV
 * -d) decreases by 2 eV
 * -e) decreases by 4 eV

7) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is the probability that it is either even or prime?
 * +a) 1
 * -b) 3/4
 * -c) 1/4
 * -d) 1/2
 * -e) 0
 * -f) 5/4

8) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following loses?
 * -a) two of these are true
 * +b) K and K&clubs;
 * -c) none of these are true
 * -d) K and K&spades;
 * -e) K&spades; and K&clubs;

9) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * +a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

10) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * +a) 1
 * -b) 1/4
 * -c) 3/4
 * -d) 1/2
 * -e) 0

11) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 50&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 3/4
 * +b) 1/2
 * -c) 1
 * -d) 0
 * -e) 1/4

12) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * +a) 3mW
 * -b) 6mW
 * -c) 9mW
 * -d) 4mW
 * -e) 8mW

Key: W2
1) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object emits more photons per second (above a given threshold energy)?
 * -a) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * +b) The object with the greater temperature emits more.
 * -c) The object with the greater volume.
 * -d) They both emit the same number of photons (since the holes are identical).

2) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * +a) 1
 * -b) 3/4
 * -c) 1/2
 * -d) 1/4
 * -e) 0

3) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the shorter side?
 * -a) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * +e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

4) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is the probability that it is either even or prime?
 * -a) 0
 * -b) 1/4
 * +c) 1
 * -d) 5/4
 * -e) 1/2
 * -f) 3/4

5) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 50&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * +a) 1/2
 * -b) 1
 * -c) 3/4
 * -d) 1/4
 * -e) 0

6) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * +a) 1/2
 * -b) 1/4
 * -c) 1
 * -d) 0
 * -e) 3/4

7) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power passes the filter?
 * -a) 3mW
 * -b) 8mW
 * -c) 4mW
 * -d) 6mW
 * +e) 9mW

8) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * +a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 4$$

9) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * -a) 4mW
 * -b) 6mW
 * -c) 9mW
 * +d) 3mW
 * -e) 8mW

10) If an atom absorbs a photon with 2 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) decreases by 2 eV
 * -b) stays the same
 * -c) increases by 4 eV
 * +d) increases by 2 eV
 * -e) decreases by 4 eV

11) You solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;.  Which of the following loses?
 * -a) K&spades; and K&clubs;
 * -b) none of these are true
 * +c) K and K&clubs;
 * -d) K and K&spades;
 * -e) two of these are true

12) To create an unpolarized pendulum oscillation
 * +a) start with a linear, circular, or elliptical wave and slowly evolve to different polarizations
 * -b) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;>0.2
 * -c) create an elliptically polarized wave with an &epsilon;<0.8
 * -d) create an elliptically polarized wave with an 0.2<&epsilon;<0.8

Key: X0
1) Your solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;, you would__
 * -a) lose 3 points
 * -b) lose 1 point
 * -c) be disqualified for cheating
 * -d) win 3 points
 * +e) win 1 point

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * +a) 1/8
 * -b) 1/32
 * -c) 3/16
 * -d) 3/32
 * -e) 1/16

3) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) linearly
 * +b) circular or elliptical
 * -c) circular or linear
 * -d) linear or elliptical
 * -e) circular

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * +b) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 4$$

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters. The second is oriented 30&deg; from the first, and the third is rotated by an additional 60&deg;, making it at right angles from the first filter.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * -a) 1/8
 * -b) 1/16
 * -c) 3/16
 * -d) 1/32
 * +e) 3/32

6) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * -a) all of these are possible
 * -b) at 45 degrees
 * +c) perpendicular
 * -d) parallel

7) If an atom absorbs a photon with 2 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) stays the same
 * +b) increases by 2 eV
 * -c) increases by 4 eV
 * -d) decreases by 4 eV
 * -e) decreases by 2 eV

8) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 1/2
 * -b) 1
 * +c) 0
 * -d) 1/4
 * -e) 3/4

9) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's wavelength &lambda;
 * +a) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * -b) becomes twice as big
 * -c) becomes 4 times as big
 * -d) stays the same
 * -e) is cut in half

10) If the wavelength &lambda; associated with a photon doubles, the photon's frequency f
 * -a) stays the same
 * -b) becomes 4 times as big
 * +c) is cut in half
 * -d) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * -e) becomes twice as big

11) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy?
 * -a) The hotter object has a greater energy.
 * -b) The larger object has a greater energy.
 * -c) They have the same energy (since the holes are identical).
 * +d) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).

12) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is the probability that it is either even or prime?
 * -a) 0
 * -b) 1/2
 * +c) 1
 * -d) 1/4
 * -e) 3/4
 * -f) 5/4

Key: X1
1) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * -a) 1/32
 * +b) 1/8
 * -c) 3/16
 * -d) 3/32
 * -e) 1/16

2) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 1/2
 * +b) 0
 * -c) 1
 * -d) 1/4
 * -e) 3/4

3) If the wavelength &lambda; associated with a photon doubles, the photon's frequency f
 * +a) is cut in half
 * -b) stays the same
 * -c) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * -d) becomes twice as big
 * -e) becomes 4 times as big

4) Your solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;, you would__
 * -a) be disqualified for cheating
 * +b) win 1 point
 * -c) lose 3 points
 * -d) win 3 points
 * -e) lose 1 point

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * +b) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

6) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy?
 * -a) The hotter object has a greater energy.
 * -b) They have the same energy (since the holes are identical).
 * +c) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * -d) The larger object has a greater energy.

7) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * -a) parallel
 * -b) at 45 degrees
 * +c) perpendicular
 * -d) all of these are possible

8) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is the probability that it is either even or prime?
 * -a) 3/4
 * -b) 1/4
 * +c) 1
 * -d) 1/2
 * -e) 5/4
 * -f) 0

9) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) circular or linear
 * -b) circular
 * +c) circular or elliptical
 * -d) linear or elliptical
 * -e) linearly

10) If an atom absorbs a photon with 2 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) stays the same
 * +b) increases by 2 eV
 * -c) decreases by 4 eV
 * -d) decreases by 2 eV
 * -e) increases by 4 eV

11) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's wavelength &lambda;
 * -a) is cut in half
 * -b) becomes twice as big
 * -c) becomes 4 times as big
 * +d) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * -e) stays the same

12) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters. The second is oriented 30&deg; from the first, and the third is rotated by an additional 60&deg;, making it at right angles from the first filter.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * -a) 3/16
 * +b) 3/32
 * -c) 1/32
 * -d) 1/8
 * -e) 1/16

Key: X2
1) If an atom absorbs a photon with 2 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) decreases by 4 eV
 * -b) decreases by 2 eV
 * -c) increases by 4 eV
 * -d) stays the same
 * +e) increases by 2 eV

2) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 1/2
 * -b) 3/4
 * -c) 1
 * +d) 0
 * -e) 1/4

3) The light is linearly polarized, the electric field is oriented ________to the direction of motion
 * -a) at 45 degrees
 * +b) perpendicular
 * -c) parallel
 * -d) all of these are possible

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters. The second is oriented 30&deg; from the first, and the third is rotated by an additional 60&deg;, making it at right angles from the first filter.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * -a) 3/16
 * -b) 1/32
 * -c) 1/8
 * +d) 3/32
 * -e) 1/16

5) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's wavelength &lambda;
 * -a) becomes twice as big
 * -b) becomes 4 times as big
 * -c) is cut in half
 * -d) stays the same
 * +e) is reduced by a factor of 4

6) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) circular
 * -b) linearly
 * -c) linear or elliptical
 * -d) circular or linear
 * +e) circular or elliptical

7) If the wavelength &lambda; associated with a photon doubles, the photon's frequency f
 * -a) becomes 4 times as big
 * -b) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * -c) stays the same
 * +d) is cut in half
 * -e) becomes twice as big

8) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. Unpolarized light impinges on three linear filters, each oriented 45&deg; to the  previous, as shown.  What fraction of the power incident on the first filter emerges from the last?
 * -a) 3/16
 * -b) 3/32
 * -c) 1/32
 * +d) 1/8
 * -e) 1/16

9) Two black bodies of are created by cutting identical small holes in two large containers. The holes are oriented so that all the photons leaving one will enter the other.  The objects have different temperature and different volume. Which object has the greater electromagnetic ("photon") energy?
 * -a) The larger object has a greater energy.
 * +b) No unique answer exists because two variables are involved (temperature and volume).
 * -c) The hotter object has a greater energy.
 * -d) They have the same energy (since the holes are identical).

