User:Alandmanson/Hymenoptera of Africa - Encyrtidae key 1

=Key to genera of Afrotropical Encyrtidae (part 1 of 3)= This key is based on this paper: Prinsloo, G. L., & Annecke, D. P. (1979). A key to the genera of Encyrtidae from the Ethiopian region, with descriptions of three new genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Journal of the Entomological Society of southern Africa, 42(2), 349-382.

==1 Encyrtidae (mesopleuron very enlarged, mid coxae level with middle of mesopleuron in side view, cercal plates advanced, linea calva distinct, mesoscutum transverse and without distinct notauli) == 1a Tarsi with four segments ........ 2 1b Tarsi with five segments ........ 3

2 (Tarsi with four segments)

 * Marginal cilia of forewing very long (fig. 2 of waspweb key and Prinsloo & Anneke, 1979 ); axillae indistinct (fig. 3 of waspweb); funicle with five or six segments -
 * Anthemus HOWARD, 1896
 * 22 species worldwide; 12 Afrotropical species.
 * Photos: Ponent, Catalonia
 * Paper: Prinsloo, G. L., & Neser, O. C. (1989). A revision of the genus Anthemus Howard (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in the Afrotropical region. Revue de Zoologie Africaine, 103(1), 51-72.


 * Marginal cilia of forewing short (cf. fig. 4 of waspweb key and Prinsloo & Anneke, 1979 ), the longest cilia never much longer than the setae on the submarginal vein; axillae are distinct and meet medially; funicle with two to four segments -
 * Arrhenophagus AURIVILLIUS, 1888
 * Photos: Universal Chalcidoidea Database takagi.tenteki
 * Papers: Suh S-J. 2021. Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of the white peach scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on Prunus salicina Lindl. (Rosales: Rosaceae) in South Korea. Insecta Mundi 0885: 1–5. Suh, Soo-Jung, 2018. Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) reared from Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli (Cooley) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in the Republic of Korea, Insecta Mundi 612, pp. 1-6 : 3-4 Muniappan, R., Watson, G. W., Evans, G. A., Rauf, A., & Von Ellenrieder, N. (2012). Cycad aulacaspis scale, a newly introduced insect pest in Indonesia. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences, 19(3), 110-114., R., Watson, G. W., Evans, G. A., Rauf, A., & Von Ellenrieder, N. (2012). Cycad aulacaspis scale, a newly introduced insect pest in Indonesia. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences, 19(3), 110-114.

3 (Tarsi five-segmented)

 * 3a Forewing without stigmal, marginal or postmarginal veins, with an infuscated patch (fig. 4 of waspweb key); on the head, the scrobes are moderately deep, in the shape of aninverted V, their confluence is separated medially by a membranous joint that extends to the front of the vertex; a similar membrane runs transversely between the eyes where the fronto-vertex adjoins the face (fig. 5 of waspweb key and figs 1, 13, 20, 24 of Annecke & Mynhardt (1974) ) -
 * Arrhenophagoidea Girault, 1915
 * Arrhenophagoidea and Arrhenophagus are morphologically similar, except that the tarsi are four-segmented in Arrhenophagus and five-segmented in Arrhenophagoidea. Species of both genera are very small (body length about 0.5 mm).


 * 3b Forewing venation partly or well-developed; head without membranous features above the scrobes ........ 4

4 (Fore wing venation at least partly developed; head without membranous interruptions)

 * 4a Posterior margin of mesosetum with two round projections, each fitting into an indentation in anterior margin of axillae (fig. 6 of waspweb key); forewing with marginal cilia unusually long along caudal wing margin (fig. 7 of waspweb key); egg parasitoids of Tettigometridae -
 * Psyllechthrus GHESQUIERE, 1958
 * A single species, Psyllechthrus oophagus is known - from Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe.
 * Psyllechthrus oophagus has been reared from the eggs of Nototettigometra patruelis, which is thought to be its only host.
 * Photographs of Nototettigometra patruelis eggs with tiny wasps that are probably Psyllechthrus oophagus: and


 * 4b Margin of mesoseutum without two round projections fitting into indentations in the anterior margin of the axillae; marginal cilia of forewing not unusually long; not parasites of Tettigometridae ........ 5

5 (Posterior margin of mesoscutum without two round projections fitting into the anterior margin of axillae, forewing with marginal cilia not unusually long)

 * 5a Fore femur and tibia greatly swollen, the apex of the latter with two blunt spines in addition to the strigil; antenna eleven-segmented, the segments of pedicel, funicle and club similar in shape; head and body hardly encyrtiform (fig. 9 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key )
 * Sanghalia RISBEC, 1955
 * A single species from Congo, Sanghalia kerandeli
 * 5b Fore femur and tibia at most slightly swollen, the latter without spines; antenna otherwise, usually clavate................6

6 (Fore femur and tibia not greatly swollen, fore tibia without spines)

 * 6a Funicle with less than six segments........ 7
 * 6b Funicle with six or seven segments........ 16

7 (Funicle with less than six segments)
Afrotropical species
 * 7a Antenna (fig. 10) extensively flattened and expanded - both scape and flagellum leaf-like; the club is not segmented; the funicle has three to five transverse segments; Pseudococeid parasitoids -
 * Zaplatycerus Timberlake, 1925
 * Synonyms include: Tropidophryne Compere, 1931; Neoplatycerus Subba Rao, 1965; Avernes Noyes et Woolley, 1994; Assamencyrtus Singh, 2006.
 * 16 species worldwide; 4 Afrotropical species
 * Description and images of Zaplatycerus notialis on Researchgate
 * 7b Antenna not extensively flattened, but the scape may be expanded ventrally........ 8

8 (Antenna not extensively flattened; scape may be expanded)

 * 8a Funicle with four segments ........ 9
 * 8b Funicle with five segments ........ 10

9 (Funicle with four segments)

 * 9a Apex of scutellum with two lamelliform (flattened) setae (cf. figs 27. 28 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key ); forewing distinctly darkened, patterned; body flattened dorsoventrally; parasitoids of armored scale insects -
 * Pseudhomalopoda Girault, 1915
 * A single species, Pseudhomalopoda prima from the Neotropical and Neartic realms.
 * 9b Scutellum without scale-like setae; forewing transparent; body not flattened dorsoventrally; parasitoids of bees -
 * Xylencyrtus Annecke, 1968
 * Two Afrotropical species: Xylencyrtus mumifex, a parasitoid of Allodapula melanopus, is known from South Africa; and Xylencyrtus tridens is known from Cameroon, Kenya, South Africa, and Uganda and is a parasitoid of several xylocopine bee species (Tribe Allodapini).
 * Description and figures - Annecke, 1968

10 (Funicle with five segments)

 * 10a Antennal club not divided (a single segment) -
 * Trechnites Thomson, 1876
 * The body is blackish, with a metallic green scutellum; marginal and postmarginal veins of forewing punctiform or very short; parapsidal sulci present;
 * Parasitoids of psyllids.
 * 30 species worldwide; 3 Afrotropical species:
 * Trechnites angolensis associated with the legume Isoberlinia sp. (Angola)
 * Trechnites manaliensis a parasitoid of Euphyllura eastopi, Euphyllura longiciliata, Psylla hyalina (South Africa)
 * Trechnites morulus associated with Ceroplastes sp. (South Africa)


 * 10b The antennal club has two or three segments ........ 11

11 (Antennal club with two or three segments)

 * 11a Antennal club with two segments. (Maxillary palpi each with two segments, the labial not segmented; mandible tridentate (fig. 11 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key ), the upper tooth retracted; parasitic in Pseudococcidae) -
 * Pseudectroma Girault, 1915
 * Timberlakia Mercet, 1925 is a synonym
 * 16 species worldwide; 3 Afrotropical species: Pseudectroma cussoniae (Madagascar), Pseudectroma gilvum (South Africa), Pseudectroma signatum (Israel, South Africa)
 * Parasitoids - hosts include soft scales (Coccidae) and mealybugs (Pseudococcidae)


 * 11b Club with three segments ........ 12

12 (Antennal club with three segments)

 * 12a Ovipositor protruding from the end of the metasoma -
 * Acerophagus Smith, 1880
 * Pseudaphycus is a synonym of Acerophagus (see 13 below).
 * Acerophagus species are parasitoids of mealybugs (Pseudococcidae).
 * iNaturalist has images of Acerophagus (CC-BY-NC).


 * 12b Ovipositor not distinctly protruding from the end of the metasoma ........ 14

13 (Ovipositor protruding from the end of the metasoma - Acerophagus)

 * 13a Antennal club white; maxillary palpi each with four segments, the labial with three segments -
 * Afrotropical species of Acerophagus with a white antennal club (described as Pseudaphycus) include A. angelicus, A. dysmicocci, A. ferrisianae, A. maculipennis, A. mundus, A. notativentris , A. perdignus, A. prosopidis.


 * 13b Antennal club not white; maxillary palpi each with four segments, the labial with two segments -
 * Afrotropical species of Acerophagus with an antennal club that is not white (described as Acerophagus) include A. coccois, A. pallidus.

