Theoretical radiation astronomy/Quiz

Theoretical radiation astronomy is the key theory lecture for the course on the principles of radiation astronomy.

This is a quiz based on the lecture that you are free to take at any time or knowledge level.

Once you’ve read and studied the lecture itself, the links contained within the article/lecture, listed under See also, External links and in the template, you should have adequate background to take the quiz and score highly.

As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score.

This quiz may need up to an hour to take and is equivalent to an hourly.

Suggestion: Have the lecture available in a separate window.

Enjoy learning by doing!

Quiz
{True or False, An action or process of throwing or sending out a traveling ray in a line, beam, or stream of small cross section may be called radiation. + TRUE - FALSE
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{Which of the following is not a characteristic of radiation? - throwing a beam - a stream of charged or neutral particles + calculating the energy of a beam - sending out a traveling ray - a secondary-object hazard
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{Which of the following are theoretical radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the Sun? + a core which emits neutrinos - a solar wind which emanates out the polar coronal holes + gravity + the barycenter for the solar system - polar coronal holes - coronal clouds + its position
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{Before the current era and perhaps before 6,000 b2k which classical planet may have been observed as a pole star for the Earth? { Osiris|Saturn (i) }
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{Complete the text: A neutron star is a type of { stellar remnant|remnant|compact star (i) } that can result from the { gravitational collapse|collapse (i) } of a { massive star|star (i) } during a { Type II, Type Ib or Type Ic|Type II|Type Ib|Type Ic (i) } supernova event.
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{True or False, Neutrinos emanate from a neutron star because an atomic nucleus the size hypothesized for a neutron star is unstable and the neutrons decompose giving off neutrinos. - TRUE + FALSE
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{Which of the following is not a characteristic of a sky? - catching a beam + a stream of charged or neutral particles - it may appear as a dome over the Earth your standing on - impervious to some traveling rays - a secondary-object hazard
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{Which of the following are theoretical radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the Earth? - a core which emits neutrinos - a charged particle wind which emanates out the polar ionosphere holes + gravity + near the barycenter for the Earth-Moon system + the swirls of tan, green, blue, and white are most likely sediment in the water - coronal clouds + chlorophyll-containing phytoplankton aloft in the upper atmosphere
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{A possible solution to the discrepancy between the Spite plateau abundance and the predicted value of the primordial lithium abundance is lithium depletion through? { atomic diffusion|diffusion (i) }
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{Complete the text: The standard solar models have enjoyed tremendous success recently in terms of agreement between the predicted { outer structure|structure (i) } and the results from { helioseismology|seismology (i) } but some { observed properties|properties (i) } of the Sun still defy explanation, such as the degree of { Li|lithium (i) } depletion.
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{Yes or No, The traditional equation $$ E = mc^2 $$ equates energy with matter in their interconversion. - Yes + No
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{Which of the following is not a characteristic of a laboratory? - catching a beam + one more degree of freedom than can be measured or controlled - it may appear as a dome over a small portion of the Earth your standing on - impervious to some traveling rays - a secondary-object hazard
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{Which of the following are theoretical radiation astronomy phenomena associated with a laboratory on Earth? + a core which emits neutrinos + a charged particle wind which emanates out of a beam line + gravity + near the barycenter for the Earth-Moon system + swirls of tan, green, blue, and white in the water + electric arcs - chlorophyll-containing phytoplankton aloft in the upper atmosphere
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{A laboratory solution to the discrepancy between the Spite plateau abundance and the predicted value of the primordial lithium abundance is lithium depletion through? { atomic diffusion|diffusion (i) }
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{Complete the text: In the radiation physics laboratories here on Earth, the { emission (i) }, { reflection (i) } , { transmission (i) } , { absorption (i) }, and  { fluorescence (i) }  of radiation is studied and { laws (i) } relative to sources are proven.
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{True or False, The traditional equation $$ E = mc^2 $$ equates electromagnetism with mass in their interconversion. - TRUE + FALSE
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{Which of the following is not a characteristic of a theory? - catching a beam + one more degree of freedom than can be measured or controlled - it may appear as a dome over a small portion of the Earth your standing on - impervious to some traveling rays - a secondary-object hazard
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{Which of the following are theoretical radiation astronomy phenomena associated with a satellite in orbit around the Earth? + background radiation - a charged particle wind which emanates out of a beam line + gravity + near the barycenter for the Earth-Moon system - swirls of tan, green, blue, and white in the water + electric arcs + chlorophyll-containing phytoplankton aloft in the upper atmosphere
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{Capital Greek letters are often used for? { baryons (i) }
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{Complete the text: Let the English upper-case (capital) letter { X } when juxtaposed to { -ray|ray (i) } indicate radiation at wavelengths longer than those of radiation that emanates from atomic  { nuclei (i) } to those just above the extreme  { ultraviolet (i) }.
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{True or False, The traditional equation $$ E = mc^2 $$ equates electromagnetism with matter in their interconversion. - TRUE + FALSE
