User:Alandmanson/Hymenoptera of Africa - Encyrtidae key 2

73 Fore wing entirely hyaline, or faintly infuscated (any infuscation only visible against a pale background; from 44)

 * 73a Gonostyli exserted at apex of metasoma, the exserted parts laterally compressed, usually more or less rounded apically in lateral view........ 74
 * 73b Gonostyli, if protruding at apex of metasoma, not flattened laterally, usually having the appearance of two slender, sharp stylets................78

74 Gonostyli extend beyond apex of metasoma, laterally compressed and rounded apically

 * 74a Scutellum entirely or partly shiny, with a polished appearance, without differentiated sculptural cells; mandibles exceptionally large (fig. 62 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key )........ 75
 * 74b Scutellum dorsally sculptured, not smooth and polished; mandibles normal................76

75 Scutellum shiny; mandibles large

 * 75a Postmarginal vein (fig. 63) of fore wing shorter than marginal, not reaching to a level near apex of stigmal; basal triangle of wing disc largely devoid of setae; parasitic in Coleoptera - Cerchysiella inat 104244416.jpg
 *  Cerchysiella Girault, 1914
 * Zeteticontus Silvestri, 1915 is a synonym of Cerchysiella.
 * 36 species worldwide; 5 Afrotropical species:
 * Cerchysiella abilis (Silvestri) (5)
 * Cerchysiella neodypsisae (Risbec) (1)
 * Cerchysiella punctiscutellum (Subba Rao) (1)
 * Cerchysiella utilis (Noyes) (5)
 * Cerchysiella xanthopus (Masi) (1)


 * 75b Postmarginal vein of fore wing subequal to or longer than marginal, reaching to about the level of apex of stigmal; basal triangle of wing disc evenly and densely setose; parasitic in Diptera - Tachinaephagus iNat 148445032.jpg
 *  Tachinaephagus Ashmead, 1904
 * 11 species worldwide; 3 Afrotropical species:
 * Tachinaephagus congoensis Subba Rao (1)
 * Tachinaephagus stomoxicida Subba Rao (3)
 * Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead (6)

76 Scutellum sculptured, not smooth; mandibles not large

 * 76a Antennal funicle and club white in colour; antennal scape expanded ventrally, the funicle segments all wider than long; parasitic in Coleoptera. Head with membranous interruptions of sclerotized integument as in fig. 64 -
 *  Chrysomelechthrus Trjapitzin, 1977
 * 1 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
 * Chrysomelechthrus descampsi (Risbec) (3)


 * 76b Antennal funicle and club dark in colour; scape slender, subcylindrical, the funicle with at least basal four or five segments longer than wide; parasitic in Diptera........ 77

77 Antennal funicle and club dark; scape slender, subcylindrical; funicle with more than three segments longer than wide

 * 77a Head and body entirely metallic green to blue-green in colour; pedicel shorter than, to about as long as, basal funicle segment; clypeal margin not crenulate - Cerchysius inat 7295295.jpg
 *  Cerchysius Westwood, 1832
 * 15 species worldwide; 2 Afrotropical species:
 * Cerchysius kilimanjarensis Kerrich (1)
 * Cerchysius ugandensis Kerrich (4)


 * 77b Head and body without metallic lustre; pedicel plainly longer than basal funicle segment; clypeal margin with crenulae -
 *  Coccidoctonus Crawford, 1912
 * Xyphigaster Risbec, 1954 is a synonym of  Coccidoctonus
 * 8 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
 * Coccidoctonus pseudococci (Risbec) (9)

78 If gonostyli protrude from apex of metasoma, not flattened laterally

 * 78a Head, in frontal view, with eyes large, extending almost to mouth margin, the genae very short. Head and body metallic green in colour, the tegulae partly white; male antenna with four rami, borne on the first four funicle segments; parasitic in Lepidoptera -
 *  Parablastothrix Mercet, 1917
 * 16 species worldwide; ? Afrotropical species:
 * No Afrotropical records in UCD?


 * 78b Genae much longer, usually plainly more than one-third longest diameter of eye in frontal view........ 79

79 In frontal view genae more than one-third longest diameter of eye

 * 79a Mandible with four teeth (figs 43, 65 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key )........ 80
 * 79b Mandible otherwise................81

80 Mandible with four teeth

 * 80a Scutellum longitudinally striate (fig. 66); dorsum of thorax gently convex, the thorax not dorsoventrally compressed -
 *  Lamennaisia Girault, 1922
 * Mercetencyrtus Trjapitzin, 1963 is a synonym of Lamennaisia
 * 5 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
 * Lamennaisia nobilis (Nees) (South Africa)