14 (Ovipositor not protruding or just protruding)

 * 14a Mandible with two teeth; maxillary palpi each have two segments, the labial not segmented; paratergites present; Male antenna ramose, rami on funicle segments I-IV -
 * Tetracnemoidea Howard, 1898
 * Tetracnemoidea species are parasitoids of mealybugs (Pseudococcidae).
 * Afrotropical species:
 * T. brevicornis (Girault) (Worldwide; Ghana in Afrotropics)
 * T. coffeicola (Kerrich) (Kenya, Uganda)
 * T. peregrina (Compere) (Worldwide; Ghana, South Africa in Afrotropics)
 * T. sydneyensis (Timberlake) (Worldwide; Ghana in Afrotropics)


 * 14b Mandible with three or more teeth; palpi do not have two segments; no paratergites; not parasitoids of mealybugs ................15

15 (Mandible with three or more teeth; palpi do not have two segments; no paratergites; not parasitoids of mealybugs)

 * 15a Head and body dark brown to blackish-brown, non-metallic except for frontovertex which may have a very slight metallic tinge; parasitic in aculeate Hymenoptera -
 * Xylencyrtus Annecke, 1968
 * Afrotropical species:
 * Xylencyrtus mumifex, a parasitoid of Allodapula melanopus (South Africa); and
 * Xylencyrtus tridens is a parasitoid of several xylocopine bee species (Tribe Allodapini) (Cameroon, Kenya, South Africa, and Uganda).


 * 15b Head and body predominantly black, the scutellum brilliant metallic green in colour; parasitic in Psyllidae -
 * Trechnites Thomson, 1876
 * The body is blackish, with a metallic green scutellum; marginal and postmarginal veins of forewing punctiform or very short; parapsidal sulci present;
 * Parasitoids of psyllids.

16 (Funicle with six or seven segments - 6b)

 * 16a Hind tibia foliaceously flattened (fig. 12 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key )........ 17
 * 16b Hind tibia not or only slightly flattened................ 18

17 (Hind tibia foliaceously flattened)

 * 17a Antennal club three-segmented or not segmented; parasitoids of Aphrophoridae and Cicadellidae. Male antenna may have six rami (fig. 14 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key ) - Neocladia iNat 170580378.jpg
 * Neocladia Perkins, 1906
 * Carabunia Waterston, 1928 is a synonym of Neocladia
 * iNaturalist has images of Neocladia.
 * Afrotropical species:
 * Neocladia gigantica is a parasitoid of Ptyelus flavescens, the Yellow Raintree Spittlebug (Uganda).
 * Neocladia senegalensis (Senegal, South Africa).
 * Neocladia tibialis is a parasitoid of Batrachomorphus capeneri, a leafhopper (South Africa).

18 (Hind tibia not or only slightly flattened)

 * 18a Wings markedly reduced ................19
 * 18b Wings not greatly reduced ............. 25

19 (Wings markedly reduced)

 * 19a Scutellum with a flange or lamella (fig. 15), in profile this flange shows as a thin, flat, caudal projection of the apex of scutellum................20
 * 19b Scutellum without a flange................21

20 (Wings reduced, scutellum with a flange or lamella)

 * 20a Mandible with two acute teeth; parasitoids of bees -
 * Ericydnus Walker, 1837
 * 33 species worldwide; Afrotropical species?
 * Ericydnus sp. - 2 specimens at ARC-PPRI (https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/search?dataset_key=b2ee8537-2a6c-4b4b-965a-538b47788606&taxon_key=1378896)


 * 20b Mandible with three teeth; parasitoids of Coccidae -
 * Paraphaenodiscus Girault, 1915
 * 20 species worldwide; 10 Afrotropical species:
 * Afrotropical species:
 * Paraphaenodiscus africanus Prinsloo (South Africa)
 * Paraphaenodiscus ceroplastodesi (Risbec) is a parasitoid of Ceroplastes species (Senegal)
 * Paraphaenodiscus chrysocomae Prinsloo (South Africa)
 * Paraphaenodiscus munroi Prinsloo is a parasitoid of Pulvinaria iceryi (South Africa)
 * Paraphaenodiscus niger Prinsloo is a parasitoid of Pulvinaria iceryi (South Africa)
 * Paraphaenodiscus paralis Prinsloo and Mynhardt is a parasitoid of Plagiochloa uniolae (South Africa)
 * Paraphaenodiscus pavoniae Risbec is a parasitoid of Ceroplastes and Pulvinaria species (Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
 * Paraphaenodiscus pedanus Prinsloo and Mynhardt is a parasitoid of Plagiochloa uniolae (South Africa)
 * Paraphaenodiscus risbeci Ghesquiere is a parasitoid of the moth Sesamia cretica (Senegal, Sudan)
 * Paraphaenodiscus rizicola (Risbec) has been associated with rice plants (Cameroon, Swaziland, Zimbabwe)

21 (Wings reduced, scutellum without a flange)

 * 21a Antenna nine-segmented, the club not segmented; mandible bidentate; parasitic in Pseudococcidae. Male antenna six-segmented, segments II - V each with a ramus -
 * Tetracnemus Westwood, 1837
 * iNaturalist has images of Tetracnemus.
 * 37 species worldwide; 2 Afrotropical species:
 * Tetracnemus bifasciatellus (Mercet) (South Africa)
 * Tetracnemus gumilevi Pilipjuk and Trjapitzin (Ethiopia)


 * 21b Antenna eleven-segmented, the club with three segments; mandible otherwise; not parasitic in Pseudococcidae................22

22 (Antenna eleven-segmented, the club with three segments)

 * 22a Scutellum with a semi-erect tuft of bristles, these strong bristles rarely scattered and not forming a distinct tuft........................23
 * 22b Scutellar tuft of bristles absent........ 24

23 (Wings reduced, scutellum with a semi-erect tuft of bristles)

 * 23a Mandible edentate, broadly rounded apically (fig. 16); gonostyli (3rd valvulae) absent -
 * Encyrtus Latreille, 1809
 * 96 species worldwide; 15 Afrotropical species:
 * Encyrtus aquilus is a parasitoid of Coccidae Ceroplastes and Gascardia species (South Africa)
 * Encyrtus aurantii is a parasitoid of Hemiptera including Aleyrodidae, Coccidae, Diaspididae, Eriococcidae, Pseudococcidae (Cameroon, Gabon, Ghana, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Senegal, Seychelles, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)
 * Encyrtus barbiger is a parasitoid of Parasaissetia litorea (South Africa)
 * Encyrtus bedfordi is a parasitoid of Waxiella mimosae (South Africa)
 * Encyrtus cotterelli is a parasitoid of Sahlbergella species (Ghana)
 * Encyrtus decorus is a parasitoid of Pulvinaria and Saissetia species (Zimbabwe)
 * Encyrtus fuliginosus is a parasitoid of a range of Coccidae (Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa)
 * Encyrtus hesperus (Gambia, Ivory Coast)
 * Encyrtus imitator (Cameroon, Gabon, Uganda)
 * Encyrtus infelix is a parasitoid of a range of Coccidae (Kenya, Madagascar, Seychelles, Zimbabwe)
 * Encyrtus melas is a parasitoid of Gascardia and Tachardina'' species (South Africa)
 * Encyrtus palpator ((Cameroon)
 * Encyrtus sacchari is a parasitoid of Pulvinaria species on rice and sugar cane (Benin, Cameroon, Gabon, Gambia, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
 * Encyrtus saliens is a parasitoid of Pulvinaria species (South Africa)
 * Encyrtus signifer (Cameroon, Gabon)


 * 23b Mandible tridentate; gonostyli present - Diversinervus.jpg
 * Diversinervus Silvestri, 1915
 * iNaturalist has images of Diversinervus.
 * 12 species worldwide; 10 Afrotropical species:
 * Diversinervus cervantesi is a parasitoid of Coccidae (South Africa)
 * Diversinervus desantisi is a parasitoid of Pulvinaria species (Eritrea, Ethiopia)
 * Diversinervus elegans is a parasitoid of a range of Coccidae (Angola, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa)
 * Diversinervus masakaensis is a parasitoid of Saissetia oleae (Uganda)
 * Diversinervus orarius is a parasitoid of a Ctenochiton sp. (South Africa)
 * Diversinervus redactus is a parasitoid of a Ceroplastes sp. (South Africa)
 * Diversinervus scutatus is a parasitoid of a Ceronema sp. (South Africa)
 * Diversinervus silvestrii is a parasitoid of Coccus species (Mauritius, South Africa)
 * Diversinervus smithi is a parasitoid of Saissetia oleae (South Africa)
 * Diversinervus stramineus is a parasitoid of Coccus alpinus, Coccus celatus, and Saissetia persimilis (Kenya, South Africa)

24 (Wings reduced, scutellar tuft of bristles absent)

 * 24a Apterous, or wings represented by a stub -
 * Metaphycus Mercet, 1917
 * 476 species worldwide; 86 Afrotropical species:
 * Many pics of winged species on iNaturalist (but not Afrotropical and not apterous)


 * 24b Fore wing reduced in size, but with venation distinct (fig. 17) - Neococcidencyrtus-poutiersi-Mercet-1922-A-Lateral-view-B-Dorsal-view-C W640.jpg
 * Neococcidencyrtus Compere, 1928
 * 20 species worldwide; 5 Afrotropical species:
 * Neococcidencyrtus brenhindis (Madagascar)
 * Neococcidencyrtus cliradainis (Cameroon)
 * Neococcidencyrtus poutiersi is a parasitoid of Furchadaspis zamiae, cycad scale (South Africa)  Fig. 5. in https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343006453
 * Neococcidencyrtus pudaspidis is a parasitoid of Pudaspis newsteadi (South Africa)
 * Neococcidencyrtus syndodis (South Africa)

25 (Hind tibia not foliaceously flattened, wings not greatly reduced)

 * 25a Dorsum of scutellum with a longitudinal, inconspicuous, median keel - Encyrtidae iNat 178385702 08.jpg
 * Pentelicus Howard, 1895
 * Head and thorax pitted; antennal club three-segmented, obliquely truncate apically.
 * 10 species worldwide; ? Afrotropical species:


