User:Atcovi/AP European History/Unit 4 and Unit 5

chapter 16:

pages- 476-488; 493- 497

chapter 17:

pages- 502- 515; 525- 526

Chapter 16
Scientists put the medieval and classic view of the universe to the test:

William Harvey challenged Galen's thought process of medicine.

Heliocentrism
The Scientific Revolution was developed as part of these contributions. Deductive reasoning began to develop, promoted by Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes (scientific method). Europeans became interested in the world around them and started challenging basically everything they knew. Mathematics during the SR was inspired by Plato's work.
 * Copernicus
 * Galileo
 * Isaac Newton

Breakthroughs occurred in the Greek's most dominant field, astronomy. Ptolemac's concept of geocentric conception was challenged by Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Newton. Copernicus created The Copernicus System, which maintained the sun at the middle of the universe (heliocentrism conception). Inspired by Danish Tyler Brahe, Johannes Kepler took another stage to destroy the age-old "Earth-centered universe" model.

Galileo, probably the most well-known person out of all of these scientists, was the first scientist who made observations of the galaxies through a telescope. Galileo, due to his new discoveries and opposition to the Church's scientific findings, was regarded as a hero by Roman scholars an enemy to the Catholic Church. The Church saw that this went against them as it stated the universe was made of matter rather than regarded as "God's creation alone". God was no longer at a special space and the humans weren't the center of everything. Galileo refused the Church's advice of regarding his findings as a "mathematical formula" rather than a fact.

Physics
Galileo made a few contributions to motion:


 * Uniform force was applied to an object, it would travel at accelerated speed.
 * Principle of Inertia

Isaac Newton

 * Invented calculus
 * Wrote Principia - Mathematical proofs that demonstrated the law of gravitational force.

Galen

 * Galen, Greek physician, dissected animals and allowed him to make comments on the human body. His medical influence remained prevalent throughout time. His medical influence were challenged by many scientists, including William Harvey and Paracelsus.

Science and religion having conflicts marked the beginning of the modern world. A memorable instance of this Galileo vs. the Church. Spinoza greatly disagreed with Descartes, he profusely believed that we were all "one with God", including the Earth and human beings. He rejected the tenants of Judaism, which sought him being shunned by the synagogue in Amsterdam.
 * Rene Descartes - Important figure in Western history, gave a philosophy which dominated the Western world for years. He doubted a lot of the world, which created a lot of innovation within his mind. Cartesian dualism: Two kinds of elements, the mental and physical. The mental can take place outside the body, while the body itself cannot think. He is also called the father of realism ("generally the attempt to represent subject matter truthfully, without artificiality and avoiding speculative fiction and supernatural elements" - WP article).
 * Scientific Method - This was first put out by Francis Bacon, rejected Copernicus and Kepler. He built the scientific method on inductive principles and reasoning. Isaac Newton ended up combining Bacon's empiricism and Descartes's rationalism.

Chapter 17
The Enlightenment was a scientific thought was applied to political and economical situations.

Voltaire and Diderot promoted enlightened despotism and '''deism. Voltaire''' was a French Enlightenment thinker who spoke greatly on the topics of freedom of speech, freedom of religion and separation of the religion and church. Voltaire was a big critic of the Christianity, mainly the Roman Catholic Church. He was a main speaker for civil liberties. Diderot was a prominent Enlightenment French thinker who although underappreciated during his time, is fit with glory of his contribution to the Enlightenment. He was co-founder of Encyclopedie, a French encyclopedia that is most well known for establishing Enlightenment thoughts and opinions in a well-known manner easily accessible to the public.

Locke and Rousseau created new political ideas: natural rights. This challenged absolutism. John Locke was an English philosopher who believed the purpose of government was to establish an organized society, the government was created among free people as "social contracts" and rulers get their authority from the permission of the people. Locke's preferred government is one that is ruled by the consent of governed. If this government does not exist where the natural rights of the people are respected, the citizens may revolt. His legacy is that he wrote the Two Treatise of Government (1689), "Men being, as has been said, by nature, all free, equal and independent, no one can be put out of this estate, and subjected to the political power of another, without his own consent.". Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a Swiss philosopher who believed the purpose of government was to preserve self and humanity. Agreed with Locke's stance on gov't. He preferred a government where direct democracy took place. He authored The Social Contract, detailing religious freedom and secularism.

Adam Smith, a Scottish writer, wrote extensively about free trade and free-market in The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Wrote about a "free-market": "free market is a system in which the prices for goods and services are self-regulated by the open market and by consumers" - WP article. He is also known as the Father of the Scottish Enlightenment, Father of Economics and Father of Capitalism.

Baroque arts gave away to art/literature representative of the middle class: salons was the source of congregation between women, which was the site of many exchanges of knowledge.