Talk:PlanetPhysics/Physical Laws

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\section{The Laws of Physics}

This is a new contributed topic summarizing the laws of Physics.

\textbf{more to come...}

\subsection{Conservation Laws and Symmetry}

\subsection{Laws of Classical, Newtonian Mechanics}

\begin{itemize}

\item Newton's first, second and third laws of \htmladdnormallink{motion}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/CosmologicalConstant.html} \item Euler--Lagrange equation \item Conservation of \htmladdnormallink{momentum}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Momentum.html} \item Conservation of \htmladdnormallink{mass}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/CosmologicalConstant.html} and \htmladdnormallink{energy}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/CosmologicalConstant.html} \item Newton's Law of Gravitation \item Hook's law

\end{itemize}

\subsection{Principles and Laws of Relativistic Mechanics}

\begin{itemize} \item Equivalence of \htmladdnormallink{reference systems}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/CoriolisEffect.html} or coordination frames

\item Constancy of the \htmladdnormallink{speed of light}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/CosmologicalConstant.html}, $c$

\item \htmladdnormallink{Einstein's}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/AlbertEinstein.html} Equivalence of gravitational and \htmladdnormallink{inertial mass}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Mass.html} \item Einstein's Law of Mass-Energy Equivalence \item Einstein--Hilbert action \item Einstein's \htmladdnormallink{field}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/CosmologicalConstant.html} equations (EFEs) \item Einstein--Maxwell equations \item Correspondence principle: Newton's law of gravitation derived from EFEs \item Mach's 'principle', or conjecture \end{itemize}

\subsection{Laws of Fluids and Hydrodynamics}

\begin{itemize}

\item 1 \item 2 \item 3 \end{itemize}

\subsection{Principle and Laws of Optics}

\begin{itemize} \item Maupertuis' Principle; Principle of Least (or minimum) Action; Variational principles \item Hamilton's Principle; Principle of Stationary Action \item Snell's Laws \item Huygens's Principle of Diffraction \end{itemize}

\subsection{Laws of Electromagnetism and Electrodynamics}

\begin{itemize}

\item \htmladdnormallink{charge}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Charge.html} Conservation \item \htmladdnormallink{Coulomb's law}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/CoulombsLaw.html} \item Amp\'ere's Law \item Faraday's Law \item Kirchhoff law for electrical circuits \item \htmladdnormallink{Maxwell's equations}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/FluorescenceCrossCorrelationSpectroscopy.html} \item Bragg's Law \item Clausius-Mossotti Law \item xxxx \end{itemize}

\subsection{Laws of Thermodynamics and Molecular Physics}

\begin{itemize} \item Energy Conservation \item Zeroth, First, Second and Third \htmladdnormallink{principles of thermodynamics}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/ThermodynamicLaws.html}:

\bigbreak \textbf{Zeroth Law}-defines \htmladdnormallink{temperature}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/BoltzmannConstant.html}: \emph{If a \htmladdnormallink{system}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/SimilarityAndAnalogousSystemsDynamicAdjointnessAndTopologicalEquivalence.html} A is in \htmladdnormallink{thermal equilibrium}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/ThermalEquilibrium.html} with both systems B and C, then systems B and C are also in thermal equilibrium with each other; that is, if A is at the same temperature as both B and C, then B and C have to be at the same temperature, in thermal equilibrium with each other}. \textbf{First Law:} \emph{The change in a system's internal energy is equal to the difference between \htmladdnormallink{heat}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Heat.html} added to the system from its surroundings and \htmladdnormallink{work}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Work.html} done by the system on its surroundings}; \bigbreak \textbf{Second Law:} \emph{In any process occurring in a \htmladdnormallink{closed system}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/ThermodynamicLaws.html} the \htmladdnormallink{entropy}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/ThermodynamicLaws.html} can only increase}; \bigbreak \textbf{Third Law:} \emph{the entropy of any pure crystalline system tends to zero in the limit of temperature approaching zero absolute (i.e., in deg Kelvin)}; also Nernst's law or Nernst heat \htmladdnormallink{theorem}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Formula.html}. \item \textbf{Avogadro's law:} \emph{the number of \htmladdnormallink{molecules}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Molecule.html} or atoms in a specific \htmladdnormallink{volume}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Volume.html} of gas is a \htmladdnormallink{universal constant}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/CosmologicalConstant2.html}, independent of their size or the molecular mass of the gas}; a mol of gas contains always Avogadro's number, $N_A$, of molecules of the gas; $N_A= 6.022 \times 10^{23} mol^{-1}$. \item Clausius--Clapeyron equation \item Van't Hoff equation \item \textbf{Henry's law:} \emph{At constant temperature, the amount of a given gas dissolved in a given \htmladdnormallink{type}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Bijective.html} and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the \htmladdnormallink{partial pressure}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/DaltonsLaw.html} of that gas in \htmladdnormallink{equilibrium}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/ThermalEquilibrium.html} with that liquid}. \item \textbf{\htmladdnormallink{Dalton's law}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/DaltonsLaw.html}} (Dalton's law of partial pressures): \emph{The total pressure exerted by a gaseous mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual component in a gas mixture}. \item Van der Waals equation of state: \textbf{Principle of Corresponding States} \item \textbf{Gibbs--Duhem equation}, or the \emph{Phase Law} \item \textbf{Gibbs--Helmholtz equations} \item Kopp's law for heat capacities \item Ehrenfest equations \item Maxwell's \htmladdnormallink{relations}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Bijective.html} for \htmladdnormallink{Thermodynamic}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Thermodynamics.html} potentials \item Onsager's Principle; Onsager reciprocal relations \item Stefan--Boltzmann's Law \item Fick's laws of diffusion \item Maxwell---Stefan diffusion \item Churchill-Bernstein Equation \item Raoult's law \item Duhem--Margules equation \item Thermodynamics of \htmladdnormallink{black holes}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/BlackHoles.html} and \htmladdnormallink{spin networks}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/SimplicialCWComplex.html} in Qauntum Gravity \end{itemize}

