Talk:Biographies/Stubs/Prof Davis Leshan Pangpang

SCHOOL OF JOURNALISM AND COMMUNICATION By prof Davis Leshan Pangpang The Kenyan culture

The Kenyaism attitude
This research will explore the multi dynamics of cultures with a similarity pattern of action and reaction in a demographic region of Kenya, the mixture of Kenya-African and western culture have been a paradox of action, which in these case I will refer the African pattern of thought as africanism and the Kenyan action, reaction and their thought patterns as the kenyaism, the kenyaism attitude take both the traditional African perspective and the western civilization modernization, this kenyaism aspect has affected the mindset of Kenyans in different context, I have carried various case studies to shed some light on various existence of these pattern of thought and its effect which helped me in these generalization, these studies determines the similarities of Kenyan in action and reaction from across sectional of cultures in terms of:

1.	Thought patterns.

2.	Behavioral patterns.

3.	How they adjust to environment.

4.	How they chase their dreams.

These attitudes have been seen to follow a pattern of commonness within certain group of interest like:

1.	Age set.

2.	Social status.

3.	Common interest groups. Etc

Where people of the common interest protect their interest in a different realm of response, To execute validity of these inquiries I carried out various case studies where these attitude was initiated, these cases includes: 1.	1997 election-which I label it ‘Ngilu for presidency breakdown’ these showed gender bias and discrimination. 2.	2007 election violence-which I label it ‘Ethnic force’ or ‘decision loyalty’ these shows the staunchness of Kenyans to their believes, which I also referred it as decision loyalty. 3.	2010 Hague debate-Label the Acampo six, these has shown Kenyan in a cognitive paradox, which proved that Kenyan are afraid of justice and also prefer to be in internal wrangles than in external security, these also shows Kenyans depend on others for decision making which I will call decision reliancy. 4.	2006, Deci pyramid scheme-which I label Fraud, which shows a great deal of love for money, it also prove that Kenyan don’t waste chance on becoming reach. 5.	2011, Marende’s (speaker’s) rulings on unconstitutional nominated of the chief justice, public prosecution officer and the attorney general.- which I label it as the ‘executive constitution abuse’, these show the tendency of misusing of power in office or exploitation of public over power. Background The above case should bring your attention to uncertainty of action to reaction when certain group of interest feels it has been attacked or oppressed. To enable these culture uncertainty to be realized I will elaborate the case one on one: 1.	1997-Election-‘The Ngilu presidency breakdown 1997 Kenya was still under the regime of Moi where it was recorded huge existence of dictatorship, despite that, the world effort to empower women influence the president Moi on sponsoring Kenyan women in the attending of the females conference in Belgin china, this conference gave Ngilu Kaluki a member of parliament from Ukambani allot of insight, where as the feminist she contested on the presidency, where she get allot of prominence, but the rejection and position difference between female made them not to vote for her women. This shows a natural feminist theory among Kenya women, where they were indifference of a women ruling them which shows a great deal of gender bias especially jealous among women.

2. 2007 election violence During the 2007 election the country had already lost faith in the class which was currently branded PNU(Party of National Unity) this was a multi-party coalition leaded by Kibaki, the rival party which was ODM party under leadership of Raila had gain popularity due to its promise to the public where they promise transition of both economic and social status, these created a strong bond of loyalty to the party especially from it associates whom were related in context of ethnic, social status and region. This created division of party on regional based where ODM followers were in the Rift valley, Nyanza, Nairobi and western, while PNU followers were in the central, Northeastern, ukambani and some part of Nairobi. These scale of division created antagonism between the party, the existence of opinion polls which showed the ODM party being more popular than PNU acted as lobby for the ODM which increase the party popularity and also helped in influencing follower ship. There was also political indifference between the majorities of ethnic community due to political favour which existed within the ruling party like employment mainly to some ethic community, business investment by the same ethnic community. The ruling of some ethnic group like the Kikuyu and the Kalenjin also had acted as the reason for political difference, where Kenyan view Kikuyu as introspectus and did not want to share ruling power with other community which also acted as a catalyst. There was also the desire for transition among youth whom voted for ODM at least for change, there was also high infatuations, where living standard had raised beyond community understanding which also make the community indifference with the ruling party, all these expectation and desire amounted to a strong rebellious believe on the adherent sides, where it created a very strong party loyalty which resulted to reaction when the ODM adherent realized irrational overtake on the scale of measurement of their party vote, these really created indifference of reaction over opinion, which cause a serious hatracy over opinion these did not make them realize the relationship between them but the difference of their opinion which make them even kill their friend, families and even neighbours.