 * 25b Scutellum without a median keel................26

26 (Scutellum without a median keel)

 * 26a Head with a horn-like protuberance jutting from middle of face just below antennal Insertions -
 * Paratetracnemoidea Girault, 1915
 * Rhinoencyrtus Mercet, 1918 is a synonym of Paratetracnemoidea
 * Photos at https://www.waspweb.org/chalcidoidea/Encyrtidae/Encyrtinae/Paratetracnemoidea/index.htm
 * 5 species worldwide; 3 Afrotropical species:
 * Paratetracnemoidea breviventris - no associates known (Tanzania)
 * Paratetracnemoidea cornis - no associates known (South Africa)
 * Paratetracnemoidea malenotti - no associates known (Gambia, Nigeria, Sudan)


 * 26b Head without facial protuberance................ 27

27 (Head without facial protuberance)

 * 27a Fore wing with stigmal vein branching away before venation reaches cephalic wing margin (figs 18- 22 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key ); postmarginal vein never reaching cephalic edge of wing................28
 * 27b Fore wing venation normal, at most marginal vein punctiform (figs 34, 63, 82, 89 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key ); or rarely, if marginal vein absent, then postmarginal touches edge of wing (fig. 80 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key )................32

28 (Fore wing with stigmal vein branching away before venation reaches cephalic wing margin)

 * 28a Anterior margin of frontovertex produced to form a prominent ridge that overhangs upper limits of scrobes; mandibles diminutive -
 *  Amira  Girault, 1913
 * 3 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
 * Amira durantae is a parasitoid of spiders Nephila inaurata and Nephila madagascarensis (Madagascar)


 * 28b Frontovertex rounded on to face, without an anterior ledge; mandibles relatively large, well developed........ 29

29 (Frontovertex rounded on to face, without an anterior ledge; mandibles relatively large)

 * 29a Antennal scrobes sulcate, impressed on face as an inverted V, their lateral margins sharply angled (fig. 23). Male and female antennae identical in shape and segmentation; parasitic in Aclerdidae -
 *  Allencyrtus  Annecke and Mynhardt, 1973
 * 1 species worldwide - Afrotropical:
 * Allencyrtus monomorphus is a parasitoid of an Aclerdid scale, Rhodesaclerda sp. (South Africa)


 * 29b Antennal scrobes not impressed on face as an inverted V with sharply angled lateral margins ....... 30

30 (Antennal scrobes not impressed on face as an inverted V with sharply angled lateral margins)

 * 30a Antennal club three-segmented; mandible edentate, broadly rounded apically (fig. 24); parasitic in Coccidae and Stictococcidae -
 *  Aethognathus  Silvestri, 1915
 * 5 species worldwide; all Afrotropical:
 * Aethognathus afer is a parasitoid of scales, Stictococcus diversiseta and Stictococcus multispinosus (Benin, Ghana)
 * Aethognathus bicolor is a parasitoid of the scale Stictococcus multispinosus (Uganda)
 * Aethognathus cavilabris is a parasitoid of coccid scales, Saissetiaand Stictococcus spp. (Congo, Uganda)
 * Aethognathus khryzhanovskyi - no associates known (Equatorial Guinea)
 * Aethognathus unicolor is a parasitoid of scales, Stictococcus gowdeyi and Stictococcus multispinosus (Nigeria, Uganda)


 * 30b Antennal club not segmented, obliquely truncate; mandible tridentate; not parasitic in scale insects........ 31

31 (Antennal club not segmented, obliquely truncate; mandible tridentate)

 * 31a Frontovertex and face with large pits, each with a strong metallic lustre; antennal scape (fig. 25) strongly expanded ventrally; parasitic in eggs of spiders -
 *  Proleurocerus  Ferriere, 1935
 * 5 species worldwide; 2 Afrotropical species:
 * Proleurocerus clavatus - no associates known (Zimbabwe)
 * Proleurocerus zululandiae - no associates known (South Africa)


 * 31b Frontovertex at most finely punctate, non-metallic; antennal scape at most slightly expanded ventrally; parasitic in Neuroptera nymphs - Isodromus iNat 147864868.jpg
 *  Isodromus Howard, 1887
 * 26 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
 * Isodromus timberlakei is a parasitoid of a Chrysopa species (South Africa)

32 (Fore wing venation normal, at most marginal vein punctiform; or rarely, if marginal vein absent, then postmarginal touches edge of wing - from 27)

 * 32a Scutellum with a semi-erect tuft of bristles, these strong bristles rarely scattered and not forming a distinct tuft................ 33
 * 32b Scutellum without a tuft of bristles, the setae recumbent, except for one subapical pair which is sometimes present................37

33 (Scutellum with a semi-erect tuft of bristles, bristles rarely not forming a distinct tuft)

 * 33a Head elongate in dorsal view, longer than wide or almost so, the greater part of each eye placed dorsally; mesoscutum (fig. 26) usually with a tuft of coarse bristles, but this tuft lacking in some species - Diversinervus.jpg
 *  Diversinervus Silvestri, 1915
 * iNaturalist has images of Diversinervus.
 * 12 species worldwide; 10 Afrotropical species:
 * Diversinervus cervantesi is a parasitoid of coccid scales, Ceroplastes floridensis, Coccus hesperidum, Pulvinaria spp., Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi, Saissetia coffeae, Saissetia oleae (South Africa)
 * Diversinervus desantisi  is a parasitoid of coccid scales, Pulvinaria sp. (Eritrea, Ethiopia)
 * Diversinervus elegans is a parasitoid of a wide range of coccid scales (Angola, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa)
 * Diversinervus masakaensis is a parasitoid of coccid scales, Saissetia oleae (Uganda)
 * Diversinervus orarius is a parasitoid of coccid scales, Ctenochiton sp. (South Africa)
 * Diversinervus redactus is a parasitoid of coccid scales, Ceroplastes sp. (South Africa)
 * Diversinervus scutatus is a parasitoid of coccid scales, Ceronema sp. (South Africa)
 * Diversinervus silvestrii is a parasitoid of coccid scales, Coccus spp. (Mauritius, South Africa)
 * Diversinervus smithi is a parasitoid of coccid scales, Saissetia oleae (South Africa)
 * Diversinervus stramineus is a parasitoid of coccid scales, Coccus alpinus, Coccus celatus, Saissetia persimilis (Kenya, South Africa)


 * 33b Head not longer than wide, eyes not placed dorsally; mesoscutum never with a tuft of bristles................34

34 (Head not longer than wide, eyes not placed dorsally; mesoscutum never with a tuft of bristles)

 * 34a Antenna enlarged, flattened, the club two-segmented, very large, almost as long as entire funicle; mandible bidentate; parasitic in Pseudococcidae. Head and body generally smooth and polished, brilliantly metallic in colour -
 *  Chrysoplatycerus Ashmead, 1889
 * 6 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
 * Chrysoplatycerus splendens is a parasitoid of mealybugs, Dysmicoccus spp., Ferrisia virgata, Ferrisiana virgata, Formicococcus njalensis, Planococcoides spp., Pseudococcus spp. (Ghana, South Africa)


 * 34b Antenna not broadened and flattened, the club three-segmented; mandibles not bidentate; not parasitic in mealybugs................ 35

35 (Antenna not broadened and flattened, the club three-segmented)

 * 35a Mandible edentate (fig. 16), broadly rounded apically; gonostyli absent; primary parasitoids of Coccidae - Encyrtus aurantii iNat 132121027 d.jpgEncyrtus infelix iNat 159262263 a.jpg
 *  Encyrtus Latreille, 1809
 * 96 species worldwide; 15 Afrotropical species:
 * Encyrtus aquilus is a parasitoid of coccid scales, Ceroplastes sp., Gascardia sp., Gascardia destructor (South Africa)
 * Encyrtus aurantii is a parasitoid of many different Hemiptera from Aleyrodidae, Coccidae, Diaspididae, Eriococcidae, and Pseudococcidae (Cameroon, Gabon, Ghana, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Senegal, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)
 * Encyrtus barbiger is a parasitoid of a coccid scale Parasaissetia litorea (South Africa)
 * Encyrtus bedfordi is a parasitoid of a coccid scale Waxiella mimosae (South Africa)
 * Encyrtus cotterelli is a parasitoid of plant bugs, Sahlbergella spp., Miridae (Ghana)
 * Encyrtus decorus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Pulvinaria sp., Saissetia sp. (Zimbabwe)
 * Encyrtus fuliginosus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Coccus, Lichtensia, Pulvinaria, Saissetia, Saissetia oleae, and Udinia species. (Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa)
 * Encyrtus hesperus - no associates known (Gambia, Ivory Coast)
 * Encyrtus imitator - no associates known (Cameroon, Gabon, Uganda)
 * Encyrtus infelix is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes spp., Coccus hesperidum, Gascardia madagascariensis, Lecanium hemisphaericum, Protopulvinaria pyriformis, Pulvinaria innumerabilis, Pulvinaria urbicola, Saissetia spp. (Kenya, Madagascar, Seychelles, Zimbabwe)
 * Encyrtus melas is a parasitoid of coccid scales Gascardia sp., Gascardia tachardiaformis, and lac scales Tachardina sp. (South Africa)
 * Encyrtus palpator - no associates known (Cameroon)
 * Encyrtus sacchari is a parasitoid of coccid scales Pulvinaria spp. on rice and sugar cane (Benin, Cameroon, Gabon, Gambia, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
 * Encyrtus saliens is a parasitoid of coccid scales Pulvinaria delottoi spp., Pulvinariella spp. (South Africa)
 * Encyrtus signifer - no associates known (Cameroon, Gabon)


 * 35b Mandible not edentate; gonostyli present; usually hyperparasitoids................36