 * 80b Scutellum largely cellulate-reticulate, not giving the surface a striated effect; body some what flattened dorsoventrally, the thoracic dorsum flat or almost so - Adelencyrtus - Japoshvili, G. and Soethof, R. (2022).jpg
 *  Adelencyrtus Ashmead, 1900
 * 45 species worldwide; 10 Afrotropical species:
 * Adelencyrtus antennatus is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Aspidiotus sp. (South Africa)
 * Adelencyrtus aulacaspidis is a parasitoid of coccid scales Lecanopsis nevesi, and armored scales Aulacaspis difficilis, Aulacaspis rosae, Chionaspis salicis, Dynaspidiotus britannicus, Lepidosaphes cupressi, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, Quadraspidiotus macroporanus, Unaspis yanonensis (Madagascar)
 * Adelencyrtus depressus - no associates known (Madagascar)
 * Adelencyrtus flagellatus - no associates known (South Africa)
 * Adelencyrtus inglisiae is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Africaspis' spp. Aspidiotus spp., Balaspis faurei, Clavaspis spp., Clavaspis pituranthi, Diaspis echinocacti, Moraspis euphorbiae, Mytilococcus spp., Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
 * Adelencyrtus mangiphila is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Phenacaspis dilatata (Madagascar)
 * Adelencyrtus mayurai is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Aonidiella orientalis, Melanaspis glomerata (Mauritania)
 * Adelencyrtus moderatus is a parasitoid of whiteflies Bemisia tabaci, armored scales Aspidiella hartii, Aspidiella sacchari, Aspidiotus glomeratus, Aulacaspis spp., Duplachionaspis spp., Lepidosaphes spp., Melanaspis glomerata, and mealybugs Saccharicoccus sacchari (Ghana, Madagascar, Mauritius, Tanzania, Uganda)
 * Adelencyrtus odonaspidis is a parasitoid of armored scales Duplachionaspis sansevieriae, Odonaspidis sp., Odonaspis spp., and mealybugs Antonina graminis (South Africa)
 * Adelencyrtus tibialis - no associates known (South Africa)

81 Mandible does not have four teeth

 * 81a Mesoscutum with parapsidal sulci (cf. fig. 46 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key )........ 82
 * 81b Mesoscutum without parapsidal sulci........ 83

82

 * 82a Antenna (fig. 67) long and slender, the scape subcylindrical, the funicle segments all longer than wide; paratergites present; body entirely black, or black with metasoma yellowish, the latter laterally margined with blackish-brown; head and thorax with a metallic refringence; parasitic in Pseudococcidae -
 *  Charitopus Foerster, 1856
 * 18 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
 * Charitopus fulviventris - no associates known (South Africa)


 * 82b Antennal scape moderately to broadly expanded ventrally, the funicle segments not all longer than wide (fig. 68); paratergites absent; head and body without a metallic refringence, usually yellowish to brownish in colour; parasitic in Coccoidea other than Pseudococcidae - Metaphycus inat 4772310 b.jpg
 *  Metaphycus Mercet, 1917
 * Metaphycus spp. are parasitoids of scale insects, mostly Coccidae
 * 476 species worldwide; 86 Afrotropical species.

83

 * 83a Antennal scape cylindrical or almost so, more than three times as long as its greatest width........ 84
 * 83b Scape moderately to broadly expanded ventrally, less than three times as long as wide........ 117

84

 * 84a Antennal sockets placed high on face (fig. 69), their lower limits at or above lower eye level. Body black in colour, the frontovertex and face more or less pitted; antennal scrobes usually sulcate; parasitic in Coccidae -
 *  Bothriophryne Compere, 1937
 * 8 species worldwide; 7 Afrotropical species:
 * Bothriocraera bicolor Compere and Zinna (1)
 * Bothriophryne acaciae (Risbec) (3)
 * Bothriophryne ceroplastae Compere (5)
 * Bothriophryne dispar Compere (2)
 * Bothriophryne fuscicornis Compere (5)
 * Bothriophryne purpurascens Compere (3)
 * Bothriophryne velata Prinsloo and Annecke (2)


 * 84b Antennal scrobes placed lower on face, their lower limits well below lower eye level, sometimes almost at mouth margin........ 85

85

 * 85a Antennal club white........ 86
 * 85b Antennal club not white........ 87

86

 * 86a Head and thorax brilliant metallic green in colour; antennal club strongly obliquely truncate apically; mandible (fig. 70) with two teeth and a broad truncation; parasitic in the oothecae of cockroaches - Comperia Smithsonian Institution 2019 CCDB-34079-D08 CC-BY boldsystems.jpg
 *  Comperia Gomes, 1942
 * 7 species worldwide; 7 Afrotropical species:
 * Comperia alfierii is a parasitoid of a cockroach Blattella sp., and a dance fly Phyllodromia sp. (Egypt, Kenya, South Africa)
 * Comperia austrina - no associates known (South Africa)
 * Comperia clavata - no associates known (South Africa)
 * Comperia domestica - no associates known (South Africa)
 * Comperia faceta - no associates known (South Africa)
 * Comperia hirsuta - no associates known (South Africa)
 * Comperia merceti is a parasitoid of a cockroaches Blattella germanica, Supella longipalpa, Supella supellectilium, Periplaneta americana (Uganda)