3	2010, The Acampo six

After the 2007 election violence, Kenyan and the global community were in bitter to get the perpetuators of this election violence, where most people especially the victims whom were displayed and living as internal displayed person(IDP) wanted the justice to be done, in the Kenya parliament the debate was to be place where there was to be either a local tribunal or the Hague which was to be the external tribunal, parliament itself refused the formulation of the local tribunal, making Imanyara and the minister of justice failure of their motion, the failure to formulate the local tribunal was obviously choosing the Hague option which is the international criminal court, where Kenya were signatory of these statuary, everyone including the member of parliament were had opted for the Hague option, after the Hague court started to investigate on the case under Acampo Kenyan started to be skeptical these followed the naming of the Acampo six people whom have been named on these allegation, the naming of these six people whom are being said to have been perpetuating the post election violence raise alarm which bring a lot of indifference among Kenyan both to the political class whom had passed the bill on ICC option and refuse to form the local tribunal and to the citizen whom were influence to kill themselves, destroy properties and performing of social injustice due to ethnic difference, different thought patterns and political influence.

4.	Deci pyramid scheme In 2006 Kenya experience a major financial looting in the name of investment of revolving fund called DECI scheme which sounded Kenyans money, the scheme was said to be increasing any investment made by six times on a period of five weeks, these façade wealth creation opportunity made Kenyans to invest highly on these dubious scheme, these hallucinate the Kenyan publics mind on achieving their dreams, people even sold their properties to invest in these dubious investment, the lust for wealth stage manage these investment where over 50% of Kenyan invested in these investment bait, these shows Kenya to be the great opportunist and do not waste chance especially in creating wealth.

5.	2011, Marende’s ruling on the unconstitutional nomination by the president to the chief justice, attorney general and the public prosecutor officer The spirit of colonialism has always been hunting those whom were subjected to it these consisted of the old generation, where the adherent for these school of thought do take their verbal talk or comment as gospel truth or law which must be followed and not be questioned, these is in contrast with the current constitution, the current constitution paved for legal framework which will enhance democracy level in the country, the president and the executive was above power in the former constitution which had even become a traditional especially to community thought, these power was used by the speaker of the national assembly Marende on nullifying the president nomination of the above, these raise a lot of alarm, both from the political class and to the local citizen, the speaker ruled by these case by not allowing the debate of the motion, where he said he will not go with the majority of vote but with the constitution right. These made many Kenyan to be indifference with these action, many Kibaki followers were not in the position to interpret the constitution including the operating advocates and academia’s, even the vice president and some ministers could not afford to define the term ‘Consultation’ in the context of power sharing, these shows our leaders were more into politics than into leadership after the case was well studied the speaker and the humanitarian community realized the unconstitutional of the nomination which was not only lack the prime minister consultation but also it did not balance gender initiation, these also had to be done with the public service commissioner after the full constitution initiation Marende ruled the case in respect to the constitution, the raised ovation on political ground proved the lack of intelligence in some of our politician whom were in the current status quo, they also proved to be obscurants and not ready for change, these case was bring to serenity after external pressure, consultation of professionals and advice from government stake holders which forced the president to withdraw the nomination, the kenyaism part which prove the uncertainty in cognitive pattern it was that those people whom  supported the unconstitutional nomination saying the president was operation on his constitution right they were behind him in the press conference where the president withdraw the nomination admitting he was unconstitutional. These shows that Kenyans could accept to be publicly viewed on a negative scale only to be appreciated with their associates. These also show that Kenyan like to be undermined by the appointing authority where the culture of colonialism has dominated to the people.

Problem statement

As recorded by the above cases there has been a great uncertainty of reaction and action in the Kenyan culture which has shown irrelevance in:

1.	Viewing events.

2.	Perceiving events.

3.	Reacting on events.

4.	Welcoming and appreciation of events.

This has been observed to affect the cognitive level and sometime it also affects the reasoning ability of the Kenyans especially when the common interest groups or person has been mention, incriminated or toughed. These shows uncertainty in reaction of the enlighten group in reaction where they can react irrational branding the selves unreasonable only to protect someone interest or once loyalty, these uncertainty of reaction have been recorded around the globe where Kenyans are considered as hype, opportunist and industrious, this has also made them recognized as sharp across specialties, intelligent on opportunities where many country consider them aggressive and cagey.

Aims and objectives

This studies was carried out to add knowledge on the understanding of Kenya culture, effects and cognition level of reaction and action, the research will help in shading some light on understanding of Kenyan culture and its effect on social context which I have refer it as kenyaism spirit.

