Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Norepinephrine and emotion

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-- Jtneill - Talk - c 12:03, 16 October 2017 (UTC)

(I got bored of my chapter so I’m procrastinating by researching yours, I hope you don’t mind. :D, I put some notes in brackets, which are just my thoughts, and I wrote some stuff I found interesting alongside the references I looked at.)

I found one article arguing that anger and fear are linked emotions, like to expressions of the same feeling, it seemed like an interesting read and might lead to more idea’s :D. – this is the article – (Gu, Wang, Wang, & Huang, 2016). Norepinephrine is associated with the flight and fight response; thus it has strong links with both anger and fear, but what I found interesting was drugs increasing Norepinephrine can be used to treat anxiety and panic attacks, which seems counter intuitive (Gu et al. 2016). The locus coeruleus (LC) is has the largest proportion of neurons that use Norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter. The LC is an area associated manly with responding to acute stress. In some situations, increased activation of LC increases of decreases fearful responding in others it increases it, i.e. its involved in regulating whether an animal will respond with a flight or fight response to stress (Gu, et al. 2016). Gu, S., Wang, W., Wang, F., & Huang, J. H. (2016). Neuromodulator and emotion biomarker for stress induced mental disorders. Neural plasticity, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2609128

(I wrote some stuff on NRI’s, because I thought that might be useful. Idk, if you’ll have a place you could put this in your essay or not, but hopefully it will be useful.) Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRI’s) increased frontal and medial activation, which suggests they might be increasing emotion regulation. This increase in emotion regulation has caused NRI’s to be proposed as a treatment for depression and anxiety. (Outhred, et al. 2013). (I find it interesting that NRI’s increase frontal lobe activity it suggests to me that it has a role in mediating emotional responding to stress rather than just being a cause of the anger and fear.) This increase in emotion regulation has caused its use as a treatment for depression and anxiety. Although it has mixed results. With a 2008 meta-analysis of the NRI Reboxetine found it meta-analysis found it effective at dealing with depression, (Chuluunkhuu, Nakahara, Yanagisawa, & Kamae, 2008). However, this could be due to the file drew effect. As a separate meta-analysis that looked at both published and unpublished studies found Reboxetine no better than placebos. (Eyding et al. 2010). (I only looked at the NRI Reboxetine it might be quite different for the other types of NRI’s, but keep an eye out for meta-analysis that don’t mention the fact the unpublished null-results could be effecting the results). It should be noted, however, that NRI’s is not synonymous with norepinephrine. Reuptake inhibitors stop norepinephrine from being taken back to the pre-synaptic cell, which increasing post synaptic cell activation. This causes prolonged firing of norepinephrine. By comparison in a more naturalist norepinephrine firing, will occurred in corporation with multiple other factors. So NRI’s give a picture of what prolonged relatively isolated firing of Norepinephrine causes, but leaves out many interaction effects. (Maybe looking at the effects of Norepinephrine via NRI’s will have a higher internal validity, but lower external validity, but I’m yet to find a study confirming my assumption so take it with a grain of salt.) Norepinephrine reuptake inhibiting drugs can be closely linked with dopamine reuptake inhibition (DRI), in the case of drugs like cocaine, but the interaction effect of DRI’s and NRI’s is substantially different from either in isolation. For example, NRI’s are themselves not highly addictive, as the highly rewarding aspects of cocaine come from its effects on dopamine.

Chuluunkhuu, G., Nakahara, N., Yanagisawa, S., & Kamae, I. (2008). The efficacy of reboxetine as an antidepressant, a meta-analysis of both continuous (mean HAM-D score) and dichotomous (response rate) outcomes. Kobe J Med Sci, 54(2), E147-58. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18772616 Eyding, D., Lelgemann, M., Grouven, U., Härter, M., Kromp, M., Kaiser, T., & Wieseler, B. (2010). Reboxetine for acute treatment of major depression: systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished placebo and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor controlled trials. Bmj, 341, c4737. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c4737 Outhred, T., Hawkshead, B. E., Wager, T. D., Das, P., Malhi, G. S., & Kemp, A. H. (2013). Acute neural effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors versus noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors on emotion processing: implications for differential treatment efficacy. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 37(8), 1786-1800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.010

--Dom M.S (discuss • contribs) 01:16, 18 October 2017 (UTC)

Article Suggestion
Hey Ceridwen. I found an article on theories of emotion and causation that could be of use in your theories section. Moors, A. (2009). Theories of Emotion causation: A review. Cognition and Emotion, 23, 625-662. http://zh9bf5sp6t.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Theories+of+emotion+causation%3A+A+review&rft.jtitle=Cognition+%26+Emotion&rft.au=Moors%2C+Agnes&rft.date=2009-06-01&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.issn=0269-9931&rft.eissn=1464-0600&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.spage=625&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080%2F02699930802645739&rft.externalDocID=364743&paramdict=en-US Good luck!! Mayoh 11 (discuss • contribs) 04:57, 22 October 2017 (UTC)

-- Jtneill - Talk - c 21:05, 27 November 2017 (UTC)