 * 86b Head and body without metallic refringence; club rounded apically; mandible (fig. 50) with three slender teeth, the dorsal one somewhat retracted; parasitic in Pseudococcidae -
 *  Aphycus Mayr, 1876
 * 33 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
 * Aphycus comperei is a parasitoid of mealybugs Pedrococcus sp. (South Africa)

87

 * 87a Antenna nine-segmented, the club unsegmented. Polyembryonic parasitoids of Lepidoptera larvae................88
 * 87b Antenna eleven-segmented, the club three-segmented................89

88

 * 88a Antennal club obliquely truncate from near base (fig. 71); postmarginal vein of fore wing short, shorter than stigmal - 202101 Copidosoma floridanum attack.svg
 *  Copidosoma Ratzeburg, 1844
 * Litomastix is a synonym of Copidosoma
 * See also step 109 below
 * 212 species worldwide; 8 Afrotropical species:
 * Copidosoma delattrei (Ghesquiere) (2)
 * Copidosoma desantisi Annecke and Mynhardt (2)
 * Copidosoma floridanum is a parasitoid of Lepidoptera (Cape Verde Islands, Ivory Coast, Senegal)
 * Copidosoma koehleri Blanchard (17)
 * Copidosoma primulum (Mercet) (2)
 * Copidosoma truncatellum (Dalman) (2)
 * Copidosoma uruguayensis Tachnikawa (3)
 * Copidosoma varicorne (Nees) (7)


 * 88b Antennal club rounded or more or less squarely truncate at apex (fig. 72); postmarginal vein (fig. 73) unsually long, reaching to a level beyond apex of stigmal vein -
 *  Ageniaspis Dahlbom, 1857
 * 21 species worldwide; 2 Afrotropical species:
 * Ageniaspis citricola Logvinovskaya (1)
 * Ageniaspis primus Prinsloo (1)

89

 * 89a Mandible (fig. 74) with three distinct teeth and a straight dorsal truncation. Parasitic in Lacciferidae........ 90
 * 89b Mandible otherwise........ 91

90

 * 90a Abdomen with two interrupted rows of gland-like structures (fig. 75), one each on tergum II and VII, head and thorax with rather strong metallic refringence -
 *  Adencyrtus Prinsloo, 1977
 * 3 species worldwide; 3 Afrotropical species:
 * Adencyrtus afer Prinsloo (2)
 * Adencyrtus callainus Prinsloo (2)
 * Adencyrtus pictus Prinsloo (2)


 * 90b Abdomen without gland-like structures; head and body at most very slightly metallic in parts. Male antenna (fig. 57) with two small, transverse funicle segments and a long, unsegmented banana-shaped club -
 *  Erencyrtus Mahdihassan, 1923
 * 6 species worldwide; 4 Afrotropical species:
 *  Erencyrtus ater is a parasitoid of lac scales Tachardina sp. (South Africa)
 *  Erencyrtus contrarius is a parasitoid of lac scales Tachardina sp. (South Africa)
 *  Erencyrtus fuscus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Waxiella mimosae, lac scales Tachardina sp. (South Africa)
 *  Erencyrtus notialis is a parasitoid of lac scales Tachardina sp. (South Africa)

91

 * 91a Antennal scrobes sulcate (figs 53, 54, 76), their lateral margins sharply angled, usually impressed on face as an inverted V........ 92
 * 91b Scrobes otherwise........ 94

92

 * 92a Gonostyli very short and broad (fig. 77), subtriangular, densely covered with short, spine-like setae. Body black in colour; male antenna ten-segmented, the club two-segmented; parasitic in Lacciferidae -
 * Laccacida Prinsloo, 1977
 * 1 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
 *  Laccacida lacunata is a parasitoid of lac scales Tachardina sp. (South Africa)


 * 92b Gonostyli otherwise: elongate and slender, not densely covered with spine-like setae. Antenna of male nine-segmented, the club not segmented........ 93

93

 * 93a Mandible (fig. 78) with three teeth; frontovertex with fine punctations; parasitic in Lacciferidae -
 *  Tachardiaephagus Ashmead, 1904
 * 7 species worldwide; 4 Afrotropical species:
 *  Tachardiaephagus absonus Prinsloo (2)
 *  Tachardiaephagus communis Prinsloo (2)
 *  Tachardiaephagus gracilis Prinsloo (2)
 *  Tachardiaephagus similis Prinsloo (2)


