Stars/Sun/Neutrinos/Lecture/Quiz

Solar neutrinos is a lecture from the radiation astronomy department on the neutrinos originating from the solar octant.

You are free to take this quiz based on solar neutrinos at any time.

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Quiz
{True or False, A dominant group associated with neutrino astronomy differs from a control group in that it rules the treatment of the control group. + TRUE - FALSE
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{Which of the following is not characteristic of a neutrino? - neutrinos are affected by the weak nuclear force + produced by a positron annihilating an electron - a decay product of a neutron - produced by the near surface fusion on the Sun - may have a mass - comes in mutable varieties
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{True or False, A control group may be used in neutrino astronomy to demonstrate no effect or a standard effect versus a novel effort applied to a treatment group. + TRUE - FALSE
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{Evidence that demonstrates that a model or idea in neutrino astronomy versus a control group is feasible is called a { proof of concept (i) }.
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{True or False, The disparity between the atomic number of an atom and its atomic mass is explained by the existence of the neutrino. - TRUE + FALSE
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{Complete the text: A short or { incomplete (i) } realization of a certain { method (i) } or idea to { demonstrate (i) } a treament's feasibility in neutrino astronomy is called a proof of { concept (i) }.
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{True or False, Pure neutrino astronomy involves no doing apart from itself. + TRUE - FALSE
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{Complete the text: A proof-of-concept structure, including a control group, consists of { background (i) }, procedures, findings, and { interpretation (i) }.
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{True or False, The purpose of a treatment group in neutrino astronomy is to describe natural processes or phenomena for the first time relative to a control group. + TRUE - FALSE
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{Which of the following are theoretical radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the Sun? + a core which emits neutrinos - a solar wind which emanates out the polar coronal holes + gravity + the barycenter for the solar system - polar coronal holes - coronal clouds + its position
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{True or False, Neutrinos emanate from a neutron star because an atomic nucleus the size hypothesized for a neutron star is unstable and the neutrons decompose giving off neutrinos. - TRUE + FALSE
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{Which of the following is not in the history of neutrino astronomy? - Enrico Fermi coined the term "neutrino" + Wolfgang Pauli postulated the muon neutrino - in the Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment, antineutrinos are created - a hydrogen bubble chamber was used to detect neutrinos - Niels Bohr was opposed to the neutrino interpretation of beta decay - a neutrino hitting a proton is detectable
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{True or False, Terrestrial gamma-ray flashes pose a challenge to current theories of lightning, especially with the discovery of the clear signatures of neutrinos produced in lightning. - TRUE + FALSE
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{Sputnik I was involved in which of the following astronomies? - red astronomy - stellar astronomy - neutrino astronomy + radio astronomy - neutron astronomy - X-ray astronomy
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{True or False, The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory is a 12-meter sphere filled with heavy water surrounded by light detectors located 2 km above the ground in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. - TRUE + FALSE
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{Cheomseongdae was involved in which of the following astronomies? - cosmic-ray astronomy - infrared astronomy - neutrino astronomy + visual astronomy - ultraviolet astronomy - radio astronomy
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{Yes or No, The ANITA experiment is designed to study ultra-high-energy cosmic neutrinos using the Greenland ice sheet. - Yes + No
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{Which of the following are the differences between a star and an astronomical yellow source? + a star may emit predominantly green rays - an astronomical yellow source is spherical - a yellow star is an astronomical yellow source + a star with nuclear fusion in its chromosphere emits neutrinos, but a yellow source with no nuclear fusion ongoing does not + a yellow source may be cloud like + an astronomical yellow source may be a rocky object
 * type="[]"}

{Which of the following are theoretical radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the Earth? - a core which emits neutrinos - a charged particle wind which emanates out the polar ionosphere holes + gravity + near the barycenter for the Earth-Moon system + the swirls of tan, green, blue, and white are most likely sediment in the water - coronal clouds + chlorophyll-containing phytoplankton aloft in the upper atmosphere
 * type="[]"}

{Which of the following are theoretical radiation astronomy phenomena associated with a laboratory on Earth? + a core which emits neutrinos + a charged particle wind which emanates out of a beam line + gravity + near the barycenter for the Earth-Moon system + swirls of tan, green, blue, and white in the water + electric arcs - chlorophyll-containing phytoplankton aloft in the upper atmosphere
 * type="[]"}