36 (Mandible not edentate; gonostyli present; usually hyperparasitoids)

 * 36a Ovipositor not or only slightly exserted at apex of metasoma - Cheiloneurus iNat 90442164 a.jpg Cheiloneurus iNat 47473995.jpg
 *  Cheiloneurus Westwood, 1833
 * 152 species worldwide; 15 Afrotropical species:
 * Cheiloneurus afer is a parasitoid or hyperparasitoid from coccid scales Pulvinarisca jacksoni (Ghana)
 * Cheiloneurus angustifrons is a parasitoid or hyperparasitoid from coccid scales Ceroplastes mimosae, Waxiella mimosae (Sudan)
 * Cheiloneurus caesar is a hyperparasitoid of Dryinus orophilus in a delphacid planthopper (Mozambique)
 * Cheiloneurus carinatus is a parasitoid or hyperparasitoid from coccid scales Saissetia spp. and mealybugs Allococcus quaesitus, Delottococcus quaesitus, Ferrisiana virgata, Nipaecoccus spp., Phenacoccus spp., Planococcoides spp., Pseudococcus spp. (Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania)
 * Cheiloneurus chiaromontei is a parasitoid or hyperparasitoid from coccid scales Saissetia oleae (Eritrea)
 * Cheiloneurus cyanonotus is a hyperparasitoid of Encyrtidae Epidinocarsis lopezi, Gyranusoidea tebygi, Homalotylus flaminius and Eulophidae Tetrastichus sp. in a variety of beetles, flies and Hemiptera (Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe)
 * Cheiloneurus elegans is a hyperparasitoid of Encyrtidae Epidinocarsis lopezi and Platygastridae Platygaster zosine in a variety of cecidomyiid midges, scales and mealybugs (Nigeria)
 * Cheiloneurus flavoscutatus is a parasitoid or hyperparasitoid from mealybugs Adelosoma phragmitidis, Chaetococcus phragmitis (Ethiopia)
 * Cheiloneurus gonatopodis is a hyperparasitoid of pincer wasps Echthrodelphax sp., Pseudogonatopoides mauritianus, Pseudogonatopus spp., Richardsidryinus sp. in delphacid planthoppers on sugar cane (Madagascar, Mauritius)
 * Cheiloneurus kuisebi is a parasitoid or hyperparasitoid from a mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti on cassava (Namibia)
 * Cheiloneurus leptulus is a parasitoid or hyperparasitoid from a Ceratina bee (Tanzania)
 * Cheiloneurus liorhipnusi is a parasitoid or hyperparasitoid from a lady beetle Chnootriba similis, and a scentless plant bug Corizus hyalinus (Kenya, Senegal)
 * Cheiloneurus metallicus - no associates known (Madagascar)
 * Cheiloneurus obscurus is a parasitoid or hyperparasitoid from coccid scales Gascardia brevicauda, Saissetia oleae (Eritrea)
 * Cheiloneurus orbitalis is a parasitoid or hyperparasitoid from an encyrtid Homalotylus sp., the coccid scale Saissetia oleae and green lacewings Chrysopa sp., Mallada handschini, Suarius squamosa on citrus (South Africa)


 * 36b Ovipositor protruding strongly, by about one-half length of metasoma. Metasoma usually truncate apically -
 *  Prochiloneurus Silvestri, 1915
 * 30 species worldwide; 4 Afrotropical species:
 * Prochiloneurus aegyptiacus is a parasitoid or hyperparasitoid from Encyrtidae Anagyrus spp., Clausenia purpurea, Epidinocarsis lopezi, Gyranusoidea tebygi, Homalotylus spp., Leptomastix  spp., Pteromalidae Metastenus sp., lady beetles Chilocorus bipustulatus, Exochomus flavipes, Hyperaspis aestimabilis, coccid scales Coccus hesperidum, Saissetia coffeae and mealybugs Ferrisia virgata, Ferrisiana virgata, Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Nipaecoccus vastator, Nipaecoccus viridis, Octococcus africanus, Pedrococcus sp., Phenacoccus spp., Planococcoides, Planococcus spp., Pseudococcus spp., Rastrococcus invadens (Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo)
 * Prochiloneurus bolivari is a parasitoid or hyperparasitoid from Encyrtidae	Anagyrus sp., Blepyrus insularis, Clausenia purpurea, Epidinocarsis lopezi, Leptomastix flava, Coccidae, Eriococcidae, and Pseudococcidae (Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria, Sao Tomé and Principe, South Africa)
 * Prochiloneurus comperei is a parasitoid or hyperparasitoid from Coccidae Lecanium viride, Margarodidae Icerya formicarum, Palaeococcus bicolor, and Pseudococcidae Nipaecoccus spp., Pseudococcus sp. (Eritrea, Ethiopia, Malawi, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania)
 * Prochiloneurus pulchellus is a parasitoid or hyperparasitoid from Encyrtidae Anagyrus spp., Epidinocarsis lopezi, Gyranusoidea tebygi, Leptomastix nigrocoxalis, Diaspididae, Eriococcidae, Margarodidae, and Pseudococcidae (Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Madagascar, Malawi, Nigeria, Rwanda, Seychelles, South Africa, Togo)

37 (Scutellum without a tuft of bristles)

 * 37a Apex of scutellum with a pair of lamelliform setae (figs 27, 28)........ 38
 * 37b Scutellum without a pair of lamelliform setae........ 39

38 (Apex of scutellum with a pair of lamelliform setae)

 * 38a Antenna (fig. 29) broadened and flattened, the funicle segments strongly transverse; eyes margined dorsally with white; fronto-occipital margin of head without a pair of lamelliform setae. Parasitic in armored scale insects -
 *  Comperiella  Howard, 1906
 * Links: iNaturalist
 * 11 species worldwide; 6 Afrotropical species:
 * Comperiella apoda is a parasitoid of Diclavaspis ehretiae (Namibia, South Africa)
 * Comperiella bifasciata is a parasitoid of many Diaspididae, and the coccid Saissetia coffeae (Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe)
 * Comperiella karoo - no associates known (South Africa)
 * Comperiella lemniscata is a parasitoid of Aonidiella spp., Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (South Africa)
 * Comperiella ponticula is a parasitoid of Clavaspis pituranthi (Namibia, South Africa)
 * Comperiella unifasciata is a parasitoid of Aonidiella spp., Aspidiotus spp., Pseudaonidia spp., Aleurodicus destructor, Ceroplastes rubens (Mauritius)


 * 38b Antenna not broadened and flattened; eyes not margined with white; fronto-occipital margin with a pair of small lamelliform setae. Parasitic in armored scale insects - Habrolepis dalmanni Howard 1898 Fig.1.jpgHabrolepis dalmanni Howard 1898 Fig.2.jpg
 *  Habrolepis  Foerster, 1856
 * Links: iNaturalist
 * 17 species worldwide; 12 Afrotropical species:
 * Habrolepis aeruginosa - no associates known (Seychelles)
 * Habrolepis algoensis is a parasitoid of Aspidiotus capensis (South Africa)
 * Habrolepis apicalis is a parasitoid of Chionaspis minor, Pinnaspis temporaria (Ghana)
 * Habrolepis dalmanni is a parasitoid of pit scale insects Asterodiaspis spp., Asterolecanium sp., coccid scale insects Didesmococcus sp., armored scale insects Lepidosaphes ulmi, Melanaspis inopinata, Targionia vitis, mealybugs Pseudococcus sp., and moths Leucoptera sp. (South Africa, Uganda)
 * Habrolepis diaspidi is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Aonidiella spp., Chionaspis sp., Chrysomphalus spp., Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Diaspis senegalensis, Hemiberlesia lataniae, Parlatoria ziziphi, Pinnaspis strachani, Pudaspis newsteadi, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, Selenaspidius spp., Tecaspis visci, Umbaspis regularis (Eritrea, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
 * Habrolepis guineensis is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Duplaspidiotus pavettae (Guinea)
 * Habrolepis namibensis is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Namaquea simplex (Namibia)
 * Habrolepis obscura is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Africaspis chionaspiformis, Aonidiella orientalis, Chionaspis sp., Diclavaspis ehretiae, Ledaspis distincta, Lindingaspis rossi, Melanaspis corticosa, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, Separaspis capensis (Namibia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
 * Habrolepis occidua is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Melanaspis phenax, Morganella phenax, Pseudotargionia spp. (Namibia, South Africa)
 * Habrolepis oppugnati is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Aspidiotus elaeidis, Aspidiotus oppugnatus (Eritrea)
 * Habrolepis rouxi is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Aonidiella spp., Aspidiotus spp., Carulaspis minima, Chrysomphalus spp., Hemiberlesia rapax, Lepidosaphes newsteadi, Parlatoria oleae, Selenaspidius articulatus spp. (Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Uganda, Zimbabwe)
 * Habrolepis setigera is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Lindingaspis greeni (South Africa)

39 (Scutellum without a pair of lamelliform setae)

 * 39a Submarginal vein of fore wing with a subtriangular expansion (figs 30, 34) in its apical one-third, this expansion usually bearing a single strong seta........ 40
 * 39b Submarginal vein without a triangular expansion................43

40 (Submarginal vein of fore wing with a subtriangular expansion in its apical one-third)

 * 40a Junction of frontovertex and face forming a transverse ledge above scrobes (fig. 35); antennal scape broadly expanded ventrally................41
 * 40b Frontovertex rounded on to face, not forming a ledge; antenna slender, the scape at most slightly expanded ventrally................42

41 (Junction of frontovertex and face forming a transverse ledge above scrobes; antennal scape broadly expanded ventrally)