 * 93b Mandible (fig. 55) with two teeth and a dorsal truncation; frontovertex with large punctations or with pits; parasitic in Coccidae -
 *  Aloencyrtus Prinsloo, 1978
 * 20 species worldwide; 19 Afrotropical species:
 *  Aloencyrtus alox - no associates known (South Africa)
 *  Aloencyrtus angustifrons is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes spp., Gascardia brevicauda spp. (South Africa)
 *  Aloencyrtus claripennis is a parasitoid of coccid scales Inglisia conchiformis (South Africa, Uganda)
 *  Aloencyrtus coelops is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes spp., Gascardia destructor, Waxiella mimosae (Eritrea, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda)
 *  Aloencyrtus delottoi is a parasitoid of coccid scales Saissetia opulenta (Kenya, South Africa)
 *  Aloencyrtus diaphorocerus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Saissetia coffeae (Mauritius, Seychelles)
 *  Aloencyrtus distinguendus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Coccus subhemisphaericus, Lecanium sp. (Cameroon, Ghana, Nigeria)
 *  Aloencyrtus facetus is a parasitoid of coccid scales ''Ceroplastes longicauda (South Africa)
 *  Aloencyrtus habrus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Saissetia coffeae (Cameroon)
 *  Aloencyrtus hardii is a parasitoid of coccid scales Parasaissetia nigra, Saissetia spp. (South Africa)
 *  Aloencyrtus johani is a parasitoid of coccid scales Parasaissetia nigra (South Africa)
 *  Aloencyrtus lindae is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes sp. (South Africa)
 *  Aloencyrtus nativus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Coccus longulus, Parthenolecanium persicae (Benin, Madagascar, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)
 *  Aloencyrtus obscuratus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Lecanium somereni, Saissetia spp. (Ghana, Kenya, South Africa)
 *  Aloencyrtus saissetiae is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes sp. Coccus spp. Cryptinglisia lounsburyi, Parasaissetia nigra, Saissetia spp. (Ivory Coast, Kenya, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)
 *  Aloencyrtus ugandensis is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes spp. (Uganda)
 *  Aloencyrtus umbrinus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes spp. (Kenya, )
 *  Aloencyrtus utilis is a parasitoid of coccid scales Saissetia oleae (South Africa)
 *  Aloencyrtus vivo - no associates known (Uganda)

94

 * 94a Antennal funicle with contrasting white and black segments........ 95
 * 94b Antennal funicle unicolorous or almost so........ 97

95

 * 95a Body yellowish to brownish, without a metallic tinge; antennal club rounded apically; primary parasitoids of Coccidae - Metaphycus inat 4772310 a.jpg
 *  Metaphycus Mercet, 1917
 * Metaphycus spp. are parasitoids of scale insects, mostly Coccidae
 * 476 species worldwide; 86 Afrotropical species.


 * 95b Body black, in parts with weak to strong metallic refringence; antennal club obliquely or transversely truncate apically; not parasitic in Coccidae........ 96

96

 * 96a Mandible with three distinct teeth; antennal club (fig. 79) transversely truncate apically; marginal vein punctiform (fig. 80); polyembryonic parasitoids in larvae of Lepidoptera -
 * Paralitomastix Mercet, 1921 is a synonym of Copidosoma Ratzeburg, 1844 (see step 88)


 * 96b Mandible with two teeth and a dorsal truncation; antennal club (fig. 81) obliquely truncate apically; marginal vein of fore wing (fig. 82) well developed; hyperparasitic in Coccidae -
 * Tremblaya Trjapitzin, 1985
 * Silvestria Trjapitzin, 1972 is a synonym of Tremblaya
 * 5 species worldwide; 5 Afrotropical species:
 * Tremblaya ceroplastae (Risbec) (4)
 * Tremblaya coffeicola Noyes (1)
 * Tremblaya minor (Silvestri) (6)
 * Tremblaya oleae (Silvestri) (5)
 * Tremblaya palaeococci (Risbec) (2)

97

 * 97a All funicle segments plainly wider than long................98
 * 97b Funicle segments not all wider than long................102

98

 * 98a Postmarginal vein (fig. 83) of fore wing very long, much longer than marginal, reaching to a level beyond apex of stigmal; paratergites present; mandible with three slender teeth, the middle one longest; parasitic in Pseudococcidae -
 * Blepyrus Howard, 1898
 * 19 species worldwide; 3 Afrotropical species:
 * Blepyrus insularis (Cameron) (11)
 * Blepyrus saccharicola Gahan (2)
 * Blepyrus schwarzi (Howard) (1)


 * 98b Fore wing venation otherwise; paratergites absent; mandible otherwise; not parasitic in mealybugs........ 99

99

 * 99a Antennal scrobes absent or represented by two very short, shallow furrows, at most hardly longer than the longest diameter of a torulus; the latter placed at or close to mouth margin; parasitic in aculeate Hymenoptera -
 * Coelopencyrtus Timberlake, 1919
 * Ericydnus Walker, 1837 is a synonym of Coelopencyrtus
 * 31 species worldwide; 7 Afrotropical species:
 * Coelopencyrtus bekiliensis (Risbec, 1952) (Madagascar)
 * Coelopencyrtus callainus Annecke, 1958 is a parasitoid of Xylocopa species (Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
 * Coelopencyrtus cyprius Annecke, 1968 is a parasitoid of Xylocopa species (Zimbabwe)
 * Coelopencyrtus ivorensis (Risbec, 1953) (Ivory Coast) Only this species has reduced wings?
 * Coelopencyrtus nothylaei Annecke 1968 is a parasitoid of Hylaeus species (South Africa)
 * Coelopencyrtus taylori (Annecke and Doutt, 1961) is a parasitoid of Xylocopa species (South Africa)
 * Coelopencyrtus watmoughi Annecke, 1968 is a parasitoid of Xylocopa flavorufa (Zimbabwe).


