User:Atcovi/AP European History/ItalianRenaissance


 * User:Atcovi/AP European History/105Unit1NewMonarchies
 * Middle Ages
 * Black death spread from Sicily up north Italy (Middle Ages). 2/3 of the population was wiped out.
 * England and France - 100 Years' War
 * Peoples Power of the Purse - In order for England to raise taxes for war, the king must ask landowners permission (English history, after 100 years war).
 * Italian significance
 * Revival of Commerce and Town Building
 * Wool industry (Florentines) - ammonium aids in production. Allum, a mineral, was traded with the Ottomans by the Florentine. This was used in the wool. Antiquity was stronger in Italy than other areas in Europe. They also wanted to build a new church.

Laocoon - Ancient Greek sculptured depicting Laoquan, a Trojan priest, with his 2 sons. He was convinced in which the Greeks were going to trick the Trojans and lead to their demise. While he is trying to tell the Greeks about the Trojans, a snake comes up and devours all 3 of them.

Michelangelo - Famous sculptor. Created "David". Evolves as an artist. A lot of trade, crossroads between East and West (spices, cultures, silk). Prosperity increases. Italy is perfect as it is right in between all of the trades and it is a peninsula (a lot of harbors).
 * Economic Growth


 * The significance of printing, mining and new industries, such as Alum.
 * Banking.
 * 15th century banking empire of the Medici family in Florence and throughout Europe (Gold Florin became standard).

Church lifts their ban on riba. Allows banks to become for-profit institutions.

Alum is found in Florence (1460), which causes Florentines to become rich off of banking and Alum.

The guild are merchants who regulated trade in their respective fields.
 * Renaissance Economics
 * Profit-making, became more important than Church doctrine...
 * Usury
 * Philanthropy
 * No Excessive rates
 * Profits led to economics, diversification and movement
 * Northern Italy was urban and commercial while Southern Italy mostly was rural.

Art became the way in which private citizens, church, guild and the businesses began to showcase the wealth they've garnered.

Renaissance

 * Florence is where the renaissance began.

Eventually overrun by the French in 1499.
 * City-states
 * Condottierri - Mercenary generals (soldiers for hire)
 * Inter-city warfare led to new advances in diplomacy (Peace of Lodi - 1453); in response to war between Venice and Milan ("balance of power").
 * Milan
 * Sforza Family (gained a lot of power)
 * Dukes of Milan
 * Francesco and Ludovico Sforza
 * Venice
 * Very wealthy from trade.
 * Large Empire throughout the Adriatic

Influence of Medici (1434-1492) - Cosimo de Medici, Lorenzo the Magnificent, despotism from behind the scenes - controlling the city because many citizens are in debt to the Medici. Wealthy banking family, eventually becomes popes. 1942 - Medici's influence ends due to the death of Florence.
 * Doge, Senate (republic controlled by the wealthy, served in a senate. Wealthiest members were chosen --> Senates pick Doge (executive leader of Venice); serves for life). Venice wanted to participate in overseas exploration, but Spain and Portugal beat them
 * Florence
 * Signoria - Administration (ruled as a Republic)
 * Elected by the guilds
 * Wealthy citizens approved decisions

Papal States

 * Ruled by the Pope as a religious and secular leader
 * Centered in Rome
 * Alexander VI
 * Pope Julius II

People

 * Bladassare Castiglione's The Courtier
 * Set of rules, expectations for the Ideal Courtier.
 * Woman to make herself pleasing to men
 * Write, dance, sing, well educated
 * L'Liomo Universale
 * "The Courtier... must put every effort and diligence into outstripping others a little, so that he may be always recognized as better than the rest".
 * Renaissance Society
 * Family orientated society (patriarchal)
 * Concentration of wealth among great families
 * Popolo grosso
 * Mediocri
 * Popolo minuto


 * Savonarola (bonfire of the vanities)

Women's role in Society

 * Subordinate to men
 * Own properties/wills
 * Abandonment
 * Convent life
 * Women
 * Sofonisba Anguissola

Decline in City States

 * Foreign Invasions
 * Medici lose power of Florence
 * Economic Decline
 * Loss of trading posts
 * Competition with Flemish industries
 * No exploration

