Talk:PlanetPhysics/X Ray Microscope

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%%% This file is part of PlanetPhysics snapshot of 2011-09-01 %%% Primary Title: X-ray microscope %%% Primary Category Code: 00. %%% Filename: XRayMicroscope.tex %%% Version: 18 %%% Owner: bci1 %%% Author(s): bci1 %%% PlanetPhysics is released under the GNU Free Documentation License. %%% You should have received a file called fdl.txt along with this file. %%% If not, please write to gnu@gnu.org. \documentclass[12pt]{article} \pagestyle{empty} \setlength{\paperwidth}{8.5in} \setlength{\paperheight}{11in}

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An \textbf{X-ray microscope}, or {\em X-ray tomograph} uses electromagnetic \htmladdnormallink{radiation}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Cyclotron.html} in the soft (long wavelength) \htmladdnormallink{X-ray}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/FluorescenceCrossCorrelationSpectroscopy.html} region to produce images of tiny \htmladdnormallink{objects}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/TrivialGroupoid.html}, such as living cells. Sir Lawrence Bragg produced some of the first usable X-ray images with his apparatus in the late 1940's. Early X-ray microscopes that were built by Paul Kirkpatrick and Albert Baez used grazing-incidence reflective `optics' to focus the X-rays, which grazed X-rays off parabolic, curved mirrors at a very high angle of incidence, in order to avoid total \htmladdnormallink{absorption}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/FluorescenceCrossCorrelationSpectroscopy.html} and scattering of the X-ray beam.

At the Advanced Light Source (ALS)in Berkeley, CA, ($http://ncxt.lbl.gov$) the X-ray microscope model XM-1 is a complete \htmladdnormallink{field}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/CosmologicalConstant2.html} soft X-ray microscope operated by the Center for X-ray Optics which is dedicated to various applications in materials sciences and biology, nanoscience, (such as nanomagnetic materials) and environmental sciences. XM-1 utilizes an X-ray `lens' to focus X-rays on a CCD, in a manner superficially similar to an optical or \htmladdnormallink{electron microscope}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/ImageReconstructionByDoubleFT.html}. Unlike the latter two \htmladdnormallink{types}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Bijective.html} of earlier microscopes, however, the X-ray beam of long wavelengths is diffracted in the XM-1 by Fresnel zone plates down to 15nm and is thus able to combine moderately high spatial resolution with a sub-100ps time resolution to study ultrafast \htmladdnormallink{spin}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/QuarkAntiquarkPair.html} \htmladdnormallink{dynamics}{http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/MathematicalFoundationsOfQuantumTheories.html} or fast kinetics. Its successor at ALS ($http://www.cxro.lbl.gov/BL612/$), XM-2, is capable of producing 3-dimensional (3D) tomograms of a single cell. A resolution of 30 nanometer is possible uwith XM-2 using the Fresnel zone plate `lens' which forms the reconstructed, highly-magnified image using the soft x-rays emitted from a synchrotron. Recently, the use of soft x-rays emitted from laser-produced plasmas rather than synchrotron radiation is becoming more popular.

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