 * 99b Antennal scrobes otherwise, usually well developed; antennal sockets placed higher on face, their upper limits usually about level with lower eye margins; not parasitic in aculeate Hymenoptera........ 100

100

 * 100a Maxillary palpi each with three segments, the labial with a single segment; small species, about 0,6 mm in length; parasitic in eggs of Coleoptera and Diptera -
 *  Oobius Trjapitzin, 1963
 * 45 species worldwide; 4 Afrotropical species:
 * Oobius abditus Annecke (2)
 * Oobius funestus Annecke (2)
 * Oobius longoi (Siscaro) (4)
 * Oobius striatus Annecke (3)


 * 100b Palpi otherwise; larger species, often more than 1 mm in length; not egg parasitoids........ 101

101

 * 101a Head and body dominantly dark blackish-brown to black; antennal club (fig. 84) obliquely truncate apically; parasitic in Diptera -
 * Exoristobia Ashmead, 1904
 * 9 species worldwide; 3 Afrotropical species:
 * Exoristobia dipterae (Risbec) (8)
 * Exoristobia macrocerus (Masi) (1)
 * Exoristobia ugandensis Subba Rao (2)


 * 101b Head and body dominantly yellowish to brownish-yellow; antennal club rounded apically; parasitic in Coccoidea - Metaphycus inat 4772310 b.jpg
 *  Metaphycus Mercet, 1917
 * Metaphycus spp. are parasitoids of scale insects, mostly Coccidae
 * 476 species worldwide; 86 Afrotropical species.
 * Metaphycus keys out at 82, 95, 101, 110, 119

102

 * 102a Small species, at most about 1 mm in length, but usually less than 1 mm; exclusively parasitic in insect eggs, often in those of Lepidoptera, Hemiptera and Coleoptera........ 103
 * 102b Larger species, usually more than 1 mm in length; if less than 1 mm in length, then not parasitic in insect eggs, but in the larvae and pupae of insects................104

103

 * 103a Antennal club longer than entire funicle; funicle segments I-V transverse; maxillary palpi each with three segments, the labial palpi not segmented -
 *  Oobius Trjapitzin, 1963
 * 45 species worldwide; 4 Afrotropical species (See step 100)


 * 103b Antennal club shorter than entire funicle; maxillary palpi each with four segments, the labial with three - [[File:Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar) Egg Mass Being Parasitized by Ooencyrtus kuvanae - Mississauga, Ontario.jpg|thumb|Ooencyrtus kuvanae on a moth egg mass, Canada]]
 * Ooencyrtus Ashmead, 1900
 * 343 species worldwide; 38 Afrotropical species:
 * Ooencyrtus afer Prinsloo (1)
 * Ooencyrtus albicrus Prinsloo (3)
 * Ooencyrtus angolensis Prinsloo (1)
 * Ooencyrtus austrinus Prinsloo (1)
 * Ooencyrtus azul Prinsloo (1)
 * Ooencyrtus bambeyi (Risbec) (2)
 * Ooencyrtus bedfordi Prinsloo (1)
 * Ooencyrtus camerounensis (Risbec) (4)
 * Ooencyrtus cinctus Prinsloo (2)
 * Ooencyrtus cirinae Prinsloo (1)
 * Ooencyrtus congensis Prinsloo (1)
 * Ooencyrtus cretatus Prinsloo (1)
 * Ooencyrtus demodoci (Risbec) (4)
 * Ooencyrtus dipterae (Risbec) (4)
 * Ooencyrtus distatus Prinsloo (1)
 * Ooencyrtus epilachnae Annecke (3)
 * Ooencyrtus exallus Prinsloo (1)
 * Ooencyrtus guamensis Fullaway (6)
 * Ooencyrtus homoeoceri (Risbec) (3)
 * Ooencyrtus insignis Prinsloo (1)
 * Ooencyrtus jeani Noyes and Prinsloo (3)
 * Ooencyrtus kuvanae is an egg parasitoid of Lepidoptera and Hemiptera (Nigeria)
 * Ooencyrtus lamborni Waterston (11)
 * Ooencyrtus mimus Prinsloo (1)
 * Ooencyrtus nanus Prinsloo (1)
 * Ooencyrtus pallidipes (Ashmead) (2)
 * Ooencyrtus piezodori (Risbec) (3)
 * Ooencyrtus polyphagus (Risbec) (3)
 * Ooencyrtus puparum Prinsloo (1)
 * Ooencyrtus rigemae (Risbec) (3)
 * Ooencyrtus risbeci Prinsloo (1)
 * Ooencyrtus rufogaster (Risbec) (2)
 * Ooencyrtus senegalensis (Risbec) (4)
 * Ooencyrtus sesbaniae Risbec (1)
 * Ooencyrtus sinis Prinsloo (1)
 * Ooencyrtus unicus Prinsloo (1)
 * Ooencyrtus utetheisae (Risbec) (11)
 * Ooencyrtus ventralis (Masi) (1)