 * 41a Antenna entirely broadened and flattened (fig. 31 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key ); fore wing with a characteristic pattern of radiating dark bands (fig. 32); head and body black with strong metallic refringence; presumed hyperparasitoids of Coccidae - Cerapterocerus celadus inat 194830169 a.jpg
 *  Cerapterocerus Westwood, 1833
 * Links: iNaturalist
 * 17 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
 * Cerapterocerus mirabilis is probably a hyperparasitoid of encyrtid wasps in scale insects (South Africa)


 * 41b Antenna not broadened and flattened except for scape (fig. 33 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key ); fore wing (fig. 34 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key ) infuscated, but without distinct patterns as above; head and body dominantly brownish, without strong metallic refringence; primary parasitoids of Asterolecaniidae (pit scales). Head as in fig. 35 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key -
 *  Mayrencyrtus Hincks, 1944
 * 6 species worldwide; No Afrotropical species in Universal Chalcidoidea Database

42 (Frontovertex rounded on to face, not forming a ledge; antenna slender, the scape at most slightly expanded ventrally)

 * 42a Mesoscutum with incomplete parapsidal sulci (fig. 36 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key ); maxillary and labial palpi each two-segmented; paratergites present; parasitic in Pseudococcidae - Coccidoxenoides perminutus Fernandes 2016 a.jpg
 * Coccidoxenoides Girault, 1915
 *  Pauridia Timberlake, 1919 is a synonym of Coccidoxenoides (a monotypic genus)
 * Coccidoxenoides perminutus Girault, 1915 is a parasitoid of mealybugs Allococcus quaesitus, Allococcus quaestius, Delottococcus quaesitus, Ferrisia virgata, Ferrisiana virgata, Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Phenacoccus madeirensis, Planococcoides spp., Planococcus citri spp., Pseudococcus spp., Spilococcus sp. and armored scale insects Aspidiotus nerii, Carulaspis minima, Chionaspis striata (Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, South Africa)
 * 42b Mesoscutum without parapsidal sulci; maxillary palpi each with four segments, the labial with three; paratergites absent; parasitic in Diaspididae -
 * ' Mahencyrtus'' Masi, 1917
 * Protyndarichus Mercet, 1923 is a synonym of Mahencyrtus
 * 14 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
 * Mahencyrtus occultans - no associates known (Seychelles)
 * Image (CC-BY-NC) of Mahencyrtus comara from Netherlands at https://waarneming.nl/photos/32947020/

43 (Submarginal vein without a triangular expansion)

 * 43a Mandible with only two acute or subacute teeth (figs 37, 38 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key ). Paratergites (fig. 39 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key ) usually present, plainly visible in cleared, slide-mounted specimens; speculum of fore wing usually lacking a row of coarse, spine-like setae along outer edge of speculum; cercal plates often advanced to a level near base of metasoma; exclusively parasitic in Pseudococcidae ................ 120 - Link to Part 3 of 3 (steps 120-139)
 * 43b Mandible never with only two pointed teeth ........ 44

44 (Mandible never with only two pointed teeth)

 * 44a Entire fore wing, or part of it, distinctly infuscated (with a dark tinge), the infuscation rarely restricted to an area beneath the venation ........ 45
 * 44b Fore wing entirely hyaline (translucent or transparent), or very faintly and inconspicuously infuscated, the infuscation then usually only visible if wing held against a white background ........ 73

45 (Fore wing, or part of it, distinctly infuscated)

 * 45a Fore wing with a conspicuous incision in cephalic wing margin at distal end of submarginal vein (fig. 40 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key ) -
 *  Eugahania Mercet, 1926
 * 10 species worldwide; No Afrotropical species in Universal Chalcidoidea Database.


 * 45b Fore wing without an incision in cephalic margin ................46

46 (Fore wing without an incision in cephalic margin)

 * 46a Scutellum with a posterior flange or lamella (fig. 15 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key ); in profile this flange shows as a thin flat caudal projection of the scutellum................47
 * 46b Scutellum without a marginal flange, the posterior margin rarely forming a very short lip........ 49

47 (Scutellum with a posterior flange or lamella)

 * 47a Antennal club white; gonostyli absent; club large, much longer than the distal three funicle segments together; parasitic in Lepidoptera eggs. Antenna as in fig. 41 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key -
 *  Hesperencyrtus Annecke, 1971
 * 2 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
 * Hesperencyrtus lycoenephila is a parasitoid of lycaenid butterflies Deodorix antalus, Deudorix antalus, Lampides boeticus (Senegal)


 * 47b Antennal club not white; gonostyli present; club about as long as the distal three funicle segments together; not parasitic in Lepidoptera........ 48

48 (Antennal club not white; club about as long as the distal three funicle segments together)

 * 48a Frontovertex and face with numerous large pits, each brilliantly metallic green in colour - Discodes arizonensis Smithsonian Institution 2019 CC-BY BOLD CCDB-34079-D12.jpg
 *  Discodes Foerster, 1856
 * 44 species worldwide; 2 Afrotropical species:
 * Discodes discors is a parasitoid of felt scales Eriococcus spp. (South Africa)
 * Discodes melas - no associates known (Namibia)


 * 48b Head at most with fine punctations. Orange-brown to dark brown, rarely black, species, at most weakly refringent; fore wing strongly and uniformly infuscated from base to near apex; usually parasitic in Pulvinaria spp. on grasses - Paraphaenodiscus monawari, female, dorsal view.jpg
 *  Paraphaenodiscus Girault, 1915
 * 20 species worldwide; 10 Afrotropical species:
 * Paraphaenodiscus africanus - no associates known (South Africa)
 * Paraphaenodiscus ceroplastodesi is a parasitoid of a wax scale Ceroplastes sp.(Senegal)
 * Paraphaenodiscus chrysocomae - no associates known (South Africa)
 * Paraphaenodiscus munroi is a parasitoid of a coccid scale Pulvinaria iceryi (South Africa)
 * Paraphaenodiscus niger is a parasitoid of coccid scales Pulvinariai spp. (South Africa)
 * Paraphaenodiscus paralis is a parasitoid associated with the grass Plagiochloa uniolae (South Africa)
 * Paraphaenodiscus pavoniae is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes sp., Pulvinaria spp. (Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
 * Paraphaenodiscus pedanus is a parasitoid associated with the grass Plagiochloa uniolae (South Africa)
 * Paraphaenodiscus risbeci is a parasitoid of a moth Sesamia cretica (Senegal, Sudan)
 * Paraphaenodiscus rizicola is a parasitoid associated with rice Oryza sativa (Cameroon, Swaziland, Zimbabwe)

49 (Scutellum without a marginal flange)

 * 49a Stigmal vein of fore wing placed almost at right angle to postmarginal vein (fig. 42 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key ). Fore wing infuscated with contrasting hyaline patches as in fig. 42; parasitic in Lacciferidae and Coccidae -
 *  Ruandella Risbec, 1957
 * 4 species worldwide; 4 Afrotropical species:
 * Ruandella capensis is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes sp. Saissetia sp. (South Africa)
 * Ruandella stigmosa is a parasitoid of coccid scales Lichtensia sp., Saissetia spp. (South Africa)
 * Ruandella tertia is a parasitoid of lac scales Tachardina spp. (South Africa)
 * Ruandella testacea is a parasitoid of a wax scale Ceroplastes sp. (Rwanda, South Africa)


 * 49b Angle between stigmal and postmarginal veins much less than 90 degrees ........ 50

50 (Angle between stigmal and postmarginal veins much smaller than right angle)

 * 50a Mandible with four teeth (fig. 43 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key ). Body somewhat flattened dorsoventrally; head subtriangular in lateral view, the face a little inflexed; parasitic in Diaspididae - Adelencyrtus inat 31626163.jpgAdelencyrtus Cipola 2022 EntomoBrasilis 15 e1003 CC-BY.jpg
 *  Adelencyrtus Ashmead, 1900
 * 45 species worldwide; 10 Afrotropical species:
 * Adelencyrtus antennatus is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Aspidiotus sp. (South Africa)
 * Adelencyrtus aulacaspidis is a parasitoid of coccid scales Lecanopsis nevesi, and armored scales Aulacaspis difficilis, Aulacaspis rosae, Chionaspis salicis, Dynaspidiotus britannicus, Lepidosaphes cupressi, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, Quadraspidiotus macroporanus, Unaspis yanonensis (Madagascar)
 * Adelencyrtus depressus - no associates known (Madagascar)
 * Adelencyrtus flagellatus - no associates known (South Africa)
 * Adelencyrtus inglisiae is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Africaspis' spp. Aspidiotus spp., Balaspis faurei, Clavaspis spp., Clavaspis pituranthi, Diaspis echinocacti, Moraspis euphorbiae, Mytilococcus spp., Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
 * Adelencyrtus mangiphila is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Phenacaspis dilatata (Madagascar)
 * Adelencyrtus mayurai is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Aonidiella orientalis, Melanaspis glomerata (Mauritania)
 * Adelencyrtus moderatus is a parasitoid of whiteflies Bemisia tabaci, armored scales Aspidiella hartii, Aspidiella sacchari, Aspidiotus glomeratus, Aulacaspis spp., Duplachionaspis spp., Lepidosaphes spp., Melanaspis glomerata, and mealybugs Saccharicoccus sacchari (Ghana, Madagascar, Mauritius, Tanzania, Uganda)
 * Adelencyrtus odonaspidis is a parasitoid of armored scales Duplachionaspis sansevieriae, Odonaspidis sp., Odonaspis spp., and mealybugs Antonina graminis (South Africa)
 * Adelencyrtus tibialis - no associates known (South Africa)