Methodology

Several case studies have been carried out to flash out situational profile and where this kenyaism attitude was employed, this helped in generalization of these outcomes and the realization of these uncertainty of action, reaction and events, some focus group were also initiated in collecting of the data, conceptual analysis was used in examining of the data and in sampling the collected data.

review of Vision 2030
A REVIEW OF VISION 2030 LECTURE ADOPTED FROM THE DIRECTOR GENERAL OF THE VISION 2030 MR. MUGO AND DR. JAMES MWANGI THE CHAIRMAN BY DAVIS LESHAN Overview The Kenyan dreams of vision 2030 was a strategic vision to attain development to a middle income country, where the vision was based on some dependency which was to drive the development of the dream, the three pillars were the formed as the capstone for these development, these pillars were:

1.	The social pillar.

2.	The political pillar.

3.	The economic pillar.

These pillars was formed to precursor these achievement and also to facilitate to the establishment of the Kenyan dreams, this was to the realization that these dreams could not be attain unless there was established an accommodating framework, which culminated to the formulation of these pillars.

Proceedings/ achievements

The project was to be a join program of both the public and private sector, but the private sector seems to be reluctant to participate, the government has been a major player in this program, where there was formulation of the vision board and the development partners, each sector was given independence and different office but their theme was the same ‘attaining vision 2030’ currently it seemed the political wing to be on the peak, where the reform has taken place and we are coming closer to the legal framework, which is to provide development infrastructure. The two pillars have not work to the expectation though it’s not late, these delay has been caused by:

1.	Apathetic citizen-where citizen are not ready for the challenge, this project need collaboration and active initiation of both the public and the private sector.

2.	Lack of finance- this has always been the major challenge in developing world, the project has lack enough sponsor to lay foundation, sensitization of the project through capacity building and also implementation of the project. 3.	Lack of competence service and product delivery, Kenyan should prepare them to compete in the global market; this is calling for extra competence and standard service delivery. 4.	Lack of good legal framework- the dependent judiciary, lack of democracy, abuse of office and many corruption oriented cases has lead to delay of the project, especially in frightening the investors in investing in the country. The long investing process has also be a factor, which also dissipates the potential investors.

5.	growth rate over GDP or the population growth-the developing world has been branded with negative occurrences and social primitiveness due to their capital inability, the last survey recorded a 3% growth in population and 2% growth in GDP, which translate to 1% deficit, this shows that the population growth has superb the domestic growth. 6.	Demographic transition-this also shows need to control birth rate. 7.	Lack of global standardization of services and product, the Kenya burial of standard need to improve on the branding of Kenya product.

Challenges

1.	Kenyan should work toward global competitiveness. 2.	Control of the growth rate of the population, this should eliminate the paradox of population growth to be bigger than the GDP growth. 3.	Kenya should develop long term measures and solution, which include communication and infrastructure growth. 4.	Kenya should enhance education access ability as a social pillar for education has the potential to augment understanding and give Kenyans better insight in these developments. 5.	Reduction of the rural-urban migration, this will control population growth in towns where it creates slums growth and increase poverty level and poor living standard. 6.	Establishing of rural economic- this was also used in china in their anthropologic growth stance, where the authority establishes an empower centre like cane factory in sugar production areas to increase the agro-growth, and to create employments opportunities in rural areas.

'a study on the cross cultural effect of communication'
ST MARY’S SCHOOL OF GRADUATE SCHOOL OF JOURNALISM AND COMMUNICATION PROF DAVIS LESHAN PANGPANG ‘A STUDY OF THE CROSS CULTURAL COMMUNICATION, TO DETRMINE THE HARDSHIP ENCORPORATE TO CULTURE ADJUSTMENT OF THE PEACE CORPS IN KENYA AT LOITOKITOK’ ‘PEACE CORP MISUSUNG LOITOKITOK INHABITANT’

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study is to increase our understanding about how Peace Corps volunteers interact with cultural rules and norms while volunteering in another culture in Kenyan especially with the Maasai of Loitokitok, as well as how they experience, and how their present affects the Loitokitok inhabitant (Maasai) while staying in the region. More specifically, this research was done to gain a deeper understanding of experiences of the peace corps and cultural barrier they encounter while learning with individuals from Loitokitok (Maasai cultures). Twenty individuals were chosen to participate in this study; some were the Peace Corps themselves and others were the Loitokitok inhabitants. All participants were chosen because they had significant experience on volunteer ship the Peace Corps being professional volunteers and the Loitokitok inhabitant being the accommodation volunteers. A qualitative approach was used in which individuals were interviewed to uncover their personal experiences. I used the Constant Comparative Analysis to determine themes that evolved from the research. A total of seven themes were discovered, the interactions were successful on both ends and there was a lot of misunderstanding and a lot of learning on both sides, The big thing is creating relationships with the native of where your going to volunteer, by trying to figure out the reason why there is no such thing as too much preparation at Loitokitok on preparing the peace corps on establishing intercultural competence, I walked away from that experience with my eyes a little wider open; and realize different views regarding the peace corps volunteers misusing Loitokitok inhabitant by not offering their professional services to them, but only to be trained at the place, which is creating a bad image to the native.