104

 * 104a Antennal scrobes absent or represented by two very short shallow furrows, at most hardly longer than the longest diameter of a torulus; head usually approximately round in outline in frontal view with mouth margin broad, antennal sockets placed close to mouth margin; parasitic in aculeate Hymenoptera -
 * Coelopencyrtus Walker, 1837
 * Ericydnus Walker, 1837 is a synonym of Coelopencyrtus
 * 31 species worldwide; 7 Afrotropical species:
 * Coelopencyrtus bekiliensis (Risbec, 1952) (Madagascar)
 * Coelopencyrtus callainus Annecke, 1958 is a parasitoid of Xylocopa species (Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
 * Coelopencyrtus cyprius Annecke, 1968 is a parasitoid of Xylocopa species (Zimbabwe)
 * Coelopencyrtus ivorensis (Risbec, 1953) (Ivory Coast) Only this species has reduced wings?
 * Coelopencyrtus nothylaei Annecke 1968 is a parasitoid of Hylaeus species (South Africa)
 * Coelopencyrtus taylori (Annecke and Doutt, 1961) is a parasitoid of Xylocopa species (South Africa)
 * Coelopencyrtus watmoughi Annecke, 1968 is a parasitoid of Xylocopa flavorufa (Zimbabwe).


 * 104b Scrobes otherwise, usually well developed; other characters different; not parasitic in aculeate Hymenoptera........ 105

105

 * 105a Mandible with three acute or subacute teeth (figs 85, 86)........ 106
 * 105b Mandible otherwise, rarely with three teeth, but then dorsal tooth not acute or subacute, but broad, the apex squarely to roundly truncate (fig. 87)................111

106

 * 106a Head and body entirely and brilliantly metallic in colour; parasitic in Aclerdidae -
 * Mayridia Mercet, 1921
 * 34 species worldwide; 2 Afrotropical species:
 * Mayridia arida Prinsloo and Annecke (3)
 * Mayridia maryae Prinsloo (1)


 * 106b Head and body at most with a faint to moderately strong metallic refringence on frontovertex, face and thorax; not parasitic in Aclerdidae........ 107

107

 * 107a Antennal club as long as the distal three funicle segments together; marginal vein or fore wing longer than stigmal; parasitic in dryinid wasps -
 * Helegonatopus Perkins, 1906
 * 13 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
 * Helegonatopus saotomensis Prinsloo (2)


 * 107b Antennal club longer than funicle segments III-VI; marginal vein at most as long as stigmal; not parasitic in Hymenoptera........ 108

108

 * 108a Antennal club obliquely truncate apically. Thoracic dorsum usually with metallic green and purple refringence; polyembryonic parasitoids of Lepidoptera larvae -
 * Litomastix Thomson, 1876
 * Litomastix is a synonym of Copidosoma, making this step redundant, although presumably useful for identification of species groups?.


 * 108b Antennal club rounded apically, or club segments transverse........ 109

109

 * 109a Antenna long and slender, the funicle segments all longer than wide; polyembryonic parasitoids of Lepidoptera larvae - Copidosoma koehleri 03.jpg
 *  Copidosoma Ratzeburg, 1844
 * See also step 88 (above)
 * 212 species worldwide; 8 Afrotropical species:
 * Copidosoma delattrei (Ghesquiere) (2)
 * Copidosoma desantisi Annecke and Mynhardt (2)
 * Copidosoma floridanum (Ashmead) (6)
 * Copidosoma koehleri Blanchard (17)
 * Copidosoma primulum (Mercet) (2)
 * Copidosoma truncatellum (Dalman) (2)
 * Copidosoma uruguayensis Tachnikawa (3)
 * Copidosoma varicorne (Nees) (7)


 * 109b Funicle segments not all longer than wide, the antenna not particularly slender; not parasitic in Lepidoptera................110

110

 * 110a Marginal and postmarginal veins very short, the latter much shorter than stigmal vein, sometimes punctiform; frontovertex without punctations; usually parasitic in Coccidae - Metaphycus inat 4772310 a.jpg
 *  Metaphycus Mercet, 1917
 * Metaphycus spp. are parasitoids of scale insects, mostly Coccidae
 * 476 species worldwide; 86 Afrotropical species.
 * Metaphycus keys out at 82, 95, 101, 110, 119


 * 110b Marginal and postmarginal veins well developed, the latter reaching almost to the level of apex of stigmal vein; frontovertex with scattered puncrations; exclusively parasitic in Lacciferidae -
 *  Tachardiaephagus Ashmead, 1904
 *  Tachardiaephagus keys out at 93, 110
 * 7 species worldwide; 4 Afrotropical species:
 *  Tachardiaephagus absonus Prinsloo (2)
 *  Tachardiaephagus communis Prinsloo (2)
 *  Tachardiaephagus gracilis Prinsloo (2)
 *  Tachardiaephagus similis Prinsloo (2)

