Talk:PlanetPhysics/Temperature

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Temperature, $T$, is a \htmladdnormallink{scalar}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Vectors.html} \htmladdnormallink{Thermodynamic}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Thermodynamics.html} variable related to the amount of \htmladdnormallink{kinetic energy}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/KineticEnergy.html} that a \htmladdnormallink{system}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/SimilarityAndAnalogousSystemsDynamicAdjointnessAndTopologicalEquivalence.html} of either atoms/molecules or \htmladdnormallink{spins}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/QuarkAntiquarkPair.html} have. The proportionality constant, $k$, beween the kinetic energy and temperature $T$ of the system is called the {\em Boltzmann constant}.

For an atomic or molecular system, $T$ is usually measured with a calibrated thermometer; in the case of an ensemble or system of spins, $T$ is called the {\em spin temperature} of the system, and is typically measured through \htmladdnormallink{magnetization}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/MagneticInductionVector.html} transfer experiments at \htmladdnormallink{equilibrium}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/ThermalEquilibrium.html}. The \htmladdnormallink{absolute temperature}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/ThermodynamicLaws.html}, or Kelvin scale, has only values that are greater than, or equal to, zero. One notes, however, that according to \htmladdnormallink{quantum mechanics}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/QuantumParadox.html}, even at zero degrees Kelvin there are still \htmladdnormallink{motions}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/CosmologicalConstant.html} present in any atomic or molecular system--the zero-point vibrations, yielding an absolute minimum zero-point vibration \htmladdnormallink{energy}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/CosmologicalConstant.html} $E^v_o > 0$.

For crystalline systems, their entropy--which is a measure of the degree of disorder present in any thermodynamic system-- tends to zero when temperature tends to absolute zero (the Third Law of Thermodynamics).

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