 * 50b Mandibles do not have four teeth ........ 51

51 (Mandibles do not have four teeth)

 * 51a Antennal club white, usually obliquely truncate apically................52


 * 51b Antennal club dark, seldom obliquely truncate apically................55

52 (Antennal club white, usually obliquely truncate apically)

 * 52a Antennal club three-segmented; not parasitic in Coleoptera........ 53


 * 52b Antennal dub not segmented, rarely with faint traces of one or two septa on one side of the club; parasitic in Coleoptera........ 54

53 (Antennal club dark, seldom obliquely truncate apically)

 * 53a Antennal scape expanded ventrally (fig. 44 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key ); hcad and body strongly metallic in colour, the head and thorax usually covered with silvery-white setae; parasitic in the oothecae of cockroaches - Comperia Smithsonian Institution 2019 CCDB-34079-D08 CC-BY boldsystems.jpg
 *  Comperia Gomes, 1942
 * 7 species worldwide; 7 Afrotropical species:
 * Comperia alfierii is a parasitoid of a cockroach Blattella sp., and a dance fly Phyllodromia sp. (Egypt, Kenya, South Africa)
 * Comperia austrina - no associates known (South Africa)
 * Comperia clavata - no associates known (South Africa)
 * Comperia domestica - no associates known (South Africa)
 * Comperia faceta - no associates known (South Africa)
 * Comperia hirsuta Annecke - no associates known (South Africa)
 * Comperia merceti is a parasitoid of a cockroaches Blattella germanica, Supella longipalpa, Supella supellectilium, Periplaneta americana (Uganda)


 * 53b Antennal scape not or only slightly expanded ventrally (fig. 45); head and body without metallic refringence; parasitic in Pseudococcidae - Aphycus apicalis gbif.org - occurrence - 3905669246 03.png
 *  Aphycus Mayr, 1876
 * 33 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
 * Aphycus comperei is a parasitoid of mealybugs Pedrococcus sp. (South Africa)

54 (Antennal club not segmented; parasitic in Coleoptera)

 * 54a Mesoscutum with parapsidal sulci (fig. 46 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key ); basal one-half or so of tegulae white; antennal scape slender, subcylindrical; primary parasitoids of Coccinellidae -
 *  Homalotylus Mayr, 1876
 * 68 species worldwide; 6 Afrotropical species:
 * Homalotylus africanus is a parasitoid of lady beetles Exochomus concavus, Hyperaspis spp., Lindorus lophanthae, Scymnus ornatulus (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa)
 * Homalotylus eytelweinii is a parasitoid of lady beetles Adonia variegata, Anatis ocellata, Brumoides suturalis, Cheilomenes sexmaculata, Chilocorus spp., Coccinella septempunctata, Menochilus sexmaculatus, Rodolia spp. (Congo, Kenya, Malawi, South Africa, Sudan, Togo)
 * Homalotylus flaminius is a parasitoid of lady beetles Adalia spp., Adonia variegata, Anatis ocellata, Brumoides suturalis, Brumus suturalis, Cheilomenes spp., Chilocorus spp., Coccinella spp., Coleomegilla maculata, Cycloneda spp., Epilachna chrysomelina, Eriopis connexa, Exochomus spp., Harmonia spp., Henosepilachna bifasciata, Hippodamia spp., Hyperaspis spp., Lioadala flavomaculata, Menochilus sexmaculatus, Neomysia oblongoguttata, Nephus bipunctatus, Orcus spp., Pharoscymnus spp., Platynaspis sp., Rodolia spp., Scymnus spp., Thea vigintiduopunctata, Verania frenata, leaf beetles Galeruca calmariensis, coccid scale insects Parthenolecanium corni, Saissetia oleae, mealybugs Nipaecoccus viridis, Planococcus citri, Pseudococcus citri (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Madagascar, Mali, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)
 * Homalotylus hemipterinus is a parasitoid of lady beetles Chilocorus spp., Chilomenes sp., Coccinella septempunctata, Cycloneda sanguinea, Menochilus sexmaculatus, Orcus sp., stink bugs Cantheconidia furcellata, mealybugs Nipaecoccus viridis, Pseudococcus sp., gelechiid moths Aproaerema modicella (Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, South Africa, Sudan, Togo)
 * Homalotylus quaylei is a parasitoid of lady beetles Hyperaspis spp., Nephus spp., Pharoscymnus spp., Scymnus spp., Sidis sp., coccid scales Eulecanium persicae, mealybugs Nipaecoccus viridis, Phenacoccus herreni, Planococcus; spp. (Gabon, Mauritania)
 * Homalotylus vicinus is a parasitoid of lady beetles Hyperaspis marmottani, Nephus bipunctatus, Nephus vetustus, Scymnus sp. (Eritrea, Ethiopia, Madagascar)


 * 54b Mesoscutum without parapsidal sulci; tegula not white; scape moderately to broadly expanded ventrally; parasitic in Discolomatidae -
 *  Homalotyloidea Mercet, 1921
 * 8 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
 * Homalotyloidea africana is a parasitoid of beetles Notiophygus piger (South Africa)

55 (Antennal club dark, seldom obliquely truncate apically)

 * 55a Body flattened dorsoventrally, the dorsum of head and thorax almost flat. Parasitic in Diaspididae........ 56
 * 55b Body not flattened dorsoventrally, the head and thorax more or less convex........ 57

56 (Body not flattened dorsoventrally, the head and thorax convex)

 * 56a Antenna entirely broadened and flattened (fig. 29 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key ); frontovertex with two narrow whitish bands, one each extending along the dorsal eye margins. Fore wing boldly marked -Cain2565.jpg
 *  Comperiella Howard, 1906
 * 11 species worldwide; 6 Afrotropical species:
 * Comperiella apoda is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Affirmaspis ehretiae (Namibia, South Africa)
 * Comperiella bifasciata is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Aonidiella aurantii, Aspidiotus spp., Chrysomphalus spp., Clavaspis sp., Diaspidiotus gigas, Diaspis echinocacti, Dynaspidiotus abietis, Hemiberlesia spp., Lindingaspis fusca, Morganella longispina, Nuculaspis abietis, Parlatoria pergandii, Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis, Pseudaulacaspis spp., Quadraspidiotus spp., Temnaspidiotus destructor, Unaspis yanonensis, coccid scale insects Saissetia coffeae (Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe)
 * Comperiella karoo - no associates known (South Africa)
 * Comperiella lemniscata is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Aonidiella spp., Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (South Africa)
 * Comperiella ponticula is a parasitoid of armored scale insects ''Clavaspis pituranthi (Namibia, South Africa)
 * Comperiella unifasciata is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Aonidiella spp., Aspidiotus spp., Pseudaonidia spp., whiteflies Aleurodicus destructor, wax scale insects Ceroplastes rubens (Mauritius)


 * 56b Antenna not broadened and flattened; frontovertex without pale bands - Habrolepis dalmanni Howard 1898 Fig.1.jpgHabrolepis dalmanni Howard 1898 Fig.2.jpg
 *  Habrolepis Foerster, 1856
 * 17 species worldwide; 12 Afrotropical species:
 * Habrolepis aeruginosa - no associates known (Seychelles)
 * Habrolepis algoensis is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Aspidiotus capensis (South Africa)
 * Habrolepis apicalis is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Chionaspis minor, Pinnaspis temporaria (Ghana)
 * Habrolepis dalmanni is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Lepidosaphes ulmi, Melanaspis inopinata, Targionia vitis, pit scales, Asterodiaspis sp., Asterolecanium sp., coccid scales Didesmococcus sp., mealybugs, Pseudococcus sp., and a moth, Leucoptera sp. (South Africa, Uganda)
 * Habrolepis diaspidi is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Aonidiella aurantii spp., Chionaspis sp., Chrysomphalus aonidum spp., Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Diaspis senegalensis, Hemiberlesia lataniae, Parlatoria ziziphi, Pinnaspis strachani, Pudaspis newsteadi, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, Selenaspidius celastri spp., Tecaspis visci, Umbaspis regularis (Eritrea, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
 * Habrolepis guineensis is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Duplaspidiotus pavettae (Guinea)
 * Habrolepis namibensis is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Namaquea simplex (Namibia)
 * Habrolepis obscura is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Africaspis chionaspiformis, Aonidiella orientalis, Chionaspis sp., Diclavaspis ehretiae, Ledaspis distincta, Lindingaspis rossi, Melanaspis corticosa, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, Separaspis capensis (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
 * Habrolepis occidua is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Melanaspis phenax, Morganella phenax, Pseudotargionia spp. (Namibia, South Africa)
 * Habrolepis oppugnati is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Aspidiotus spp. (Eritrea)
 * Habrolepis rouxi is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Aonidiella spp., Aspidiotus spp., Carulaspis minima, Chrysomphalus spp., Hemiberlesia rapax, Lepidosaphes newsteadi, Parlatoria oleae, Selenaspidius spp. (Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Uganda, Zimbabwe)
 * Habrolepis setigera is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Lindingaspis greeni (South Africa)

57 (Body not flattened, head and thorax convex)

 * 57a Antenna foliaceously flattened (fig. 47 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key ); junction of frontovertex and face carinate or at least acutely angled and grooved........ 58
 * 57b Antenna not flattened except for scape which may be expanded ventrally; head without a facial carina................60

58 (Antenna flattened, junction of frontovertex and face carinate or acutely angled and grooved)

 * 58a Frontovertex terminating anteriorly at a transverse groove (fig. 48 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key ) containing dense, recumbent, silvery-white setae -
 *  Anasemion Annecke, 1967
 * 1 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
 * Anasemion inutile is a parasitoid of wax scales Ceroplastes spp., Waxiella mimosae (Kenya, South Africa)