INTRODUCTION

As philanthropic has taken another level in global market of volunteer ship, individuals and organizations are beginning to globalize and participate in international volunteer ship, in this case the American have establish the peace corps foundation, where volunteers are taken to the developing counties especially in Africa, and Asia in this case I will acquaint you to a study which I have learned in a small village in Kenya known as loitokitok, the place has been opted to be the peace corps orientation place, may be for the it cognitive fallacy of Lenana collaboration with the British, which proved Maasi people being friendly, where these peace corps are taken to individual volunteers whom accommodates them, this is what ill refers it as the social volunteerism, where volunteers are being volunteered, the black side of the game is the game end in a one way traffic, where peace corps do not help these Loitokitok inhabitant, the go there, live there, being oriented on sociologic, anthropologic and culturalogic enchantment of the ethnic cognition of the place these peace corps are to be stationed where they went to provide their professional. Cultures become increasingly essential for globalization which has insisted on the need for cultural competence, where these Peace Corps should be looking beyond the concept of globalization. The concept of working in different culture is paralleled with the difficulty of culture shock and being able to work and communicate with those from another cultural environment. Understanding globalization is a new way for individual and organizations to relate, grow, and improve their success in terms of understanding each other, especially those in Loitokitok-Kenya. Understanding the way to work together in across cultural environment is vital to make international communications successful and to outdo the negative perception of people around us, this should relate the peace corps to a school of thought that says leave and let others leave, this should be by outdoing negative perception of the peace corps whom are moving to evade creating distorted environment to the other coming lot. The purpose of this research is to increase our understanding about how cultural communication can be effective in interacting with other cultural rules and norms while working in another culture as well as how to maintain positive perception of your self, the image of peace corps should be reflective and the management of the peace corps in Kenya –loitokitok should arrange for some service day of these volunteers at least for loitokitok inhabitants to realized the meaning of peace corps in the region, this will create a reflective image and will increase acceptance of the peace corps to the inhabitant across the board. Although a significant amount of research has been done on cross-cultural communication encountered by the Peace Corps, little has been done on how these Peace Corps are being perceived in the culture zone where they operate on. As I was learning the effects of the communication barrier the Peace Corps encounter I also realized there was a bad image evoking from the peace corps operating charter of using Loitokitok as an orientation ground with no vote of thanks in terms of volunteering their services to the inhabitants. the following were the audience types which existed as whom perceved the peace corp presences.

1.	1.     apathetic group These persons are not ‘against’ peace corp present butthey are indifference to them, they may find your present to be less important as far as they are concerned.

1.	2.     skeptic group here the group is not against your presents but they are ‘above you’, unlike apathetic ,a skeptic is prepare to take an interest in your present but only to reinforced his ‘knowledge’ that there is nothing you can tell them about the subject, this group mostly consist of the people in higher hierarchy, enlighten and natural emotional egoism people.

1.	3.     believer group These are the type of people whom accept your present or your service, in deed you may be bringing them news of a personal benefit or assurance of recognition, these are people whom are supportive to your present with out apparent reasons. 1.	4.      Opponent group.

This group are ‘hostile’ to your present may be they feel wronged in same way by you or your organization or they may be suspecting your after something, they are not ready to accommodate you or listen to anything you want to convey. 1.	5.     Rationalist  group This people are reasonable enough to want to accept your present, but they are also wise enough to expect you give them a sound reason for accepting your present typically.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This literature review will examine whether or not Peace Corps are providing enough training to the volunteers working at Kenya and how this affects the inhabitant’s interactions, the relevancy of their training to these Peace Corps in terms of promoting good relation of the peace corps and the inhabitant, do the training given to the peace corps looks on the inhabitant perception. An overview of cross-cultural training and its effects of interactions will be explained. In addition, uncertainty reduction theory will be defined and an explanation will be provided regarding how making peace corps aware of cultural differences helps adjust their doubts when entering another culture, especially for place where these peace corps are oriented on the sociologic, anthropologic and cultural aspects of the ethnic boundaries of where they are to operate. the aim of this report was to determine the barrier of cross cultural communication, where i realize that these peace corp did not give their services to the loitokitok inhabitant, where is their orientation groung which has been perceved negatively. Traveling to another country and experiencing culture shock can be very difficult. Doing so while trying to have successful working interactions can make that process even more challenging especially in area where people have cognitive distorting. The process of sending and receiving messages between people whose cultural background leads them to interpret verbal and nonverbal signs differently, or intercultural communication, needs to be considered when making successful volunteering interactions, this can even be more challenging due to the fact that you’re not paid, the cultural barrier can discourage you from the volunteer ship. While preparing volunteers for an abroad volunteers situation, peace corp foundation seem to provide very little training. If training is provided, it tends to be as little as discussing with those who have been peace corping in the past, reading brochures, or books on the country they are planning to visit and website references, but these reading material have very little content on interior places like Loitokitok- Kenya peace corps who are ready to experience work abroad have been effective volunteers in these developing country which has many adventures, and the social fallacy of their experience make them feel as if they are ready for an overseas assignment. Once arriving in these countries quite a few fail and wish to return early while many others are not effective and productive in their assignments due to problems in adapting to a different, again, few are provided with cross-cultural training when preparing to this volunteer assignment abroad. To develop a positive influence on the Volunteer’ development skills, relational, perceptual and self-maintenance. This facilitates the adjustment to the new cultural environment and produces a more effective volunteer performance. These should was to concentrate on: 1.	emotional stability.-here there is need to be emotional strong and mature to allow insult, and accommodate mistreat. 2.	sociability. -the peace corps volunteer should horn their socialization ability to enable quick interaction and to develop friendly attitude. 3.	need for cognition of different audience and their perception, need for structure and tolerance of ambiguity, and expectations, in addition to family adjustment.-this has justified that there is need for these peace corps to understand the native Maasai, their way of live, their cultural strength and weakness, their attitudes etc. 4.	intercultural communication-the ability to 5.	Cross-cultural-cross cultural communication affect communication due to: 6.	      Cultural perception. 7.	     Social status. 8.	     Education. 9.	     Misunderstanding. 10.       Sexual interaction of cross culture. 11.      Willingness of social interaction. 12.      Work and communication habits.