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{Which of the following is not a characteristic of a control group? - catching a beam + one more degree of freedom than can be measured or controlled - it may appear as a dome over a small portion of the Earth your standing on - impervious to some traveling rays - a secondary-object hazard
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{Which of the following are theoretical radiation astronomy phenomena associated with a wanderer? + possible orbits + a charged particle wind + gravity + near the barycenter its system - swirls of tan, green, blue, and white in the liquid methane + electric arcs + chlorophyll-containing phytoplankton aloft in an upper atmosphere
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{Electromagnetic radiation emitted by accelerating charged particles that are moving at near the speed of light? { synchrotron radiation|synchrotron (i) }
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{Complete the text: Any of many { mathematical relationships (i) } in which something is related to something else by an equation of the form f(x) = a·xk is called a { power law (i) }.
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{True or False, A theory may not be right but it should be testable. + TRUE - FALSE
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{Which of the following is not a characteristic of background radiation? - naturally present - ionizing radiation - a continuum - in the environment + a one-time occurrence
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{Which of the following are theoretical radiation astronomy phenomena associated with a planet? + possible orbits - a hyperbolic orbit - nuclear fusion at its core - nuclear fusion in its ionosphere - near the barycenter of its stellar system + accretion + electric arcs + impact craters
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{Electromagnetic radiation emitted by accelerating charged particles? { bremsstrahlung radiation|bremsstrahlung (i) }
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{Complete the text: The emissivity of a perfect { white (i) } equals 0, that of a perfect black body equals { 1|one (i) }.
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{True or False, A theory may not be testable but it should be right. - TRUE + FALSE
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{Which of the following is not a characteristic of a black body? - photons go in but they don't come out - absorption - a hole or entry much smaller than a cavity - emissivity + reflectance
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{Which of the following are theoretical radiation astronomy phenomena associated with a star? + possible orbits + a hyperbolic orbit + nuclear fusion at its core + nuclear fusion in its chromosphere + near the barycenter of its planetary system + accretion + electric arcs - impact craters - radar signature
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{Electromagnetic radiation emitted by decelerating charged particles? { bremsstrahlung radiation|bremsstrahlung (i) }
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{Complete the text: A surface's spectral { emissivity (i) } and { absorptivity (i) } do not depend on wavelength [for a graybody], so that the emissivity is a { constant (i) }.
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{True or False, The term meteor is usually associated with visual radiation from an object streaking across an Earth sky at night. + TRUE - FALSE
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{Which of the following is not a theoretical characteristic of a meteor? - size of the object - interpretation of associated phenomena - a hot bow-wave + ion wind - forming ahead of the meteor
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{Which of the following are theoretical radiation astronomy phenomena associated with a megacryometeor? + possible orbits + a hyperbolic orbit - nuclear fusion at its core - nuclear fusion in its chromosphere - near the barycenter of its planetary system + accretion - electric arcs + non-water ice + cometary origin
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{Electromagnetic radiation emitted by passing charged particles? { bremsstrahlung radiation|bremsstrahlung (i) }
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{Complete the text: The Oort cloud is a hypothesized { spherical (i) } cloud of { comets (i) } which may lie roughly { 50,000 AU (i) }, or nearly a light-year, from the Sun.
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{True or False, Particle radiation has three main origins: (1) galactic cosmic radiation, (2) solar particle radiation, and (3) geomagnetically trapped particle radiation. + TRUE - FALSE
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{Which of the following is not a theoretical characteristic of space radiation? - spacetime - interpretation of associated phenomena - a hot bow-wave + a steady rise - forming ahead of the meteor
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{Which of the following are theoretical radiation astronomy phenomena associated with space radiation? + possible orbits + a hyperbolic orbit + nuclear fusion at a star's exposed core + nuclear fusion in a star's chromosphere - near the barycenter of its planetary system + accretion + electric arcs + non-water ice + cometary origin
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{Measurements from Voyager 1 revealed a steady rise since May in collisions with? { high energy particles|particles (i) }
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{Complete the text: At the same time, in late { August (i) }, there was a dramatic drop in collisions with { low-energy particles|low energy particles (i) }, which are thought to originate from the { Sun (i) }.
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{True or False, Below EeV energies ultra high energy neutrons have boosted lifetimes. - TRUE + FALSE
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{Which of the following is not a major source of protons within the solar system? - solar coronal clouds - solar wind - photosphere + polar coronal holes - coronal mass ejections
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{Which of the following may supply power into the Crab Nebula? + an outflowing wind - particles into the pulsar + particles from the pulsar + electrons and positrons in the wind + particles coming out of the pulsar very close to light speed
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{The Galactic distribution of 511 keV line emission distribution are the bulge + the thick disk or? { halo + thin disk|particles|Galactic halo + thin disk (i) }
