Talk:PlanetPhysics/Gauge Bosons 2

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{\em Gauge bosons} are (quantum) \htmladdnormallink{particles}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Particle.html} of zero or integer \htmladdnormallink{spin}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/QuarkAntiquarkPair.html} (i.e., bosons or particles that follow the Bose-Einstein statistics) which act as the carriers of the four fundamental forces of nature. Thus, the major gauge boson classes are: photons, W and Z bosons/{\em \htmladdnormallink{Higgs bosons}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Neutralinos.html}}, \htmladdnormallink{gluons}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/ExtendedQuantumSymmetries.html} and {\em gravitons}, that are carriers of, respectively, electromagnetic interactions, (electro\htmladdnormallink{)weak interactions}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/WeakNuclearForce.html} (W and Z), \htmladdnormallink{strong interactions}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/QuarkAntiquarkPair.html} and gravitational ones.

Unlike photons and (W,Z) bosons, the \htmladdnormallink{scalar}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Vectors.html} massive Higgs bosons (spin-0) and (massless) gravitons (spin-2 bosons) are yet to be observed, and are thus considered hypothetical. Therefore, the \htmladdnormallink{Standard Model of physics}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/QuarkAntiquarkPair.html} currently includes only photons, W, Z bosons and gluons.

In quantum gauge theories, gauge bosons are the quanta of gauge \htmladdnormallink{fields}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/CosmologicalConstant.html}. There are distinct gauge (symmetry) \htmladdnormallink{groups}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/TrivialGroupoid.html} associated with each class of gauge bosons. Thus, the gauge group of electromagnetic interactions in \htmladdnormallink{quantum electrodynamics}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/QED.html} (\htmladdnormallink{QED}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/QED.html}) is the {\em unitary} \htmladdnormallink{symmetry group}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/TopologicalOrder2.html} $U(1)$ as it has only one gauge boson --the photon. On the other hand, in \htmladdnormallink{quantum chromodynamics (QCD)}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/QuantumChromodynamicsQCD.html} the gauge group is the special unitary group $SU(3)$ corresponding to the eight different \htmladdnormallink{gluon}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/QuarkAntiquarkPair.html} \htmladdnormallink{types}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Bijective.html} (distinguished by their quantum \htmladdnormallink{flavors}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/QuarkAntiquarkPair.html}) which are responsible for the strong interactions.

Note also that not all bosons are field carriers, and thus there are many more bosons besides the gauge bosons, such as: the deuteron, all nuclei of either zero or integer spin, Cooper (electron) pairs and all quasi-particles of either zero or integer spin.

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