111

 * 111a Tergum II and VII of abdomen each with an interrupted row of gland-like structures (fig. 88) -
 * Zaomma Ashmead, 1900
 * 17 species worldwide; 8 Afrotropical species:
 * Zaomma acaciae (Risbec) (1)
 * Zaomma carinae Prinsloo (2)
 * Zaomma cestus Prinsloo (2)
 * Zaomma ficusae (Risbec) (1)
 * Zaomma lambinus (Walker) (5)
 * Zaomma sitis Prinsloo (2)
 * Zaomma vix Prinsloo (2)
 * Zaomma xhosa Prinsloo (2)


 * 111b Antennal club long, usually about as long as enure funicle; legs usually banded; parasitic in Diaspididae. Abdomen without gland-like structures........ 112

112

 * 112a Maxillary palpi each with three segments, the labial each with two; parasitic in Diaspididae. Small species, usually not much more than 1 mm in length; antenna generally slender, the club long -
 * Coccidencyrtus Ashmead, 1900
 * 36 species worldwide; 3 Afrotropical species:
 * Coccidencyrtus ochraceipes Gahan (1)
 * Coccidencyrtus plectroniae Risbec (1)
 * Coccidencyrtus punctatus Compere and Annecke (1)


 * 112b Maxillary palpi each with four segments, the labial with three; not parasitic in Diaspididae........ 113

113

 * 113a Marginal vein of fore wing relatively long*, broad, dark in colour, about as long as, or longer than, stigmal vein (figs 89, 90); mandible with three well separated teeth, the upper one squarely or roundly truncate (fig. 87)........ 114
 * 113b Marginal vein punctiform or very short, shorter than stigmal (figs 91, 92); if rarely subequal to stigmal, then mandible with a well separated ventral tooth and a broad dorsal truncation (fig. 93)........ 115

114

 * 114a Body longer than 1 mm; thorax slender, the scutellum longer than wide; legs usually not banded; primary parasitoids of Syrphidae -
 *  Syrphophagus Ashmead, 1900
 * 85 species worldwide; 6 Afrotropical species:
 * Syrphophagus africanus (Gahan) (6)
 * Syrphophagus aphidivorus (Mayr) (2)
 * Syrphophagus cassatus (Annecke) (6)
 * Syrphophagus coccidicola (Gahan) (2)
 * Syrphophagus nigrocyaneus Ashmead (2)
 * Syrphophagus similis (Prinsloo) (3)


 * 114b Smaller species, usually about 1 mm in length; scutellum relatively broad, about as long as wide or a little wider than long; legs usually banded; hyperparasitoids of aphids, rarely of psyllids -
 *  Syrphophagus Ashmead, 1900
 * Aphidencyrtus is a synonym of Syrphophagus; this step previously separated Aphidencyrtus
 * 85 species worldwide; 6 Afrotropical species:
 * Syrphophagus africanus (Gahan) (6)
 * Syrphophagus aphidivorus (Mayr) (2)
 * Syrphophagus cassatus (Annecke) (6)
 * Syrphophagus coccidicola (Gahan) (2)
 * Syrphophagus nigrocyaneus Ashmead (2)
 * Syrphophagus similis (Prinsloo) (3)

115

 * 115a Head and body pale, dominantly yellow in colour, without metallic refringence; parasitic in Coccidae. Male remarkable in colour: orange and brilliant metallic green in parts -
 *  Argutencyrtus Prinsloo and Annecke, 1974
 * 1 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
 * Argutencyrtus luteolus Prinsloo and Annecke, 1974


 * 115b Head and body entirely metallic in colour, or black with some parts with faint to moderately strong metallic refringence, or rarely at least head and thorax black; not parasitic in Coccidae........ 116

116

 * 116a Usually entirely metallic green or blue-green in colour, rarely with only some parts metallic in colour; parasitic in Psyllidae - Psyllaephagus guangxiensis (10.3897-BDJ.9.e63253) Figure 1.jpg
 * Psyllaephagus Ashmead, 1900
 * 246 species worldwide; 29 Afrotropical species:
 * Psyllaephagus africanus Prinsloo (3)
 * Psyllaephagus albicrus Prinsloo (2)
 * Psyllaephagus arytainae Prinsloo (2)
 * Psyllaephagus bicolor Prinsloo (2)
 * Psyllaephagus blastopsyllae Tamesse, Soufo, Tchanatame, Dzokou, Gumovsky and De Coninck (1)
 * Psyllaephagus callainus Prinsloo (2)
 * Psyllaephagus capeneri Prinsloo (2)
 * Psyllaephagus cellulatus Waterston (1)
 * Psyllaephagus chianganus Prinsloo (3)
 * Psyllaephagus cincticrus Prinsloo (2)
 * Psyllaephagus dealbatae (Risbec) (1)
 * Psyllaephagus dispar Prinsloo (2)
 * Psyllaephagus furvus Prinsloo (1)
 * Psyllaephagus hibiscusae (Risbec) (1)
 * Psyllaephagus io Prinsloo (1)
 * Psyllaephagus lucaris Prinsloo (2)
 * Psyllaephagus minor Prinsloo (2)
 * Psyllaephagus oleae Prinsloo (2)
 * Psyllaephagus ornatus Prinsloo (2)
 * Psyllaephagus pauliani (Risbec) (1)
 * Psyllaephagus perendinus Robinson (1)
 * Psyllaephagus phytolymae (Ferriere) (5)
 * Psyllaephagus pulvinatus (Waterston) (12)
 * Psyllaephagus rhusae Prinsloo (2)
 * Psyllaephagus secus Prinsloo (3)
 * Psyllaephagus tessmannii Tamesse and Tiyo (1)
 * Psyllaephagus vastus Prinsloo (2)
 * Psyllaephagus viridis Prinsloo (2)
 * Psyllaephagus yaseeni Noyes (1)