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{Complete the text: Some neutrinos originating from the Sun may be produced by the { particle accelerator-type (i) } reactions occurring in and above the { chromosphere (i) }. Differentiating these coronal cloud-induced neutrinos from the neutrino background and those theorized to be produced within the { core (i) } of the Sun may someday be possible with neutrino astronomy.
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{True or False, According to relativity theory, although the speed of light in a perfect vacuum cannot be exceeded, since there are no perfect vacuums anywhere in the universe, this speed of light can be exceeded in any medium and produce Cerenkov radiation. - TRUE + FALSE
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{Which of the following is not a characteristic of outer space? - gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure - similar to a laboratory vacuum + free space - imperfect vacuum - partial vacuum
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{Which of the following are characteristic of QED vacuum? + fluctuations + no photons + no matter particles + relative permittivity + relative permeability
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{The most accurate standard for the metre is conveniently defined so that there are exactly 299,792,458 of them to the distance travelled by light in a standard? { second|sec|s (i) }
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{Complete the text: According to { special (i) } relativity, c is the maximum speed at which all { energy (i) }, { matter (i) }, and { information (i) } in the universe can travel.
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{True or False, An electron beam furnace is a type of vacuum furnace employing a high-energy electron beam in vacuum as the means for delivery of heat to the material being melted. + TRUE - FALSE
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{Which of the following is not a characteristic of the heliosphere? - outward speed of the solar wind diminishes to zero - inward pressure from interstellar space is compacting the magnetic field - the solar wind even blows back at us - a 100-fold increase in the intensity of high-energy electrons from elsewhere in the galaxy diffuse into our solar system from outside + the source of heat that brings the coronal cloud near the Sun hot enough to emit X-rays may be the photosphere
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{Which of the following are characteristic of radiation all around us? + fluctuations + ionizing + airborne + biologically functional components of the human body + a component of DNA
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{Background radiation may simply be any radiation that is? { pervasive (i) }
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{Complete the text: The cosmic microwave background radiation is a { nearly uniform (i) } glow that fills the { sky (i) } in the { microwave (i) } part of the { spectrum (i) }.
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{True or False, In a laboratory, background radiation refers to the measured value from any sources that affect an instrument when a radiation source sample is being measured. - TRUE + FALSE
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{Which of the following is not a characteristic of radiation sensitivity? - susceptibility + a material inert to change - physical changes from radiation - chemical changes by radiation - radiation induced change to a material
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{Which of the following are characteristic of radiation damage? + harmful changes + induced radioactivity - proton activation + photodisintegration + transmutation of elements - lead into gold
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{High-intensity ionizing radiation in air can produce a visible ionized air glow of telltale? { bluish-purplish color|bluish-purple color (i) }
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{Complete the text: Like gases, { liquids (i) } lack fixed { internal (i) } structure; the effects of { radiation (i) } is therefore mainly limited to { radiolysis (i) }.
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{True or False, Although the Earth's field is generally well approximated by a magnetic dipole with its axis near the rotational axis, there are occasional dramatic events where the North and South geomagnetic poles trade places. + TRUE - FALSE
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{Which of the following is not a characteristic of geomagnetic polar reversals? + the Earth becomes a monopole - basalts record reversals - seafloor magnetic anomalies - reversals in ocean sediment cores - reversals appear to occur at random intervals
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{Which of the following are characteristic of geomagnetic polar reversals? + the longer the period for reversal the longer the surface irradiation + the ionosphere seems to reach the surface + life-forms may suffer from radiation sickness - asteroids may strike the Earth that otherwise would not - the rotation of the Earth slows to a halt - poles of ice completely melt
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{The diffuse extragalactic background radiation (DEBRA) refers to the diffuse photon field from extragalactic origin that fill our? { Universe| (i) }
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{Complete the text: DEBRA contains { photons (i) } over ~ { 20 (i) } decades of { energy (i) } from ~ { ten to the minus seven|10-7|10^(-7) (i) } eV to ~ { 100 (i) } GeV.
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{True or False, Terrestrial gamma-ray flashes pose a challenge to current theories of lightning, especially with the discovery of the clear signatures of neutrinos produced in lightning. - TRUE + FALSE
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{Which of the following is not a characteristic of terrestrial gamma-ray flashes? - antimatter signatures - atmospheric origin - TGFs occur about 50 times per day globally + gamma radiation fountains downward from high cloud-top sources - higher energy gamma rays than come from the Sun
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{Which of the following are characteristic of interstellar extinction? + redder color indices - closer stars more affected + color excess + observed color index minus intrinsic color index - red shift - blue shift
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{As of 1977, model calculations cannot reproduce the observed breadth of the Ca II λ3933 line in Da,F stars like Ross 627 without appealing to an? { unknown line-broadening mechanism (i) }