10) Your solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;, you would__
 * -a) lose 3 points
 * -b) be disqualified for cheating
 * -c) lose 1 point
 * +d) win 1 point
 * -e) win 3 points

11) If a number is randomly selected from the set {2,3,4,5}, what is the probability that it is either even or prime?
 * -a) 1/4
 * -b) 0
 * +c) 1
 * -d) 1/2
 * -e) 3/4
 * -f) 5/4

12) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * +e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

Key: Y0
1) Your solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;, you would__
 * -a) be disqualified for cheating
 * -b) win 3 points
 * -c) lose 1 point
 * +d) win 1 point
 * -e) lose 3 points

2) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 4mW
 * -b) 6mW
 * +c) 3mW
 * -d) 9mW
 * -e) 8mW

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * +d) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * -a) 3mW
 * -b) 6mW
 * +c) 9mW
 * -d) 4mW
 * -e) 8mW

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * -a) 8mW
 * -b) 6mW
 * -c) 4mW
 * +d) 3mW
 * -e) 9mW

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * +a) 6mW
 * -b) 9mW
 * -c) 4mW
 * -d) 3mW
 * -e) 8mW

7) This figure is associated with
 * -a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * +b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -c) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -e) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.

8) If the wavelength &lambda; associated with a photon is cut in half, the photon's energy E
 * -a) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * -b) is cut in half
 * -c) becomes 4 times as big
 * +d) becomes twice as big
 * -e) stays the same

9) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 0
 * +b) 1/2
 * -c) 1/4
 * -d) 3/4
 * -e) 1

10) This figure is associated with
 * +a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * -b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -c) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -e) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)

11) If an atom absorbs a photon with 2 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) stays the same
 * -b) decreases by 4 eV
 * +c) increases by 2 eV
 * -d) increases by 4 eV
 * -e) decreases by 2 eV

12) Calculate the measured probability: P(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * -a) 2/4=1/2
 * +b) 2/5
 * -c) 3/5
 * -d) 3/4
 * -e) 5/6

Key: Y1
1) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 9mW
 * -b) 6mW
 * -c) 4mW
 * +d) 3mW
 * -e) 8mW

2) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -c) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * +e) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf

3) This figure is associated with
 * -a) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -b) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -c) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -d) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * +e) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)

4) If an atom absorbs a photon with 2 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) increases by 4 eV
 * -b) decreases by 2 eV
 * -c) decreases by 4 eV
 * -d) stays the same
 * +e) increases by 2 eV

5) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 1/4
 * -b) 1
 * -c) 0
 * -d) 3/4
 * +e) 1/2

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * +e) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$

7) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * -a) 3mW
 * -b) 6mW
 * +c) 9mW
 * -d) 4mW
 * -e) 8mW

8) If the wavelength &lambda; associated with a photon is cut in half, the photon's energy E
 * -a) becomes 4 times as big
 * -b) stays the same
 * -c) is cut in half
 * -d) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * +e) becomes twice as big

9) Calculate the measured probability: P(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * -a) 2/4=1/2
 * -b) 3/5
 * +c) 2/5
 * -d) 3/4
 * -e) 5/6

10) Your solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;, you would__
 * -a) lose 1 point
 * -b) lose 3 points
 * -c) be disqualified for cheating
 * +d) win 1 point
 * -e) win 3 points

11) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 4mW
 * -b) 8mW
 * -c) 3mW
 * -d) 9mW
 * +e) 6mW

12) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * -a) 4mW
 * -b) 6mW
 * +c) 3mW
 * -d) 8mW
 * -e) 9mW