\subsection{Statistical Mechanics} \begin{itemize}

\item Maxwell--Boltzmann distribution laws: \item Maxwell---Boltzmann statistics, \item Bose--Einstein statistics, \item Ferm--Dirac statistics, \item Partition \htmladdnormallink{function}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Bijective.html} and the Equations of State of a Thermodynamic System \item Schwinger functions and Osterwalder---Schrader theorem in statistical field theory \item Langevin equation \end{itemize}

\subsection{Laws of Quantum Mechanics}

\begin{itemize} \item \htmladdnormallink{Planck's law}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/PlancksRadiationLaw.html} and Universal constant, $h$ \item Einstein's Laws of Light \htmladdnormallink{absorption}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/FluorescenceCrossCorrelationSpectroscopy.html} and Emission; Einstein's coefficients \item Law of \htmladdnormallink{photoelectric effect}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/PhotoelectricEffectIntroduction.html} \item Quantization Laws \item First and Second \htmladdnormallink{quantization}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/MoyalDeformation.html} Principles \item Correspondence Principle \item \htmladdnormallink{wave-particle duality}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/TransversalWave.html} (de Broglie) \item Superposition Principle and the quantum Wavefunction \item Uncertainty Principle (Heisenberg) \item Schr"/odinger's Equations \item Hamilton's Principle \item Einstein--Maxwell--Dirac equations (EMD) \item Klein--Fock--Gordon equation \item Rarita--Schwinger equation for spin--3/2 \htmladdnormallink{fermions}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/QuarkAntiquarkPair.html} \item Conservation Laws in Spontaneous and \htmladdnormallink{quantum measurement}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/CosmologicalConstant.html} Processes \item Pauli's Principle for fermions \item \htmladdnormallink{Goldstone theorem}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/LongRangeCoupling.html} \item Kirchhoff's Laws of spectroscopic analysis: Kirchhoff showed that there are three types of spectra emitted by \htmladdnormallink{objects}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/TrivialGroupoid.html}: 1) Continuous \htmladdnormallink{spectrum}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/CohomologyTheoryOnCWComplexes.html} -- a \htmladdnormallink{solid}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/CoIntersections.html} or liquid body radiates an uninterrupted, smooth spectrum (called a Planck curve); 2) Emission spectrum-- a radiating gas produces a spectrum of discrete spectral lines 3) Absorption spectrum -- a continuous spectrum that passes through a cool gas has specific spectral lines removed (inverse of an emission spectrum)

\item Dispersion laws \item \htmladdnormallink{superconductivity}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/LongRangeCoupling.html} principle and \htmladdnormallink{Meissner effect}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/LondonEquation.html} \item Wheeler--DeWitt equation in \htmladdnormallink{quantum gravity}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/LQG2.html} \end{itemize}

\emph{Principles of \htmladdnormallink{quantum field theory}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/SpaceTimeQuantizationInQuantumGravityTheories.html} (\htmladdnormallink{QFT}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/HotFusion.html}) and \htmladdnormallink{quantum electrodynamics}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/QED.html} (\htmladdnormallink{QED}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/HotFusion.html})} \begin{itemize} \item \htmladdnormallink{particle}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Particle.html} Indistinguishability \item Second Quantization \item Mass--renormalization laws \item Schwinger--Dyson equation \end{itemize}

\subsection{Laws of Atomic and Nuclear Physics}

\begin{itemize} \item Law of \htmladdnormallink{radioactive decay}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Cyclotron.html} \item \htmladdnormallink{lepton}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Lepton.html} conservation laws in electroweak theory

\item The Standard Model \item \htmladdnormallink{supersymmetry}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Supersymmetry.html} \item Equivalence of \htmladdnormallink{string theories}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/10DBrane.html} \item Symmetry Breaking and the Higgs theory \item Dispersion laws for \htmladdnormallink{Goldstone bosons}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/LongRangeCoupling.html} \end{itemize}

\textbf{more to come}...

\end{document}