AP Euro Review

 * Men of Letters
 * 1) Petrarch (father of humanism, found writings of cicero, several poetic works), Pico (oration on the dignity of man; "Manifesto of the Renaissance", humanist philosophy and free will), Valla (the false donation of Constantine, textual criticism (philology), mythbuster) - Studied classics and "nerding out to the ancient Greeks".
 * Civic Humanists
 * 1) Machiavelli (The Prince; A Handbook for Strong Rulers, End Justifies the Means, Better to be Feared than Loved), Castiglione (The Courtier; How to Win the Trust of a Ruler) - Studied the classics for political advancement
 * Christian Humanists
 * 1) Erasmus (The Praise of Folly; Criticizes Catholic Church), T. More (Utopia; The "Ideal" Society, social commentary) - Studied the classics to improve society

Art
Patrons: Hired artists and wanted to paint an image
 * Families
 * Medici, Isabella D'Este, Duke of Urbino
 * Popes
 * City States
 * Florence
 * Giberti wins over Brunelleschi


 * David by Donatello, S-curve, first free-form bronze since Roman times.
 * Antonio Pollaiuolo, Hercules and Anteus, 1475
 * Michelangelo, David, 1501-1504
 * Massacio, Expulsion from the Garden - first nudes since classic times representing realism.
 * Massacio, Trinity - First use of linear perspective
 * REVIEW
 * Arnolfini Wedding
 * Last Supper
 * David; Michelangelo and Donatello
 * Vitruvian Man
 * Sistine Chapel Ceiling; Creation of Adam
 * Ghent Altarpiece
 * Mona Lisa
 * Pieta
 * Dome of Florence Cathedral, Brunelleschi
 * Dome of St. Peter’s Basilica, Michelangelo
 * Birth of Venus, Botticelli

Northern Renaissance

 * Contrast
 * More Christian
 * Individualism vs. Broad Social Reforms (how to use humanism [emphasis on classics, GK and Rome] to enact positive changes?)
 * Peter's Patrimony

Thomas Moore opposed Henry 8th's church, got martyred for his views. Author of Utopia (The Ideal State), revival of Plato [humanists attached to this]. Note "socalism" too.

Erasmus (clergyman, well-educated and traveled a lot, friends with Moore; worked on Greek version of the New Testament) is known for the Praise of Folly. Helped start the Protestant Reformation. Erasmus, as a loyal Catholic (disagrees with Luther about free will), encouraged social criticism. He wanted to create a [original texts for humanists with the original Greek texts] better Latin Bible vs. the common Latin Bible [Vulgar Latin].
 * Christian Humanism [God made mankind, mankind is good at perfecting themselves]
 * Social reforms based on society
 * Classical writings were studied as well as early church fathers [Greco-Roman texts; High-rated texts should be read in the Elite Latin and not Vulgar Latin (elite)]
 * Christian Ideals should be followed
 * Everyone should read the Bible!

The Catholic Church was powerful in terms of its obvious religious influence and its ownership of land. In Catholicism, it's not God, but it is St. Peter who allows you to enter heaven. The Church values wealth, which was against St. Peter's image in the Bible (poor). Erasmus disagreed with this.

Northern artists studied Italian Art, but had a different style.
 * Differences between the culture
 * Italy - Change was inspired by humanism with its emphasis on the revival of the values of classical antiquity, many frescos.
 * No. Europe - Change was driven by religious reform, the return to Christian values, Christian Humanism, few frescos.

Lots of realism and naturalism, showing emotion threw realism than emotion. Lots of detail.
 * 1) Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife - Wedding Portrait by Jan Van Eyck (1434) [brighter green dress, golden chandler color; religious in nature, so God is represented in the candle (Holy Spirit), dog shows marriage vow/infidelity, pregnancy foreshadows a child is coming along].
 * 2) Rogier van der Weyden (The Deposition, 1435) - Taking Jesus out of the cross portrait.
 * 3) Jan Van Eyck, Ghent - Many panels that can fold up and fold out. Showcases divisiveness, singing.
 * 4) Massys' The Moneylender and his Wife, 1514 - Coins and printed religious book = wealth.
 * 5) Lucas Cranach the Elder - Epitome of Christian Humanism (Martin Luther). Showcases Martin Luther in a positive way as opposed to the many issues he held.
 * 6) Durer, The Fall of Man, woodcut (1504) - Showcases Adam and Eve in a painting.