Structure of cross cultural communication

Cross-cultural communication (intercultural communication) is a field of study that looks at how people from differing cultural backgrounds communicate, in similar and different ways among themselves, Intercultural competence is the ability of successful communication with people of other cultures and how they endeavor to communicate across cultures. A person who is intercultural competent captures and understands, in interaction with people from foreign cultures, their specific concepts in perception, thinking, feeling and acting. Earlier experiences are considered, free from prejudices; there is an interest and motivation to continue learning. Basic needs are sensitivity and self-consciousness: the understanding of other behaviors and ways of thinking as well as the ability to express one’s own point of view in a transparent way with the aim to be understood and respected by staying flexible where this is possible, and being clear where this is necessary ( strategic communication book-davis leshan). It is a balance, situatively adapted, between three parts: 1.         knowledge (about other cultures, people, nations, behaviors 2.   empathy (understanding feelings and needs of other people), and 3.   self-confidence (knowing what I want, my strengths and weaknesses, emotional stability). Cultural characteristics can be differentiated between several dimensions and aspects; the ability to perceive them and to cope with them is one of the bases of intercultural competence. These include:

•	Collectivism and Individualism. •	Masculine and feminine cultures. •	Uncertainty avoidance. •	Power distance.

Uncertainty Reduction Theory- Uncertainty Theory assumes that when strangers meet their primary concern is reducing uncertainty and increasing predictability the theory examines the way we reduce uncertainty. the theory helps in studying cultural problems, this has been seemed to participate in perceiving of the peace corps as tourist, where the native Maasai of Loitokitok came to realize it was cognitive fallacy even white people can be poor. The theory has a “series of axioms (universal truths that do not require proof) and theorems (propositions assumed to be true) that describe the relationships between uncertainty and several communication factors. A situation where uncertainty could occur can range from an interaction with a local business man to interactions with the volunteers accommodator or their foreigners colleague. One concern in these cases is the uncertainty to predict others behaviors, If one can predict others’ behaviors, they could choose how to behave themselves that the need to reduce uncertainty provides a convincing explanation for social behavior in developing relationships between the native in Loitokitok and the peace corps, this also highlight the need for peace corps. to work on the reduction of the uncertainty through giving their professional service to the native especially where they are being oriented, When immersed in another culture, many volunteers experience uncertainty. Having to work while under these circumstances may create challenges for individuals who have never experienced culture shock before. The situation creates uncomfortable environment, they may change their actions to make the situation more bearable, or less uncertain. Cross-cultural training does reduce the severity of culture shock and, in turn, causes the volunteer to become effective and productive in the volunteer ship, It is still important to provide language based courses to those volunteers going to work abroad 1.	 Time in the assignment, cognitive ability, previous foreign experience and training adequacy on cross-cultural can facilitate these factors. 2.	. Communication styles in different cultures are also very important. The training should include slang, sign language, and the local language, language differences and cross-cultural factors clearly create the potential for increased communication problems, especially in a place like Loitokitok where there is a number of illiterate people where not every body can speak English the Kenya official language, If there is indeed successful training done, volunteers who work abroad seem to be fairly successful; however, there is still a difference in communicative styles that has to be addressed. Individuals’ own communicative styles should be assessed and they need to understand their own communicative profile, the native of Loitokitok whom are Maasai have played a crucial role in teaching these Peace Corps the Kiswahili language which is the Kenya national language. This has give peace corps volunteers a more positive outlook on themselves as well as an increased tolerance for differences with others, Stressing communication style differences can make or break a volunteer ship interaction. Miscommunication seems to occur most often when the people communicating with each other have different perspectives on what counts as competence found that the factor that would push the volunteer to terminate their volunteer ship was the need for social support, the friendly attitude to ward them will be increase by how the previous crew conducted themselves this will also relate with the service package they offer to the native people, this will create a positive image to the peace corps. and will make the loitokitok inhabitant to be more friendly to them. Creating a way to adjust to another culture while socially interacting with those from that particular culture would improve adjustment, that why am emphasizing on the peace corps to create good image of themselves which will make the native people to be growing closer to each other; “understanding the culture and the communication styles of different people has become a vital issue”  findings

