User:Atcovi/AP European History/TheEnlightenment (Unit 4)


 * 1) 1)  	How did religion help begin the E?
 * 2) * Diesm, belief in a distant God, contributed to thinking about ourselves and our circumstances and explaining the "Why?" without religious reasoning.
 * 3) 2)  	 What were the 4 main reasons the E began?
 * 4) *Rationalism (reason is the cause of all things), Secularism (applications of science and religious philosophy), Scientific Method, Utilitarianism (greatest good for the greatest number), Tolerance (no opinion is worth burning your neighbor), Optimism and Self-Confidence (man is intrinsically good and belief in social progress), Freedom (...of thought, liberty against men vs. absolutism).
 * 5) 3)  	Describe the ideas of John Locke.
 * 6) *Human beings possess free will, gov't should be limited by the laws, no kings are divine, "life, liberty and property".
 * 7) 4)  	Who are philosophes?
 * 8) *John Adams, Ben Franklin and Thomas Jefferson
 * 9) 5)  	Why did the Enlightenment reach its height in France? (3 main reasons)
 * 10) 6)  	What were Montesquieu’s beliefs?
 * 11) *Montesquieu believed profusely in the separation of branches and the ability of the branches to "check" each other to prevent any wrongdoings
 * 12) 7)  	What about Francois Marie Arouet aka Voltaire’s beliefs?
 * 13) *Voltaire said that he "wrote to act", had an intolerance to wrong ("crush the terrible thing!"), every man is responsible for the good he didn't do when he could've done good, "invent God if he didn't exist", to be right when the governing is wrong, love truth and forgive error, judge the questions of a man posed rather than his answers and men are judged by virtue not by birthrights
 * 14) 8)  	How did Madame du Chatelet influence the E?
 * 15) *Madame du Chatelet translated Isaac Newton's 1687 book relating to the principles of physics, named Principia. Her own philosophical commentaries in Institutions de Physique went around the world and sparked great argumentation and debates by top physicians/philosophers.
 * 16) 9)  	Why would Voltaire and Montesquieu celebrate the English?
 * 17) *Voltaire and Montesquieu believed England possessed the best government at the time: separation of branches. The executive branch was the King and his ministers. The legislative branch was Parliament and the judicial branch was the Courts.
 * 18) 10)  Describe Voltaire’s on government and religion.
 * 19) *Voltaire believed that if the government was wrong and the individual was right, that created a dangerous situation. The government must support the public and not favour any religion. Voltaire was a diest and believed in the separation of religion and church
 * 20) 11)  What was Diderot’s contribution to Enlightenment?
 * 21) *Diderot developed the Encyclopedie, one of the most important inventions of the Enlightenment. The ideas developed in this book were of religious tolerance and attacking extreme religion, his other ideas of social balance led to more tolerance of differing views.
 * 22) 12)  David Hume was the greatest Scottish Enlightenment thinker: why?
 * 23) *David Hume created the Treatise of Human Nature (1739-40) which introduced new levels of political values and other philosophies: empiricism, skepticism and naturalism.
 * 24) 13)  How did the Enlightenment affect society and the general public?
 * 25) *The Enlightenment had profound effects on society, including the creations of books, inventions and many scientific discoveries. The ideas shared around this period also gave way to many conflicts, including the American and French Revolutions (which were directly inspired by the principles created by this period, including John Locke's philosophies which formulated the bulk of the American Constitution)
 * 26) 14)  How did Salon’s help spread the Enlightenment?
 * 27) *Salons were the center of information trading between various philosophers and scientists
 * 28) 15)  How did the late Enlightenment differ from the earlier Enlightenment?
 * 29) *Late Enlightment thinkers believed that mankind made significant progress in developing themselves as oppose to early Enlightenment thinkers
 * 30) 16)  What were the views of Rousseau?  Include the general will- why is this idea ground breaking?
 * 31) *Rousseau believed in the concept of the General Will, which was the society as a whole had only one aim that they all had to achieve. This was groundbreaking because this called for societal teamwork and cooperation, allowing for more tolerant views to be widely held
 * 32) 17)  Describe the ideas of Immanuel Kant.
 * 33) *Kant believed that man can use empirical reasoning for the base of their thinking, but their own judgement and experience to formulate the more complexity of their belief
 * 34) 18)  How was race and the differences of race treated by Enlightened thinkers?  Why didn’t the ideas of race become more accepting during this time period.
 * 35) *People of color, specifically black colour, were still regarded as "inferior" and "lower" to the whites, as proved by David Hume's statement here: "“I am apt to suspect the Negroes, and in general all other species of men to be naturally inferior to the whites. There never was any civilized nation of any other complection than white, nor even any individual eminent in action or speculation." and also proved by Immanuel Kant's statement here: "“this fellow was quite black from head to toe, a clear proof that what he said was stupid.”". The ideas of race were not accepted because blacks were regarded to live in "unknown areas" (Africa was majorly undiscovered at the time), they were known as leaving "uninteresting, useless lives". These backward views on different races were still held by major philosophers and therefore the general public.
 * 36) 19)  What is an Enlightened Absolute?
 * 37) *Authoritarian leader that uses his power based off of the principles of the Enlightenment.
 * 38) 20)  Describe the reign of Frederick the Great Catherine the Great and the Austrian Hapsburgs.   To what extent where they “Enlightened”; what reforms did they make; and how well were the accepted and stick with society.
 * 39) *Frederick II was a big fan of the Enlightenment, he modernized the civil service, reformed the judicial branch and allowed nobles to be appointed as judges and created various religious policies that ranged from tolerance to oppression. Allowed freedom of press. Due to his new thinking and also his great militaristic records, he was loved by his people.
 * 40) 21)  Poor Poland- what happened?
 * 41) *Frederick II oppressed Polish Catholics in Western Prussia
 * 42) 22)  Generally how did Eastern Absolutes implement the Enlightenment?
 * 43) *They claimed for their people's well-being by also implementing Enlightenment ideas