User:Atcovi/AP European History/Religious Wars


 * Low Countries - Charles V
 * Immense Wealth
 * Divided into provinces - Federation
 * Spread of Protestantism

Charles V Abdicates!

 * Brother Ferdinand becomes HRE
 * Son Philip II

Religious Issues

 * Calvinism appeals to middle class
 * Opposition to Authority

Duke of Alba

 * 20,000 troops
 * Executed Calvinists

War

 * 1568-1575 the war rages in Low Countries
 * Catholic victories in southern provinces
 * Prince William of Orange - Calvinists vs. Phillip II - Catholicism
 * Systems of rivers and moats (flooding)/Spanish Road or problems with supplies
 * Dutch Maritime Superiority
 * Union of Utrecht (7 provinces) - "During that same year, William of Orange united seven northern states in the Union of Utrecht, which formed the Dutch Republic that openly opposed Philip and Spain"


 * Declare independence in 1581
 * Help from Elizabethan England

Spanish Armada

 * Phillip II of Spain was angered by the rise of Protestantism, Elizabeth I's actions towards the Catholics and English attacks on the Spanish vessels. Elizabeth I also supported the Netherlands vs. Spain and Mary Queen of Scots was executed under Elizabeth I's rule.
 * England's more modern tactics won vs. Spain's old tactics, resulting in the Spanish Armada being defeated in July of 1588.
 * Blow to Counter-Reformation for Catholics, leads to Dutch independence and low Spanish morale. Dominance of English naval. Spain declines due to incest in ruling, Counter-Reformation failed, colonies were exhausted and instable classes (no middle class).

Resolvement
See Wikibooks' section regarding conflicts within the NL vs. Spain
 * Spain, 1609 - allow truce. This war is very expensive, they already are suffering in debt. But in the 1620s, the Spanish recommence fighting until 1648 in the Peace of Westphalia.
 * The Dutch are Protestants [Calvinists], the Spanish are Catholics.

The Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

 * The HRE was a battleground
 * Beginning --> It was the Catholics vs. Protestants.
 * End --> It was Halbsburg power that was threatened. Whoever could get power gets it! Cardinal Richelu's France, Louis XIII chief minister [a politique as he put national interest over religious issues], non-Catholic countries, HRE vs. Habsburgs.
 * Treaty of Westphalia, 1648

Bohemian Phase - 1618-1622

 * Ferdinand II meet up with Bohemian officials (from Prague).
 * The Bohemians dislike him.
 * Ferdinand refuses to treat Protestants.
 * Defenestration of Prague, 1618 - started the 30 Years War. Protestants threw Catholic ambassadors out of a building in Prague, Czech Republic.

More Catholic countries and Protestant countries are fighting each other in this religious war as a result. Ferdinand turns to Spain for help as he loses land, but he is successful in eradicating Protestantism in Bohemia after Ferdinand's ruthless campaign.

Denmark (Danish Phase: 1625-1629)

 * Lutheranism
 * Christian IV supported Protestants.
 * Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance
 * Tried to crush Protestant HRE and on the Jutland Pen.
 * Ferdinand II used Wallenstein as a general
 * Wallenstein defeated Protestants in the north and went on a merciless campaign against the pop. of Madgeburg.
 * Denmark loses, Austria [Hapsburg] wins.
 * Edict of Restitution (1552)
 * Restored to Catholics all lands lost in 1552.

Swedish Phase

 * Ferdinand II brought back Wallenstein
 * Gustovus Adolphus killed at the Battle of Lutzen
 * Swedish advance was stopped after the death of Adolphus.
 * German princes still feared Wallenstein. He is eventually assassinated to appease the princes.
 * Sweden loses, Austria wins.

French Phrase (1635-1648)

 * France and Sweden switch roles
 * France fights; Sweden funds
 * Many countries in Europe now participated
 * England, Spain, Ottomans, and many more.
 * 1648 - Seems like Hapsburg are losing. France joining ended the strict religious boundaries of the war. It was Hapsburg [non-Catholics, mostly] vs. everyone else [Catholics].

Loss of German lives in 30' Years War

 * 8 million lives lost

Peace of Westphalia 1648

 * Each German prince became free from any kind of control by the HR Emperor.
 * The United Provinces [Dutch Neths.] became officially independent
 * France get most of the German speaking province of Alsace.
 * Sweden --> got lands in Northern Germany on the Baltic Sea Coasts. Most powerful national on the north.
 * Switzerland became totally independent of the HR Emperor --> Swiss Confederation.
 * Brandenburg Prussia [Hohenzollerns] got important territory on No. Sea and in central Germany. Start of Prussia.
 * HRE, Habsburgs, Spain - lose prominence.
 * Germany - broken up into independent states controlled by a prince
 * Catholicism - End of Catholic Church supreme authority.
 * End of Counter-Reformation and Calvinism was a norm.
 * Religious Provisions
 * Calvinists would have the same privileges as the Lutherans had in the Peace of Augsburg.
 * The ruler of each state could determine its official religion. BUT, except in the hereditary lands of the Habsburgs, he must permit freedom of private worship.

Louis XIV

 * 1643-1715
 * Cardinal Mazarin, 1602-1661
 * The Fronde, 1648
 * Louis takes power in 1661.


 * Solidified absolutism
 * New center of gov't: Versailles
 * Elaborate court ritual