Stars/Sun/X-ray sources/Quiz

Sun as an X-ray source is a lecture and an article about the X-ray astronomy of the Sun. It is part of the radiation astronomy department course on the X-ray astronomy.

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Quiz
{Which of the following is not a prominent feature associated with solar clouds? - coronal mass ejections - magnetic clouds + rotation - coronal clouds - plasma - magnetic field lines
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{True or False, Naked sunspots seen in Hα which are devoid of plage are never associated with coronal holes. - TRUE + FALSE
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{Which of the following are radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the Sun? + ultraviolet emission + X-ray emission + gamma-ray emission + neutron emission + 7Be emission - meteor emission
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{During the late 1600s the sunspot cycle lost its usual intensity and became what? { Maunder Minimum (i) }
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{Which of the following is not a characteristic of solar active regions? - lithium - nucleosynthesis - coronal clouds - spot central meridian passage + a surface coverage of at least 95%.
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{Complete the text: The photosphere of the Sun has an effective temperature of { 5570 K|5,570 K (i) } yet its corona has an average temperature of { 1-2 MK|1-2 x 106 K (i) }. The high temperature of the corona shows that it is heated by something other than direct { heat conduction (i) } from the photosphere.
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{Which of the following are X-radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the Sun? - a core which emits neutrinos - a solar wind which emanates out the polar coronal holes - gravity - the barycenter for the solar system - polar coronal holes + coronal clouds - its position + temperatures at or above 1 MK
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{The darker regions in X-rays at the North and South poles of the Sun are coronal holes, where the magnetic field lines are? { open (i) }
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{Which of the following are X-radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the Sun? - a chromosphere which emits neutrinos + coronal loops that are particle accelerator-like + synchrotron radiation - a photosphere - a polar diameter that exceeds ever so slightly the equatorial diameter at solar cycle minimum + a polar temperature inside two radii of 1 MK + hot active regions with temperatures hot enough to fuse hydrogen - sunspots at the feet of coronal loops
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{In general there is no proper motion at all in the plage or the surrounding? { plagettes (i) }
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{Which of the following are X-radiation astronomy phenomena associated with stellar surface fusion? + luminosities below ~3 x 1038 erg/s + a few SSS with luminosities ≥1039 erg/s + synchrotron radiation - a photosphere - a polar diameter that exceeds ever so slightly the equatorial diameter at solar cycle minimum + super soft X-rays + hot active regions with temperatures hot enough to fuse hydrogen - sunspots at the feet of coronal loops
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{Yes or No, "Some prominences break apart and give rise to coronal mass ejections." + Yes - No
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{Which of the following are theoretical X-ray astronomy phenomena associated with astrophysics? + a thermal plasma mechanism + idea of a close binary + synchrotron radiation + high-density wind extinction - a polar diameter that exceeds ever so slightly the equatorial diameter at solar cycle minimum - super soft X-rays - hot active regions with temperatures hot enough to fuse hydrogen - sunspots at the feet of coronal loops
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{Complete the text: "When a prominence is viewed from a different perspective so that it is against the { Sun|sun|star (i) } instead of against space, it appears { dark|darker (i) } than the surrounding { background (i) }.
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{Which of the following are X-ray astronomy phenomena associated with an entity? + a thermal plasma mechanism + a close binary + synchrotron radiation + high-density wind extinction - a polar diameter that exceeds ever so slightly the equatorial diameter at solar cycle minimum + super soft X-rays + hot active regions with temperatures hot enough to fuse hydrogen - sunspots at the feet of coronal loops
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{Which of the following are X-ray astronomy phenomena associated with an entity? + discovers an X-ray source in Scorpius + a control group + synchrotron radiation - intergalactic medium - a polar diameter + super soft X-rays - hot active regions - sunspots at the feet of coronal loops
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{Which of the following are associated with X-radiation? + spans three decades in wavelength + spans three decades in frequency + spans three decades in energy + emitted by 26Al + coronal clouds + 60 keV electromagnetic radiation + 90 eV electromagnetic radiation - visually dark source
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{Which of the following are X-ray astronomy phenomena that may be associated with comets? - lightning + solar wind + a sunward region - a geocorona - minerals high in magnesium - solar X-rays - diffuse X-ray background - low-oxygen conditions
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{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: Hydrogen - H, or D Helium - He Lithium - Li Beryllium - Be Boron - B Carbon - C Nitrogen - N Oxygen - O Fluorine - F Neon - Ne consumed in chromosphere fusion to produce lithium and neutrinos { Be (i) }. isotope fusion in the chromosphere producing neutrinos { He (i) } fusion in the chromosphere producing the most neutrinos { H|D (i) }. a factor of ~200 below meteorite abundance in the Sun's photosphere { Li (i) }. detected with X-rays on the Moon { O (i) }. an organic form detected in Allan Hills 84001 probably from Mars { C (i) }. detected marginally on Venus with Chandra { N (i) }. found in the X-ray spectra of comets { Ne (i) }. consumed to produce beryllium and neutrinos { B (i) }. a surface impurity on meteorites { F (i) }.
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{Which of the following are X-ray astronomy phenomena that may be associated with Jupiter? + lightning + aurora - a geocorona - minerals high in magnesium - solar X-rays - diffuse X-ray background + a sunward region - low-oxygen conditions
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{Complete the text: Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: Sun - A Mercury - B Venus - C Earth - D Comets - E Mars - F Jupiter - G Saturn - H Auroral currents on the order of 106 Amps { G (i) } Fluorescent radiation from oxygen at ~130 km above the surface { C (i) }. Faint halo of X-rays extending out some 7,000 km { F (i) }. Solar wind lighting up with X-rays { E (i) }. Bright X-ray arcs at low energy { D (i) }. Major source of hard X-rays { A (i) }. X-ray emission concentrated near the equator { H (i) }. Low surface iron content in minerals { B (i) }.
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{Which of the following are X-ray astronomy phenomena that may be associated with the Sun? + coronal cloud + hot regions of 8–20 x 106 K - fluorescence of Jovian X-rays - lightning - X-rays from rings - collisions with the Jovian wind + soft X-ray emission + hard X-ray emission
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{Which of the following sunspot phenomena are associated with the Maunder minimum? + extensively long quiet Sun + lowest 14C concentration from as far back as 1100 BP. + a period of lower-than-average European temperatures - a surface coverage of about 88% + only about 50 sunspots during one 30-year period + 11-year cycles
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{Which of the following are characteristic of solar proton astronomy? + the solar wind + polar coronal holes + protons originating from the photosphere - the electron neutrino + GOES 11 - neutrons
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Hypotheses

 * 1) The Sun (photosphere and below) is not the source of X-rays associated with and around the Sun.