Testing differences

In statistics, there is often interest in comparing the data for two or more variables in order to help determine whether there are 'real' mean differences, and the size of any differences.

Such questions can be tackled using t-tests where the dependent variables are reasonably normal and with similar variances. Alternatively, several non-parametric statistics can be applied when such assumptions cannot be met.

Considerations
If you have access to the population data, then a descriptive approach could well be sufficient for meaningfully reporting on the data.

However, if you only have a sample, then inferential statistics can help in drawing conclusions about possible differences in the target population.