 * 58b Junction of frontovertex and face lacking a transverse row of dense setae - Anicetus iNat 180762161 g.jpg
 * Anicetus Howard, 1896
 * Paraceraptrocerus is a synonym of Anicetus. In the Prinsloo-Annecke key, step 59 separated Paraceraptrocerus and Anicetus
 * 52 species worldwide; 19 Afrotropical species:
 *  Anicetus abyssinicus  is a parasitoid of coccid scales Parasaissetia nigra (Eritrea)
 *  Anicetus africanus is a parasitoid of wax scales Ceroplastes spp., Waxiella mimosae (Egypt, South Africa)
 *  Anicetus anneckei  is a parasitoid of coccid scales Saissetia spp. (South Africa)
 *  Anicetus aquilus  is a parasitoid of wax scales Gascardia destructor (South Africa)
 *  Anicetus austrinus is a parasitoid of wax scales Ceroplastes spp. (South Africa)
 *  Anicetus calidus is a parasitoid of wax scales Ceroplastes sp. and Gascardia sp. (South Africa)
 *  Anicetus clivus is a parasitoid of wax scales Gascardia tachardiaformis (South Africa)
 *  Anicetus communis is a parasitoid of wax scales Ceroplastes spp., Coccus longulus, Gascardia spp., Gascardia destructor, Parasaissetia litorea, Waxiella mimosae (South Africa)
 *  Anicetus fotsyae - no associates known (Madagascar)
 *  Anicetus fuscus is a parasitoid of wax scales Ceroplastes bipartitus (South Africa)
 *  Anicetus graminosus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Pulvinaria iceryi (South Africa)
 *  Anicetus italicus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes spp., Coccus elongatus, felt scales Gossyparia spuria (Zimbabwe)
 *  Anicetus nyasicus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes spp. (Malawi, South Africa)
 *  Anicetus parilis is a parasitoid of coccid scales Gascardia rustica, Lichtensia sp. (South Africa)
 *  Anicetus parvus is a parasitoid of wax scales Ceroplastes spp. (Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa, Uganda)
 *  Anicetus pattersoni is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes personatus, Vinsonia personata (Ghana)
 *  Anicetus russeus - no associates known (South Africa)
 *  Anicetus sepis is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes sp. (South Africa)
 *  Anicetus taylori is a parasitoid of wax scales Ceroplastes spp. (South Africa)

59 (Paraceraptrocerus)

 * In the Prinsloo-Annecke key, step 59 separated Paraceraptrocerus and Anicetus. However, Paraceraptrocerus is now regarded as a synonym of Anicetus, making this step redundant.

60 (Antenna not flattened although the scape may be expanded ventrally; no facial carina)

 * 60a Ovipositor protruding strongly (fig. 49 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key ) at apex of metasoma by about one half length of metasoma........ 61
 * 60b Ovipositor not exserted or slightly exserted; if strongly protruded (rare), then antennal scrobes sulcate, or mandible slender, tridentate, the upper tooth retracted (fig. 50 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key )........ 62

61 (Ovipositor protruding strongly)

 * 61a Head with numerous setigerous pits; fore wing with a single pale cross-band beyond venation; body robust, black in colour; parasitic in Coccidae -
 * Lombitsikala Risbec, 1957
 * 1 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
 * Lombitsikala coccidivora is a parasitoid of coccid scales Gascardia madagascariensis (Madagascar)


 * 61b Head at most with minute, indistinct punctations; fore wing without hyaline cross-bands; body more or less slender, usually generally yellowish to brownish; probably hyperparasitoids, usually in mealybugs -
 *  Prochiloneurus Silvestri, 1915
 * 30 species worldwide; 4 Afrotropical species:
 *  Prochiloneurus aegyptiacus is a parasitoid of mealybugs Ferrisia virgata, Ferrisiana virgata, Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Nipaecoccus vastator, Nipaecoccus viridis, Octococcus africanus, Pedrococcus sp., Phenacoccus spp., Planococcoides njalensis, Planococcus spp., Pseudococcus spp., Rastrococcus invadens, coccid scales Coccus hesperidum, Saissetia coffeae and lady beetles Chilocorus bipustulatus, Exochomus flavipes, Hyperaspis aestimabilis (Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo)
 *  Prochiloneurus bolivari is a parasitoid of mealybugs Atrococcus sp., Dysmicoccus multivorus, Ferrisia virgata, Heliococcus bohemicus, Heterococcopsis opertus, Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Naiacoccus serpentinus, Peliococcus spp., Phenacoccus spp., Planococcus spp., Pseudococcus spp., Puto pilosellae, Spinococcus calluneti, Trionymus spp., coccid scales Rhizopulvinaria armeniaca, felt scales Acanthococcus desertus, Eriococcus insignis, Neoacanthococcus tamaricicola (Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria, Sao Tomé and Principe, South Africa)
 *  Prochiloneurus comperei is a parasitoid of mealybugs Nipaecoccus spp., Pseudococcus sp., coccid scales Lecanium viride, margarodid scales Icerya formicarum, Palaeococcus bicolor (Eritrea, Ethiopia, Malawi, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania)
 *  Prochiloneurus pulchellus is a parasitoid of mealybugs Centrococcus spp., Coccidohystrix spp., Dysmicoccus sp., Ferrisia virgata, Naiacoccus serpentinus, Nipaecoccus spp., Octococcus sp., Oxyacanthus chrysocomae, Paracoccus sp., Peliococcus mesasiaticus, Phenacoccus spp., Planococcus spp., Pseudococcus sp., Rastrococcus iceryoides spp., Trabutina crassispinosa, Trabutina leonardii, armored scale insects Chionaspis sp., felt scales Eriococcus stenoclini, Neoacanthococcus tamaricicola (Cameroon, Cape Verde Islands, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Madagascar, Malawi, Nigeria, Rwanda, Seychelles, South Africa, Togo)

62 (Ovipositor not exserted or slightly exserted)

 * 62a Antennal scape long and slender, at most slightly expanded ventrally........ 63
 * 62b Antennal scape moderately to broadly expanded, less than three times as long as its greatest width................70

63 (Antennal scape long and slender)

 * 63a Fore wing with marginal vein several times longer than stigmal (fig. 51 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key ); antennal club with four segments, visible only in cleared slide·mounted specimens (fig. 52 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key ) -
 *  Metaphaenodiscus Mercet, 1921
 * Host species generally unknown, except for Metaphaenodiscus umbilicatus (Australia) which is known to be a parasitoid of a mealy bug.
 * 10 species worldwide; 4 Afrotropical species:
 *  Metaphaenodiscus aethiops - no associates known (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
 *  Metaphaenodiscus capensis, associated with Protea aurea (South Africa)
 *  Metaphaenodiscus karoo - no associates known (South Africa)
 *  Metaphaenodiscus watshami - no associates known (South Africa, Zimbabwe)


 * 63b Marginal vein of fore wing shorter than, or subequal to stigmal vein; club with fewer than four segments................64

64 (Marginal vein shorter than stigmal vein; antennal club with less than four segments)

 * 64a Antennal scrobes sulcate (figs 53 and 54 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key ), impressed on face as two deep furrows, their lateral margins acutely angled, at least in their basal one-half or so, converging, sometimes confluent dorsally to form an inverted V-shaped impression on face........ 65
 * 64b Antennal scrobes otherwise................66

65 (Antennal scrobes impressed on face as two deep furrows)

 * 65a Antennal club not longer than the distal funicle segments together; frontovertex more or less pitted; mandible with two teeth and a broad truncation (fig. 55 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key ); parasitic in Coccidae -
 *  Aloencyrtus Prinsloo, 1978
 * 20 species worldwide; 19 Afrotropical species:
 *  Aloencyrtus alox - no associates known (South Africa)
 *  Aloencyrtus angustifrons is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes spp., Gascardia brevicauda spp. (South Africa)
 *  Aloencyrtus claripennis is a parasitoid of coccid scales Inglisia conchiformis (South Africa, Uganda)
 *  Aloencyrtus coelops is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes spp., Gascardia destructor, Waxiella mimosae (Eritrea, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda)
 *  Aloencyrtus delottoi is a parasitoid of coccid scales Saissetia opulenta (Kenya, South Africa)
 *  Aloencyrtus diaphorocerus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Saissetia coffeae (Mauritius, Seychelles)
 *  Aloencyrtus distinguendus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Coccus subhemisphaericus, Lecanium sp. (Cameroon, Ghana, Nigeria)
 *  Aloencyrtus facetus is a parasitoid of coccid scales ''Ceroplastes longicauda (South Africa)
 *  Aloencyrtus habrus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Saissetia coffeae (Cameroon)
 *  Aloencyrtus hardii is a parasitoid of coccid scales Parasaissetia nigra, Saissetia spp. (South Africa)
 *  Aloencyrtus johani is a parasitoid of coccid scales Parasaissetia nigra (South Africa)
 *  Aloencyrtus lindae is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes sp. (South Africa)
 *  Aloencyrtus nativus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Coccus longulus, Parthenolecanium persicae (Benin, Madagascar, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)
 *  Aloencyrtus obscuratus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Lecanium somereni, Saissetia spp. (Ghana, Kenya, South Africa)
 *  Aloencyrtus saissetiae is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes sp. Coccus spp. Cryptinglisia lounsburyi, Parasaissetia nigra, Saissetia spp. (Ivory Coast, Kenya, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)
 *  Aloencyrtus ugandensis is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes spp. (Uganda)
 *  Aloencyrtus umbrinus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes spp. (Kenya, )
 *  Aloencyrtus utilis is a parasitoid of coccid scales Saissetia oleae (South Africa)
 *  Aloencyrtus vivo - no associates known (Uganda)