1. social barrier-the socialization degree of the pese corp were limited, the evidence was that most time these peace corps seemed to be alone most of time. or some times they accompanied each others or by their accommodators, these also proved that these peace corps were not friendly to each other. 2. cognitive distortion-there were lack of understanding especially while in contact of illiterate inhabitant. 3. negative perception-inhabitant firstly perceve peace corps as tourist where they end up realizing these people were only volunteers, they are also perceved as misusers due to the fact that they did not over their service in the region. 4. scarcity- these peace corps are paid 2500 kshillings and the accommodator to be given the same as incentive to keep the peace corp, these amount is not enough to sustain these peace corps which force the accommodater to invest in their own kitty for better living accommodation standard.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

This research will explore the way peace corps are perceved by the ntive Maasia and how to successfully communicate with other cultures, and how to develop good relation with the native of Loitokitok. The following research questions will ground this study: RQ 1: How do Peace Corps describe their Loitokitok experiences? RQ 2: What strategies does Peace Corps management employ to ensure the Peace Corps experiences is as expected? RQ 3: How do participants describe their post-abroad work abroad experiences? RQ4: Are people friendly? Describe their attitudes toward Peace Corps.

METHOD

This research was qualitative in nature. Qualitative research describes observations in predominantly non-numerical terms. After reviewing the data, I was able to actively create meaning out of raw materials. Most qualitative research in the communication field tends to describe or interpret communication exchanges, In this study, data was collected through interviews, observation and also participation, The interviews focused on the overall experiences, challenges, preparation and post-immersion experiences of volunteer ship. The interviews occurred between the researcher and the Peace Corps volunteer who had who were oriented at Loitokitok Kenya. Because this study required that participants were to have the volunteer ship experience either by hosting a Peace Corps or by being the Peace Corps themselves, the researcher chose interviewees who fit that criterion.

Measurement

The method for this research was interviews, observation and participation, An these methodology are valuable because they can generate more information about a given topic and explore possible reasons behind communication. Interviews were Specifically important to this study for they allowed me to gain a deeper understanding of the participants’ volunteers both the Peace Corps and the accommodators. A semi-structured interview was conducted. The objective of a semi-structured interview was to explore a topic more openly, thus allowing interviewees to express their opinions and ideas in their own words, I interview people to “try to move beyond my own understanding and ideas to really understand the other person’s point of view, In a semi-structured interview, the I asked basic questions about the topic of conversation; however, the interviewee’s responses ultimately shape the structure of the interview). The I also followed up with probing questions in order to try to reach a deeper understanding. Probing questions request elaboration and an explanation from the answer given to me, where I shaped the research so the I could participate.

Data Analysis

The data conducted from the research was examined for a qualitative analysis. Following the interviews, the researcher reviewed e-mails, field notes and audio recordings and social net work comment on the research topic. The data was analyzed by determining the ways in which volunteers are prepared for a volunteer ship experience and if it makes communication more effective while working in a difference culture and when returning to their origin. The data was analyzed using Constant Comparative Analysis. The purpose of this Procedure is to look past the inevitable biases, prejudices and stereotypical perspectives that I could have bring to my study, by doing so, the I made sense of the data collected. The Constant Comparative Analysis helped me sort the data into a set of themes. A Constant Comparative method allows me to simultaneously code the date and categorize it into developing themes or patterns, these themes, taken together, effectively tell the story of the research participants experiences, while insuring that the researcher actively engages in illuminating the data, rather than simply “reporting” participants’ accounts, The Constant Comparative Analysis helped me develop results without bias. The themes that emerged from the Constant Comparative Analysis are displayed in the results. Being exposed to another style of living and another culture made participants realize there is a lot out there that is unknown and being exposed to that “is very eye opening,

DISCUSSION

Based on participants’ comments, it becomes obvious that the true success to an volunteer ship experience is being able to accept the challenge of fully emerging one’s mind and body into another culture. The results of this study help understand the importance of developing relationships while working with individuals from other Cultures. In addition, it shows the importance of figuring out the reason for communication differences and adapting to those differences to make a successful volunteer ship interaction. Finally, the results show us how important a e peace corps should look to their personal outlook in terms of developing positive image.