Key: Y2
1) If the wavelength &lambda; associated with a photon is cut in half, the photon's energy E
 * +a) becomes twice as big
 * -b) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * -c) becomes 4 times as big
 * -d) is cut in half
 * -e) stays the same

2) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 55&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 1/4
 * +b) 1/2
 * -c) 1
 * -d) 0
 * -e) 3/4

3) Your solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 5&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;, you would__
 * +a) win 1 point
 * -b) lose 1 point
 * -c) win 3 points
 * -d) be disqualified for cheating
 * -e) lose 3 points

4) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * -a) 4mW
 * -b) 9mW
 * +c) 3mW
 * -d) 6mW
 * -e) 8mW

5) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -b) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -c) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * -d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * +e) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * +a) 6mW
 * -b) 9mW
 * -c) 8mW
 * -d) 4mW
 * -e) 3mW

7) Calculate the measured probability: P(&spades;,) = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * -a) 2/4=1/2
 * -b) 3/4
 * +c) 2/5
 * -d) 5/6
 * -e) 3/5

8) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is blocked by the filter?
 * -a) 3mW
 * +b) 9mW
 * -c) 4mW
 * -d) 8mW
 * -e) 6mW

9) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 60&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 8mW
 * -b) 4mW
 * -c) 9mW
 * -d) 6mW
 * +e) 3mW

10) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 30&deg; to that field?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * +c) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

11) This figure is associated with
 * +a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf
 * -b) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -c) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -e) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.

12) If an atom absorbs a photon with 2 eV energy, the atom's energy
 * -a) decreases by 4 eV
 * -b) decreases by 2 eV
 * -c) stays the same
 * -d) increases by 4 eV
 * +e) increases by 2 eV

Key: Z0
1) Your solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 4&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;, you would__
 * +a) lose 3 points
 * -b) be disqualified for cheating
 * -c) win 1 point
 * -d) lose 1 point
 * -e) win 3 points

2) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * +a) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -e) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * +d) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 3 4$$

4) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) linearly
 * -b) circular or linear
 * -c) circular
 * -d) linear or elliptical
 * +e) circular or elliptical

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power passes the filter?
 * -a) 4mW
 * +b) 9mW
 * -c) 3mW
 * -d) 6mW
 * -e) 8mW

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 4mW
 * -b) 8mW
 * -c) 9mW
 * -d) 3mW
 * +e) 6mW

7) This figure is associated with
 * -a) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * +b) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -c) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -d) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -e) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)

8) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 35&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 0
 * -b) 1
 * -c) 1/4
 * +d) 3/4
 * -e) 1/2

9) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 3/4
 * -b) 1
 * +c) 0
 * -d) 1/2
 * -e) 1/4

10) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's wavelength &lambda;
 * -a) becomes twice as big
 * -b) stays the same
 * -c) is cut in half
 * +d) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * -e) becomes 4 times as big

11) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 65&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 1/2
 * -b) 0
 * -c) 3/4
 * +d) 1/4
 * -e) 1

12) Calculate the probability P(&spades;,)+P(&spades;,)+P = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * +a) 7/5
 * -b) 5/4
 * -c) 4/5
 * -d) 5/6
 * -e) 6/5

Key: Z1
1) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 65&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 1
 * -b) 1/2
 * +c) 1/4
 * -d) 3/4
 * -e) 0

2) This figure is associated with
 * -a) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * -b) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * +c) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)
 * -d) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -e) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.

3) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's wavelength &lambda;
 * -a) becomes twice as big
 * -b) is cut in half
 * +c) is reduced by a factor of 4
 * -d) stays the same
 * -e) becomes 4 times as big

4) Calculate the probability P(&spades;,)+P(&spades;,)+P = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * -a) 6/5
 * +b) 7/5
 * -c) 4/5
 * -d) 5/6
 * -e) 5/4

5) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power passes the filter?
 * +a) 9mW
 * -b) 3mW
 * -c) 6mW
 * -d) 8mW
 * -e) 4mW

6) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 8mW
 * -b) 4mW
 * +c) 6mW
 * -d) 3mW
 * -e) 9mW

7) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 1/4
 * -b) 1
 * -c) 1/2
 * +d) 0
 * -e) 3/4

8) Your solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 4&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;, you would__
 * +a) lose 3 points
 * -b) win 3 points
 * -c) win 1 point
 * -d) lose 1 point
 * -e) be disqualified for cheating

9) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) linear or elliptical
 * -b) linearly
 * -c) circular or linear
 * +d) circular or elliptical
 * -e) circular

10) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -b) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * +d) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 3 4$$

11) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 35&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 1/4
 * -b) 0
 * -c) 1/2
 * +d) 3/4
 * -e) 1

12) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * -a) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * +e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

Key: Z2
1) This figure is associated with
 * -a) A system similar to the one that led to the 1901 proposal that light energy is quantized as integral multiples of hf (except that Plank assumed that the walls were conductive.)
 * -b) Evidence presented in 1800 that light is a wave.
 * -c) Diffraction observed in light so faint that photons seemed to have no mechanism to interact with each other (observed in 1909)
 * -d) The transfer of energy and momentum of a high energy photon of a nearly free electron.
 * +e) Photons striking metal and ejecting electrons (photo-electric effect explained in 1905)

2) If the hypotenuse of a 60&deg;-30&deg; right triangle has a length of 1 what is the length of the longer side?
 * -a) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$
 * +b) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -c) $$ \tfrac 1 4$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 2$$

3) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.  By what factor does a filter reduce the electric field if it is oriented 60&deg; to that field?
 * +a) $$\tfrac 1 2$$
 * -b) $$\tfrac 3 4$$
 * -c) $$\tfrac \sqrt 3 2$$
 * -d) $$\tfrac 1 4$$
 * -e) $$\tfrac 1 \sqrt 2$$

4) Hold a pendulum a moderate distance from equilibrium and release it by tossing it in a direction perpendicular to the displacement of the mass from equilibrium. The resulting polarization will be ____ (pick the best answer)
 * -a) circular
 * -b) linear or elliptical
 * -c) linearly
 * +d) circular or elliptical
 * -e) circular or linear

5) Your solitaire deck uses &spades; &clubs; and your answer cards are 4 and 5. You select 4&spades;, 4&clubs;, and 5.  If the questions were Q&spades; and Q&clubs;, you would__
 * -a) lose 1 point
 * -b) win 3 points
 * +c) lose 3 points
 * -d) be disqualified for cheating
 * -e) win 1 point

6) Calculate the probability P(&spades;,)+P(&spades;,)+P = ? Assume the dots represent five observations.
 * -a) 5/6
 * +b) 7/5
 * -c) 6/5
 * -d) 5/4
 * -e) 4/5

7) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 65&deg;. What is the probability that it is blocked?
 * -a) 1
 * -b) 1/2
 * -c) 3/4
 * +d) 1/4
 * -e) 0

8) A photon is polarized at 5&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 35&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 1/4
 * -b) 1/2
 * -c) 0
 * +d) 3/4
 * -e) 1

9) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field.A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 45&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power is passed by the filter?
 * -a) 9mW
 * -b) 8mW
 * +c) 6mW
 * -d) 3mW
 * -e) 4mW

10) A photon is polarized at 10&deg; when it encounters a filter oriented at 100&deg;. What is the probability that it passes?
 * -a) 3/4
 * -b) 1/4
 * -c) 1/2
 * +d) 0
 * -e) 1

11) A linear polarizer selects a component of the electric field. Also, the energy density of light is proportional to the square of the electric field. A 12 mW laser strikes a polarizing filter oriented 30&deg; to the incoming axis of polarization.  How much power passes the filter?
 * -a) 8mW
 * -b) 6mW
 * +c) 9mW
 * -d) 4mW
 * -e) 3mW

12) If the frequency f associated with a photon increases by a factor of 4, the photon's wavelength &lambda;
 * -a) is cut in half
 * -b) becomes twice as big
 * -c) becomes 4 times as big
 * -d) stays the same
 * +e) is reduced by a factor of 4