 * 65b Antennal club much longer than the distal three funicle segments together; frontovertex without pits or punctations; mandible with three teeth and a truncation (fig. 56 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key ). Parasitic in Lacciferidae. Male antenna with two smaIl funicle segments and a large, unsegmented banana shaped club (fig. 57 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key ) -
 *  Erencyrtus Mahdihassan, 1923
 * 6 species worldwide; 4 Afrotropical species:
 *  Erencyrtus ater is a parasitoid of lac scales Tachardina sp. (South Africa)
 *  Erencyrtus contrarius is a parasitoid of lac scales Tachardina sp. (South Africa)
 *  Erencyrtus fuscus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Waxiella mimosae, lac scales Tachardina sp. (South Africa)
 *  Erencyrtus notialis is a parasitoid of lac scales Tachardina sp. (South Africa)

66 (Antennal scrobes not deeply impressed)

 * 66a Mandible with three distinct teeth, the upper one sometimes retracted ................ 67
 * 66b Mandible otherwise ................ 68

67 (Mandible with three distinct teeth)

 * 67a Antenna (fig. 58 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key ) slender, not clavate, the funicle segments each longer than wide, the pedicel and funicle subcqual in length; parasitic in Coccidae -
 *  Hadrencyrtus Annecke and Mynhardt, 1973
 * 1 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
 *  Hadrencyrtus cirritus is a parasitoid of mealybugs Distichlicoccus sp. (South Africa)


 * 67b Antenna (fig. 45 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key ) clavate, not particularly slender, the basal funicle segment plainly wider than long, small, much shorter than pedicel; parasitic in Pseudococcidae - Aphycus apicalis gbif.org - occurrence - 3905669246 03.png
 *  Aphycus Mayr, 1876
 * 33 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
 *  Aphycus comperei is a parasitoid of mealybugs Pedrococcus sp. (South Africa)

68 (Mandible does not have three distinct teeth)

 * 68a Mandible with a single tooth and a broad serrated truncation (fig. 59 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key ); ovipositor with gonostyli absent; parasitic in Membracidae -
 *  Prionomastix Mayr, 1876
 * 30 species worldwide; 7 Afrotropical species:
 *  Prionomastix africana - no associates known (South Africa)
 *  Prionomastix capeneri is a parasitoid of treehoppers Beaufortiana viridis, Leprechaunus cristatus (South Africa)
 *  Prionomastix congoensis - no associates known (Rwanda)
 *  Prionomastix montana is a parasitoid of treehoppers Dukeobelus simplex (South Africa)
 *  Prionomastix myartsevae - no associates known (South Africa)
 *  Prionomastix siccarius is a parasitoid of treehoppers Gongroneura fasciata (South Africa)
 *  Prionomastix wonjeae is a parasitoid of leafhoppers Coloborrhis corticina (Cameroon)


 * 68b Mandible otherwise; gonostyli present; not parasitic in Membracidae................69

69 (Mandible does not have three distinct teeth, or a single tooth and a broad serrated truncation)

 * 69a Antennal club large, about as long as entire funicle; integument of head and thorax heavily sclerotized, strongly and intricately sculptured with raised, irregular ridges; probably parasitic in Lacciferidae. Fore wing with areas of very coarse discal setae (fig. 60 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key ) -
 * ' Coccopilatus Annecke, 1963
 * 4 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
 *  Coccopilatus judithae is a parasitoid of lac scales Tachardina sp. (South Africa)


 * 69b Antennal club shorter than funicle; sculpture of head and thorax mostly cellulite-reticulate; parasitic in Diaspididae - Neococcidencyrtus-poutiersi-Mercet-1922-A-Lateral-view-B-Dorsal-view-C W640.jpg
 * ' Neococcidencyrtus Compere, 1928
 * 20 species worldwide; 5 Afrotropical species:
 *  Neococcidencyrtus brenhindis - no associates known (Madagascar)
 *  Neococcidencyrtus cliradainis - no associates known (Cameroon)
 *  Neococcidencyrtus poutiersi is a parasitoid of armored scales Furchadaspis zamiae (South Africa)
 *  Neococcidencyrtus pudaspidis is a parasitoid of armored scales Pudaspis newsteadi (South Africa)
 *  Neococcidencyrtus syndodis - no associates known (South Africa)

70 (Antennal scape expanded)

 * 70a Antenna with all funicle segments transverse (fig. 61 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key ); club very large, longer than entire funicle; paratergitcs present; frontovertex pitted; parasitic in mealybugs - Aenasius 2019 08 25 9470.jpg
 *  Aenasius Walker, 1846
 * 42 species worldwide; 7 Afrotropical species:
 *  Aenasius abengouroui is a parasitoid of mealybugs Planococcoides njalensis, Planococcus citri (Ghana, Ivory Coast)
 *  Aenasius advena is a parasitoid of mealybugs Ferrisia spp., Phenacoccus spp., Planococcus spp., Pseudococcus spp., Spilococcus sp. (Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)
 *  Aenasius comperei is a parasitoid of mealybugs Allococcus quaesitus, Delottococcus spp., Octococcus sp. Pseudococcus sp. (Kenya, South Africa)
 *  Aenasius flandersi is a parasitoid of mealybugs Ferrisia virgata, Phenacoccus spp. (Democratic Republic of Congo, Senegal)
 *  Aenasius hyettus is a parasitoid of mealybugs Ferrisia virgata, Phenacoccus sp. (Afrotropical)
 *  Aenasius martinii is a parasitoid of mealybugs Ferrisia virgata, Planococcoides njalensis, Planococcus celtis spp., Pseudococcus sp. (Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya)
 *  Aenasius phenacocci is a parasitoid of mealybugs Phenacoccus spp., Planococcoides njalensis (Ghana)

70b Funicle segments not all wider than long; club shorter than entire funicle; paratergites absent; frontovertex at most with fine punctations; not parasitic in mealybugs ................ 71

71 (Funicle segments not all wider than long; club shorter than entire funicle; frontovertex not markedly pitted)

 * 71a Head and thoracic dorsum largely metallic blue-green or cupreous, covered with silvery-white setae; parasitic in the oothecae of cockroaches - Comperia Smithsonian Institution 2019 CCDB-34079-D08 CC-BY boldsystems.jpg
 *  Comperia Gomes, 1942
 * 7 species worldwide; 7 Afrotropical species:
 *  Comperia alfierii is a parasitoid of cockroaches Blattella sp., Phyllodromia sp. (Egypt, Kenya, South Africa)
 *  Comperia austrina - no associates known (South Africa)
 *  Comperia clavata - no associates known (South Africa)
 *  Comperia domestica - no associates known (South Africa)
 *  Comperia faceta - no associates known (South Africa)
 *  Comperia hirsuta - no associates known (South Africa)
 *  Comperia merceti is a parasitoid of cockroaches Blattella germanica, Supella longipalpa, Supella supellectilium, Periplaneta americana (Uganda)


 * 71b Head and body generally yellowish to brownish, without any metallic refringence or white setae; parasitic in Coccoidea ................ 72

72 (Head and body yellowish to brownish, not metallic, no white setae)

 * 72a Antennal club longer than distal three funicle segments together, usually much wider than funicle segment VI; if rarely shorter, then distal four funicle segments white - Metaphycus inat 5003180 c.jpg


 *  Metaphycus Mercet, 1917
 * Metaphycus spp. are parasitoids of scale insects, mostly Coccidae
 * 476 species worldwide; 86 Afrotropical species.


 * 72b Club about as long as the distal three funicle segments together, at most a little wider than distal funicle segment; funicle with at most distal three segments white - Microterys nietneri female.jpg
 * ' Microterys Thomson, 1876
 * 228 species worldwide; 12 Afrotropical species:
 *  Microterys africa is a parasitoid of lac scales Tachardia decorella (Uganda)
 *  Microterys anneckei is a parasitoid of coccid scales Filippia sp., Lichtensia sp., Parasaissetia litorea, Pulvinaria mesembryanthemi, Saissetia sp. (South Africa)
 *  Microterys bizanensis is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceronema sp., Parasaissetia nigra, Saissetia cuneiformis (Eritrea)
 *  Microterys capensis is a parasitoid of coccid scales Pulvinaria sp. (South Africa)
 *  Microterys ceroplastae is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes destructor (Kenya)
 *  Microterys clauseni is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes spp., Metaceronema japonica (South Africa)
 *  Microterys haroldi is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes sp., Messinea plana (South Africa)
 *  Microterys kenyaensis is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes sp., Coccus hesperidum, Lecanium oleae, Saissetia spp. (Kenya, South Africa)
 *  Microterys nanus is a parasitoid of cerococcid scales Cerococcus sp., coccid scales Ceroplastes sp. (South Africa)
 *  Microterys nicholsoni is a parasitoid of coccid scales Coccus hesperidum, Ceroplastes destructor , Parasaissetia litorea, Parasaissetia nigra, Saissetia'' spp. (Kenya, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
 *  Microterys nietneri is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes spp., Chloropulvinaria spp., Coccus spp., Eucalymnatus tessellatus, Lecanium spp., Maacoccus piperis, Parasaissetia spp., Parasaissetia oleae, Parthenolecanium spp., Parthenolecanium corni, Protopulvinaria spp., Pulvinaria spp., Saissetia spp., Sphaerolecanium prunastri, armored scales Hemichionaspis theae, Pinnaspis theae, mealybugs Rastrococcus iceryoides (South Africa)
 *  Microterys speciosus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes spp., Coccus spp. (South Africa)