Conclusion One

The results of this study indicated that all participants discovered the importance of relationship building while volunteering with individuals from international volunteering. The relationship development included building rapport, being considerate and gaining trust. Regardless of the country, to be successful in their volunteer ship interaction or make the changes they were intended to, participants were forced to accept the challenge of taking significant time to build a relationship. They were able to sacrifice their duties in the beginning in order to really get to know who these native people were and understand where they came from. The need to reduce uncertainty provides a convincing explanation for social behavior in developing relationships with the local Maasai or others native tribes. This relationship building, in turn, will indeed reduced uncertainty of participants and helped them accomplish what they were here to do. The Peace Corps should gain trust and establish connections with those inhabitants to allow participants to successfully accomplish what they were set out to do and became the most important part of their volunteer experience.

Conclusion Two

The interviewer asked participants to describe interactions that occurred while in Loitokitok (in a different culture) and how they were able to engage in successful daily operation and major transactions. Participants needed to take their own ideas, own ways of living, own ideas of culture and learn how to put them on hold to really take in another culture where some where successful. They should put their culture aside to take in and make room for the acceptance of another culture. Adapting to another culture is imperative to the success and experience of volunteer ship.

Conclusion Three

There is need for the Peace Corps management to develop good image of themselves, this is in terms of volunteering their professional service to the native peoples at Loitokitok and others orientation ground. Limitations One limitation that the researcher experienced was the variety of peace corps were accommodate by different people with different personalities which was not easy to realize the problem.

CONCLUSION

The focus of this research has been to discover a deeper meaning regarding cross cultural effect of communication on Peace Corps and their volunteer experiences. Participants provided me with their insight regarding personal volunteer ship experiences. The research focused on how they described their experience, the different tactics the volunteer used to navigate while in another culture and how the native are affected The data collected from the research revealed that relationship building is the most important thing while trying to conduct volunteer ship, this should be notice by the management that they introduce it to their syllabus. Volunteer should take time to get to know the people whom they are staying with to increase chances of gaining their trust and develop relationship successful in their volunteer interactions? The data also revealed that the developing relationships was vital and it was lacking, this has add insight on the need of the peace corps to learn how to develop relationship, this also shows that some peace corps lot are sharp in terms of interpersonal competence in communication than others especially the public health crew in June 2010, the need to volunteer service to the area where the Peace Corps are oriented was also highlighted by the survey where some of the native where in difference with the peace corps taking advantage of them by being well accommodated and not respond by giving them their professional volunteer ship, Finding the reason for interaction and accepting differences will also make a Successful volunteers interactions. Finally, the Peace Corps should be open to gain trust of local native, in exchange of their knowledge, social experience and general advice. From the data it shows that living in another culture gives volunteers the opportunity to learn things that are impossible to learn from picking up a book, surfing or being told where you will learn a lot of adventure, ethnography and invention. As our society continues to globalize and grow in international volunteering, it is essential to know that taking the time to build a simple relationship makes a bigger difference in volunteering interaction.

Recommentation

a possible improvement of the situation is that these peace corps should plan on developingincentives to the loitokitok inhabitants which will help them to be perceived positively which will increase their friendly in terms of attitude to inhabitant.

innovation in media reporting and broadcasting
A study to show video chatting as a better medium for news Reporting and general communication medium especially in                          Broadcasting capacity Davis Leshan

Introduction Extends of proximity has highly affected on the way the news is being reported and broadcasted where the reporters uses mobile phone on reporting, this has affected the system on the reporting module having taking the earlier civilization on using phone on the reporting of the extended proximity while there has been brought a better real time video chatting system which has enhance communication especially as a mass medium this will foster on globalizing of the global community and has also promoted to better social relation especially in dating world. The video chatting technology has not been fully recognized in Kenya, but it has been recorded of its existence in young people whom are in dating game especially those of whom are dating on foreigners, this usage should be translated to positive usage of these platform especially in media reporting and broadcasting where it will enhance on media reporting and broadcasting technology.