{Complete the text: Some neutrinos originating from the Sun may be produced by the { particle accelerator-type (i) } reactions occurring in and above the { chromosphere (i) }. Differentiating these coronal cloud-induced neutrinos from the neutrino background and those theorized to be produced within the { core (i) } of the Sun may someday be possible with neutrino astronomy.
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{The MINOS experiment uses Fermilab's NuMI beam, which is an intense beam of neutrinos, that travels 455 miles (732 km) through the Earth to the? { Soudan Mine|Soudan mine (i) }
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{Which of the following are associated with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory? + under ice + the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station + Digital Optical Modules + the counting house is on the surface above the array - the baryon neutrino + the electron neutrino
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{ANTARES is the name of a neutrino detector designed to be used as a directional Neutrino Telescope residing under the { Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean (i) }
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{Complete the text: Match up the radiation letter with each of the detector possibilities below: Meteors - A Cosmic rays - B Neutrons - C Protons - D Electrons - E Positrons - F Neutrinos - G Muons - H Gamma rays - I X-rays - J Ultraviolet rays - K Optical rays - L Visual rays - M Violet rays - N Blue rays - O Cyan rays - P Green rays - Q Yellow rays - R Orange rays - S Red rays - T Infrared rays - U Submillimeter rays - V Radio rays - W Superluminal rays - X multialkali (Na-K-Sb-Cs) photocathode materials { L (i) }. F547M { Q (i) }. 511 keV gamma-ray peak { F (i) }. F675W { T (i) }. broad-band filter centered at 404 nm { N (i) }. a cloud chamber { B (i) }. ring-imaging Cherenkov { X (i) }. coherers { W (i) }. effective area is larger by 104 { H (i) }. F588N { R (i) }. pyroelectrics { U (i) }. a blemish about 8,000 km long { A (i) }. a metal-mesh achromatic half-wave plate { V (i) }. coated with lithium fluoride over aluminum { K (i) }. thallium bromide (TlBr) crystals { O (i) }. F606W { S (i) }. aluminum nitride { J (i) }. heavy water { G (i) }. 18 micrometers FWHM at 490 nm { P (i) }. wide-gap II-VI semiconductor ZnO doped with Co2+ (Zn1-xCoxO) { M (i) }. a recoiling nucleus { C (i) } high-purity germanium { I (i) }. magnetic deflection to separate out incoming ions { E (i) }. 2.2-kilogauss magnet used to sweep out electrons { D (i) }.
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{The name of a neutrino detector residing 2.5 km under the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Toulon, France, is? { ANTARES|Antares (i) }
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{The name of a neutrino detector under the ice at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica is? { IceCube (i) }
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{An argon-37 atom is converted by a neutrino by the charged current interaction from what atom? { chlorine-37|37Cl (i) }
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{A gallium detector design converts incoming neutrinos to what element? { germanium (i) }
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{Which of the following are characteristic of solar proton astronomy? + the solar wind + polar coronal holes + protons originating from the photosphere - the electron neutrino + GOES 11 - neutrons
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{Neutrinos detected from the solar octant may be from nucleosynthesis within the coronal cloud in the near vicinity of the Sun or perhaps from nucleosynthesis occurring within what theoretical interior structure of the Sun? { the core|core (i) }
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{Which of the following phenomena are associated with the core of the Sun? - origin of the magnetic field - the convection zone - the tachocline + solar neutrinos - radiative zone + gamma-rays
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{Which types of radiation astronomy directly observe the rocky-object surface of Venus? - meteor astronomy - cosmic-ray astronomy - neutron astronomy - proton astronomy - beta-ray astronomy - neutrino astronomy - gamma-ray astronomy - X-ray astronomy - ultraviolet astronomy - visual astronomy - infrared astronomy - submillimeter astronomy + radio astronomy + radar astronomy + microwave astronomy - superluminal astronomy
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{Which of the following are X-radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the Sun? - a core which emits neutrinos - a solar wind which emanates out the polar coronal holes - gravity - the barycenter for the solar system - polar coronal holes + coronal clouds - its position + temperatures at or above 1 MK
 * type="[]"}

{Which of the following are X-radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the Sun? - a chromosphere which emits neutrinos + coronal loops that are particle accelerator-like + synchrotron radiation - a photosphere - a polar diameter that exceeds ever so slightly the equatorial diameter at solar cycle minimum + a polar temperature inside two radii of 1 MK + hot active regions with temperatures hot enough to fuse hydrogen - sunspots at the feet of coronal loops
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{Which of the following are X-radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the Crab Nebula? - a core which emits neutrinos + low-energy X-rays detected by the Chandra X-ray Observatory - 26Al - undetectable with balloon-borne detectors + hard X-rays + steady enough emission to be used as a standard for X-ray emission - observed with X-rays in 1731 + Taurus X-1
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{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: Hydrogen - H, or D Helium - He Lithium - Li Beryllium - Be Boron - B Carbon - C Nitrogen - N Oxygen - O Fluorine - F Neon - Ne consumed in chromosphere fusion to produce lithium and neutrinos { Be (i) }. isotope fusion in the chromosphere producing neutrinos { He (i) } fusion in the chromosphere producing the most neutrinos { H|D (i) }. a factor of ~200 below meteorite abundance in the Sun's photosphere { Li (i) }. detected with X-rays on the Moon { O (i) }. an organic form detected in Allan Hills 84001 probably from Mars { C (i) }. detected marginally on Venus with Chandra { N (i) }. found in the X-ray spectra of comets { Ne (i) }. consumed to produce beryllium and neutrinos { B (i) }. a surface impurity on meteorites { F (i) }.
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{Which of the following are characteristic of the first true astrophysical gamma-ray source? + a strong 2.223 MeV emission line + a solar flare + the formation of deuterium - the electron neutrino + OSO-3 + neutrons
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{Which of the following are characteristic of solar green astronomy? + limb faculae + polar coronal holes + black body temperature of the photosphere - the electron neutrino + iron (Fe XIV) green line - neutrons
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Hypotheses

 * 1) Even with the limited directionality of the neutrino data, it should be possible to decide between the solar core and the solar corona as the most likely source of neutrinos from the solar octant.