User:Atcovi/AP European History/Significant People & Leading Up to Wars

Protestant Reformation - Who, What, When, Where, Why?


 * Christian reformation - Major goal was to reform Christianity
 * Found simplicity to be key as they looked to the original version
 * Reform program - Biggest characteristic of northern humanism
 * Prepared schools and new editions of the Bible and the writing of the church as they believed the humans change their inner self.
 * Erasmus believed in pure religion without the extras, such as fasts and relics.
 * Wanted worshippers to believe the original versions of Christianity, he edited the Greek text of the New Testament from the earlier manuscripts and published them accompanied with a Latin translation.
 * Erasmus depicted all of his opposition to the Church in the Praise of Folly.
 * His work was overpowered by the Renaissance movement, but his actions led to the walking steps of the Renaissance. Although he is quoted to have "laid the egg for Luther to hatch", he opposed Luther's complete destruction of the church as he simply wanted reformation.
 * Thomas Moore - Well educated and took a major interest in Greek and Latin. He was a deeply religious Christian. Wrote Utopia (the perfect world). Decisions were made by cooperation rather than a strive for power. Based on communal ownership. As a result of these changes, the Utopians were able to live prosperous lives. Didn't believe in revolting against the king, though (page 3).

Conflicts that Challenged the Church
—German and English nobility disliked Italian domination of the Church.

—Church’s great political power (owned a huge portion of the land)

—Massive wealth

—Absenteeism (staying away from church for no good reason)

—Corruption

—Simony (selling church roles) and Pluralism (holding multiple offices)

—Illiteracy

—Services/Bible in Latin

—Indulgences (Johann Tetzel)

The Church was selling indulgences ("a remission before God of the temporal punishment due to sins whose guilt has already been forgiven, which the faithful Christian who is duly disposed gains under certain prescribed conditions through the action of the Church which, as the minister of redemption, dispenses and applies with authority the treasury of the satisfactions of Christ and all of the saints"), church revolved around wealth than God. Protestantism spread as a result of this (1521-1551).

People started questioning the church.


 * Archbishops = Live in palace. Very wealthy folks. (only wealthy people sat in the front of the church, only drink the wine in communion)
 * Simony = Buying and selling of church offices
 * Pluralism? - Sharing of powers (governor of 2 states, for example)
 * Indulgences: you pay the church, the church does a good deed, you get the good deed = you get the indulgence.
 * Purgatory - A place where you go after death and suffer to alleviate sins.
 * Christian humanism = Reads Bible in Latin/Greek [original texts]
 * Lutheranism
 * On a Christian Liberty, Babylonian Captivity of the Church, Freedom of a Christian Man - Sola Fide, Sola Scripture
 * Justification (God knows everything), Marriage of clergy is ok.
 * Baptism, Eucharist and Penance

Church's Response [Counter-Reformation]
Church sent the Counter-Reformation from 1545-1563, practically with the Council of Trent. The Church was set to show everyone that their core beliefs are still correct. This council reaffirmed indulgences, but eliminated simony, pluralism, nepotism, etc. This showed that the issues between the Protestants and Catholics were unresolvable.

Peasant Revolt

 * "Priesthood of all believers" by Thomas Munzer. Opposed by Luther. Battle of Frankenhausen
 * Protestantism
 * Diet of Speyer (1529) - Charles V said that Lutheranism was outlawed, led to the formation of Protestantism with the princes protesting Charles V.
 * Augsburg Confession of 1530 - Written up by a reformer which presented Lutheranism in a favourable way to the Catholics. The Peace of Augsburg (1555) declared the Prince's religion will be the religion of the country, which allowed toleration of Lutheranism.
 * Decentralization exists, leads to spread of idea. Northern German princes hid Luther for political gains. Constant fighting between HRE and Lutheranistic princes.


 * Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis - Spain and France agree to stop fighting each other and instead fight Calvinism.

Anabaptists

 * Radical social changes
 * Women can serve in the ministry
 * Denied child baptism because they believed in free will
 * Meno Simms - Lives peaceful, start Quakers movement
 * City of Munster
 * Abolished private property
 * Polygamy
 * Burning of books
 * "New Jerusalem"

Violence

 * Charles V role
 * Continual fighting with Francis I
 * Sack of Rome
 * Schmalkadic League
 * Fight Charles' Catholic Forces
 * By 1540 - No resolution for HRE
 * Protestant groups have other ideas.
 * Peace of Augsburg - 1555
 * Huldrych Zwingli
 * Born in Switzerland
 * Humanist Education
 * Brings Luther's teachings to Switzerland
 * Has a lot of problems with the Catholic Church
 * Opposed indulgences, clerical celibacy and monasticism
 * Supremacy of scriptures: New Testament
 * 1525 - Zurich abolishes Mass and Papal Authority
 * Iconoclasm
 * No PDA
 * New translation of Bible
 * Worship God.
 * Luther vs. Zwingli
 * Heated debate if Jesus Christ is present in the Bread and the Wine.
 * N. HRE = Protestant; S. HRE = Catholic, loyal to HRE
 * Phillip gets Spain for HRE

John Calvin

 * 1509-1564
 * Humanist Scholar
 * Converts to Protestanism
 * Flees to Geneva, but is kicked out of there
 * Beliefs: Baptism and Communism, predestination, good works = God likes you, austerity in worship and success on Earth is admission to Heaven.
 * Spread: Puritans in England, Huguenots in France [French Calvinists], Dutch Reform Church in the Netherlands (1581 - NL free from Spain).

Edward the 6th

 * Protestant
 * Thomas Cranmer simplified doctrines
 * Act of Uniformity
 * Book of Common Prayer - legal worship in England

Catherine of Argon

 * ruled 1553-1558
 * Forcefully reinstate Roman Catholicism
 * "Bloody Mary"
 * Philip II of Spain creates problems for English nationalism. Catherine of Argon is the monarch of England while he is the monarch of Spain. The confusion lies in "what will happen if they have children?" - we never figure it out as they are childless. She dies with only ruling for a little while.

Queen Elizabeth

 * Solidifies religious peace during her ruling
 * Well educated
 * Creates the monarchy as a tolerant institution
 * Virgin Queen = never married
 * Politique = Puts England first before religion.
 * Required attendance to services or fines were payed
 * Psalter and Order of Worship
 * Re-instates act of Supremacy
 * Queen Governor of Church
 * Appoints all Ecclesiastical offices
 * Clergy and professors swears oath to Elizabeth
 * Not Catholic


 * Defeat of Spanish Armada
 * The British had been aiding the Dutch Netherlands in their attempt for independence from Spain
 * Marks beginning of English dominance and declination of Spanish ruling.

Mary Queen of Scots

 * Daughter of James the 5th of Scotland
 * perceived as a threat because she was Catholic