 * 116b Never entirely metallic in colour, at most the head and thoracic dorsum with weak to moderately strong metallic refringence; parasitic in Syrphidae and Coccinellidae -
 * Syrphophagus Ashmead, 1900
 * Syrphophagus keys out at 114b, 116b, 117a
 * 85 species worldwide; 6 Afrotropical species:
 * Syrphophagus africanus (Gahan) (6)
 * Syrphophagus aphidivorus (Mayr) (2)
 * Syrphophagus cassatus (Annecke) (6)
 * Syrphophagus coccidicola (Gahan) (2)
 * Syrphophagus nigrocyaneus Ashmead (2)
 * Syrphophagus similis (Prinsloo) (3)

117 (Scape moderately to broadly expanded ventrally, less than three times as long as wide - from 83

 * 117a Eyes exceptionally setose (fig. 123), the setae long, strongly developed; frontovertex sparsely pitted; antenna (fig. 126) with scape blackish, the remainder of antenna uniformly paler in colour -
 * Syrphophagus Ashmead, 1900
 * Syrphophagus keys out at 114b, 116b, 117a
 * 85 species worldwide; 6 Afrotropical species:
 * Syrphophagus africanus (Gahan) (6)
 * Syrphophagus aphidivorus (Mayr) (2)
 * Syrphophagus cassatus (Annecke) (6)
 * Syrphophagus coccidicola (Gahan) (2)
 * Syrphophagus nigrocyaneus Ashmead (2)
 * Syrphophagus similis (Prinsloo) (3)


 * 117b Eyes sparsely setose, the setae fine; frontovertex at most finely punctate; colour of antenna otherwise........ 118

118

 * 118a Head tending to opisthognathous, the frontovertex almost horizontal, meeting the inflexed face at an acute angle, so that head is subtriangular in lateral view; parasitic in ticks (Ixodidae). Male sometimes brachypterous, in which case the head has a forked process jutting forward at junction of frontovertex and face - Ixodiphagus hookeri.jpg
 * Ixodiphagus Howard, 1907
 * Hunterellus Howard, 1908 is a synonym of Ixodiphagus
 * 15 species worldwide; 2 Afrotropical species:
 * Ixodiphagus hookeri (Howard) (14)
 * Ixodiphagus theilerae (Fiedler) (5)


 * 118b Head hypognathous, the frontovertex more or less convex, rounded on to face; not parasitic in ticks........ 119

119

 * 119a Head and body largely yellowish to brownish, without metallic refringence; antennal scrobes more or less well developed; toruli with lower limits well above clypeal margin; parasitic in Coccoidea - Metaphycus inat 4772310 b.jpg
 *  Metaphycus Mercet, 1917
 * Metaphycus spp. are parasitoids of scale insects, mostly Coccidae
 * 476 species worldwide; 86 Afrotropical species.
 * Metaphycus keys out at 82, 95, 101, 110, 119


 * 119b Head and body dominantly black, the head and thoracic dorsum with faint to strong metallic refringence; scrobes absent or developed as two very short shallow furrows, hardly longer than the longest diameter of a torulus; toruli placed at or close to mouth margin; polyembryonic parasitoids of aculeate Hymenoptera -
 * Coelopencyrtus Walker, 1837
 * Ericydnus Walker, 1837 is a synonym of Coelopencyrtus
 * 31 species worldwide; 7 Afrotropical species:
 * Coelopencyrtus bekiliensis (Risbec, 1952) (Madagascar)
 * Coelopencyrtus callainus Annecke, 1958 is a parasitoid of Xylocopa species (Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
 * Coelopencyrtus cyprius Annecke, 1968 is a parasitoid of Xylocopa species (Zimbabwe)
 * Coelopencyrtus ivorensis (Risbec, 1953) (Ivory Coast) Only this species has reduced wings?
 * Coelopencyrtus nothylaei Annecke 1968 is a parasitoid of Hylaeus species (South Africa)
 * Coelopencyrtus taylori (Annecke and Doutt, 1961) is a parasitoid of Xylocopa species (South Africa)
 * Coelopencyrtus watmoughi Annecke, 1968 is a parasitoid of Xylocopa flavorufa (Zimbabwe).