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{Complete the text: Regarding a blue haze layer near the south polar region of Titan, the difference in color { blue (i) } above and { orange (i) } nearer the { surface (i) } could be due to { particle size (i) } of the haze.
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{True or False, Observations of X-rays have sometimes found the spectrum to have an upper portion and the lower portion suggesting a two stage acceleration process. + TRUE - FALSE
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{Which of the following is not a characteristic of terrestrial X-ray flashes? + antimatter signatures - atmospheric origin - X-ray flashes occur at least 50 times per day globally - X-radiation fountains upward from low cloud-top sources - as high or higher energy X-rays as come from the Sun
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{Which of the following are characteristic of high-velocity stars? + moving faster than 65 km/s - closer stars more affected + may point away from a stellar association + comet-like appearance - red shift - blue shift
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{A cyan color can result from a freshly excavated high-Ti? { basalt (i) }
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{Complete the text: The swirls of tan, green, blue, and white are most likely { sediment (i) } in the water. Some of the color may come from { phytoplankton (i) }.
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{True or False, Nitrogen/oxygen abundance ratios may decrease from outer-arm nebulae to inner-arm nebulae in spiral galaxies. - TRUE + FALSE
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{Which of the following is not a characteristic of meteoritic lithium abundance? - light elements may have been formed by the irradiation of interstellar matter + closely matches the solar abundance - not diminished by nucleosynthesis - not destroyed by nuclear fission reactions - may have been produced by cosmic-ray spallation
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{Which of the following may be characteristic of hydrogen deficiency in stars? + may have been consumed by nucleosynthesis + star formation in a cloud deficient in hydrogen - may point away from a stellar association + may have been formed by white dwarf mergers + may have had transfer of helium from the secondary to the primary + a possible massive convective event
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{Submillimeter radiances can be matched by models which include ice particles of? { ammonia|NH3|NH3 (i) }
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{Complete the text: One of the reasons why detection of { glycine (i) } is controversial is that although { radio (i) } (and some other methods like rotational spectroscopy) are good for the identification of simple species with large dipole moments, they are less sensitive to more { complex (i) } molecules, even something relatively small like { amino acids| aas (i) }.
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{True or False, The weak speed of a charged particle can exceed the speed of light. + TRUE - FALSE
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{Which of the following is not a characteristic of a globular cluster? - a spherical collection of stars + moves together but unbound by gravity - orbits a galactic core - bound by gravity - relatively high stellar density towards its center - may have formed together
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{Which of the following may be characteristic of orbital theory? + a hyperbolic pass + stellar association - may point away from a stellar association + eccentricity + obliquity + precession
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{A double star with an orbital plane that lies near enough to the line of sight to undergo eclipses is an? { eclipsing binary (i) }
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{Complete the text: By comparing astronomical observations with laboratory measurements, astrochemists can infer the { elemental|element (i) } abundances, { chemical composition (i) }, and { temperatures|temperature (i) } of stars and interstellar clouds.
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{True or False, A localized, transient volume that is observed may be called a region. + TRUE - FALSE
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{Which of the following is not a characteristic of astrognosy? - internal structure - element composition - distributions of plasma, gases, liquids, or solids + landscape - spheres - approximate concentricity
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{Which of the following may be characteristic of magnetohydrodynamics? + driven by current gradients - neutral atoms + closed tube loops + twisted flux + open field lines + synchrotron radiation
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{The MINOS experiment uses Fermilab's NuMI beam, which is an intense beam of neutrinos, that travels 455 miles (732 km) through the Earth to the? { Soudan Mine|Soudan mine (i) }
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{Complete the text: Theoretical astrohistory concerns { speculations (i) }, { models (i) }, and experimental facts with respect to observations in the past of the { hominids|hominins (i) } of Earth.
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{True or False, Although no tubular telescope has been found at ancient archaeological sites, ancient observers may have used air telescopes. + TRUE - FALSE
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{Which of the following is not a characteristic of the electrical theory of the corona? - repulsive force - repulsive ejection - auroral-like phenomenon around the Sun - rays and streamers + centrifugal ejection of particles from the solar limb - coronal discharges
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{Which of the following may be characteristic of a universe? + an origin + singularity + chaos + aether + local steady-state + uncountability + irrational numbers
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{Astronomical radiation mathematics is the laboratory mathematics such as simulations that are generated to try to understand the observations of? { radiation astronomy (i) }
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{Complete the text: The materials science of observatories involves the use of { novel|adaptive (i) } or { adaptive|novel (i) } materials that allow greater flexibility in the construction and deployment of observatories on, { under (i) }, and above rocky-object surfaces. The environment near the observatory can also be used to { enhance (i) } observation.
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Hypotheses

 * 1) Questions leaning more on theoretical development may be better.