Objective

The aim of these study was to shade some light on the new innovation within the communication realm, to enhance communication and also strengthens the reporting skills and media broadcasting model and channel in Kenya and in the global community, where the innovative technology such as real time video streaming have not been used in the prominent national and international television reporting, this has shown a great deal on fear of change on the global fourth estate fraternity, media in the world has played a crucial part in bringing awareness of innovation and technology, in paradox media practitioners especially in Kenya has failed to embrace these technology which have resulted in negative perception on our journalist ability on providing solution on its problems on boning for solution on its working environment, this has also show that our media practitioner has lack capacity on researching on the better operating ground and on the improvement of the service delivery which has been as a result of  the quark operating in the industry and generally unqualified employee in our media house. This research will help in acknowledging of the media practitioners on the usage of video chat room technology as a mass medium especially in the news reporting and broadcasting, this studies aims at adding knowledge on communication channel and bringing to the lime other form of mass media to enhance media reporting skills especially in the extension of proximity. Methodology

Ethnography was a major tool where observation and participatory was a major tool used in the realization of the existence and the usage of these video chat room where in my critical thinking I found these technology important in media reporting and broadcasting of media to the mass, where a huge data on the availability and usage of these technology was acquired, I sorted the sample obtain and measured its validity in terms of applying these technology in the mass media reporting and broadcasting of news which helped me in the recommendation and the conclusion of these technology as the most suitable medium in cross distance reporting and broadcasting, this has also helped in highlighting of the most suitable software and website which allowed on media reporting and real time broadcasting across the globe.

Finding

1.	Technology cognitive barrier-these has been observed where there is a very huge rate of unaccustomed of technology among the media practitioners, here it was recorded that most media reporter reported by phone on across distance reporting where proximity has extent beyond boarder and where there were on means to take the report back to the media house for broadcasting, this has also been observed in international television which shows the fourth estate has the eye and taste for news and information but not for technology and innovation where the fourth estate have lack the capacity to research on the innovation technology which can improve it workability. This have discredit the fourth estate as a vehicle of development and as an icon of change. 2.	Existence of innovative real time video technology- there are a great number of video streaming software’s and chat rooms with one, two and three way video channels which allows one on one real time video interaction which gives a comprehensive communication platform which could enhance the reporting of news and broadcasting of information to a larger audience, this medium give a room for discussion where in our television the discussion is unavailable and paralyzed, this also helped the media to reach a huge audience and to establish direct virtual reporting of news on extending of proximity, this will make the news item more realistic for the audience will know who is reporting and will also see the actual report where audience will see the validity of news item and not perceive it as spinning on news information, this also provide a platform for interaction of communication in online environment which can enhance the following: a. management of business empire at the comfort of once home or head office. b. e-learning. 3.	Lack of relevant practical session in the school of journalism, where our institution of excellence has lack capacity to manipulate available resources in capacity building of its students where they end up evading practical session due to lack of technology, apparatus and lack of open minded teaching staff where most of our teaching staff are living in current status quo. Some of the recommended video chatting software’s and web based video chatting platform are: a.	www.livestreamingmedia.com-this web based plat form offer a video hosting that have both video conference and the broadcasting option, here you must pay for the service depending on the package that accommodate your needs in terms of features and concurrent user. b.	www.oovoo.com- here you can chat with three concurrent user for free in your chat room, you will be demanded to create your chat room the you will welcome those people you want to chat with. c.	www.dialogoo.com-this give a very friendly video streaming platform, it allows room for a one administrator, ten modulators and different chatting package depending on the number of concurrent user. d.	www.websitelive10.com- here you can pay for the chat room depending on the number of your audience, this is in terms of concurrent user of your chat room. e.	www.tinychat.com-this is one of the famous dating site, here you can create a room and invite unlimited number of associate and block those whom you don’t wish to chat with, the person whom created the room is considered as a modulator and can act as a copy taster but in these can in allowing member invitation. real-time video chatting technology provide you with a real online media house where you will work as a news room, the administrator will be in charge of the room and so the over roll boss of the room he maybe the MD, then the modulator will be the news anchor, producer, editor or any different news department like sports, weather or business news, the user will be where the reporter will be reporting, this is a very easy and complete news room with one on one broadcasting platform if these theory is understood well.

Recommendation

A possible improvement of a better reporting in an extension of proximity of on beat is that media houses should use video chatting technology, e-mails, social networks and other available better channel to improve the working environment, which can allow the following: a.  sending of information in any format including video, audio, word, PDF etc, b. share of information in any format including video, audio, word, PDF c. broadcast of the real time reporting via video chat the real time video chat can be done in both lateral or forward integration, in lateral integration you will be demanded to build the chat room within your website, here you will have to host the video chat room to a dedicated server to enable video streaming, flash is one of the best dedicated server which allow these video chatting technology. In the forward integration you will look for a web based video streaming website where you will create a room where you will use it as your a news room. For a better classification on journalism professional on the online reporting or broadcasting it lies on the division of the duties and specialization on line of duty to the chat room as a working environment to enable management of the news room, the administrator manage the news room, the administrator manage the chat room as a news room where he allows on the broadcasting of the news, the administrator will create room for the news room members to participate either in reporting, directing or producing the news item which is a better version of broadcasting. modulator will modulate the chat room in a news room environment, the modulator will act as producer to allow reporter to report the news item,

Reference

Webinar on the California university. www.livestreamingmedi