User:Atcovi/AP European History/Unit 6 - APEuroIndustrialRevolution

Industrial Revolution

 * The process of moving from our needs, our seasons, our land to not being dependent on just those. We're able to receive our needs in different ways, not just from our lands but also through imports/goods received from transportation.
 * Particularly in England.
 * Conditions: minerals (coal): England was very efficient in using coal to benefit themselves; cotton: the Steam Engine; the people: Need a lot of motivated people to keep the industrial economy running.
 * The big players of the Revolution were very dependent on the labor of countrymen who sacrificed their livelihoods to move to the cities and work.
 * Families become more homocercal, in which the men's work are more recognized than the women. There are also bigger distinctions between the poor and the rich.
 * 10/11 shillings: Typical wage for factory workers; x2 for miners.
 * Impact on Women: Women end up leaving the workforce when they have children. Men tend to benefit more from women as they get paid more.
 * The conditions for workers were terrible: long hours, no health and safety regulations, no insurance/layoffs, extremely dangerous (such as mines and train tracks). Soon, the workers start to advocate for their rights as they're not satisfied or pleased with their conditions.
 * Child labor (Bobbin-Doffers): was used in factories as some jobs were simple and repetitive. Poor impact on their education. Laws are later passed in which children are protected from these harrowing conditions.
 * Textile production greatly increased in the early 1850s, schedules from 12-14 hours days [rigid schedule]. Terrible motony.

Work
Cyrus McCormick - "an American inventor and businessman who founded the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, which later became part of the International Harvester Company in 1902"; "credited as the single inventor of the mechanical reaper".

John Kay - "an English inventor whose most important creation was the flying shuttle" (flying shuttle was one of the key developments in the industrialization of weaving during the early Industrial Revolution).

Richard Arkwright - "an English inventor and a leading entrepreneur during the early Industrial Revolution. He is credited as the driving force behind the development of the spinning frame".

Edmund Cartwright - "an English inventor. He graduated from Oxford University very early and went on to invent the power loom" (weaving).

Eli Whitney - "an American inventor, widely known for inventing the cotton gin"

James Hargreaves - "an English weaver, carpenter and inventor who lived and worked in Lancashire, England. He was one of three men responsible for the mechanisation of spinning: Hargreaves is credited with inventing the spinning jenny in 1764"

James Watt - "...Watt steam engine in 1776, which was fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both his native Great Britain and the rest of the world.".

George Stephenson - "a British civil engineer and mechanical engineer. Renowned as the "Father of Railways", Stephenson was considered by the Victorians a great example of diligent application and thirst for improvement. Self-help advocate Samuel Smiles particularly praised his achievements. His chosen rail gauge, sometimes called 'Stephenson gauge'."

Henry Bessemer - "an English inventor, whose steel-making process would become the most important technique for making steel in the nineteenth century for almost one hundred years from 1856 to 1950".

Robert Fulton - "an American engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing a commercially successful steamboat"

Samuel Morse - "Morse Code"

Henry Ford - "an American industrialist and business magnate, founder of the Ford Motor Company (changed the landscape with his creation of the first affordable automobile), and chief developer of the assembly line technique of mass production"

Wealth of Nations
Every individual is continually exerting himself to find out the most advantageous employment for whatever capital he can command. . . But it is only for the sake of profit that any man employs a capital in the support of industry; and he will always, therefore, endeavor to employ it in the support of that industry of which the produce is likely to be of the greatest value, or to exchange for the greatest quantity of either money or of other goods. . . In so doing, he generally neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it. . . he intends only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain. But he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was not part of his intention. By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of society more effectually than when he really intended to promote it.

What is the species of domestic industry which his capital can employ, and of which the produce is likely to be of the greatest value, every individual, it is evident, can, in his local situation, judge much better than any statesman or lawgiver can do for him. . . To give the monopoly of the home market to the produce of domestic industry, in any particular art or manufacture, is in some measure to direct private people in what manner they ought to employ their capitals, and must, in almost all cases, be either a useless or hurtful regulation. If the produce of domestic use can be brought there as cheaply as that of foreign industry, the regulation is evidently useless. If it cannot, it must generally be hurtful. . . If a foreign country can supply us with a commodity cheaper than we ourselves can make it, better buy it from them with some part of the produce of our own industry.

After reading the excerpt above, answer the following questions and define(and explain) the following terms/ideas:

“invisible hand” - see below

“laissez faire la nature” - private transactions are free from intervention

                       “capitalism” - Economic system based on private ownership of the product and profit.

rejection of mercantilism - No longer do we prioritize exports over imports.

1)     What do all individuals want? Whatever employment he can get his hands on for the benefit of his money

2)     How does an individual promote public interest and society? Support the industry that is producing the most popular items

3)     What is the invisible hand? The unperceived greater benefits

4)     What is wrong with regulations? You're always able to bypass them

5)     How should we trade? Why? We should create items, but if the items are available foreign and cheaply, then we should trade for it so as to not be harmed by useless regulations.

3/8/2021

 * David Ricardo - Iron Law of Wages
 * When wages are high, workers have more children.
 * More children create a large labor surplus that depresses wages. So wages typically stay "low" in the long run.

The Utilitarian: Jeremy Bentham and John S. Mill

 * The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest number.
 * There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safety net.
 * Jeremy Bentham

British Reforms

Results of Industrialization by 1850

 * Urbanization
 * Industrialization
 * Transportation

Politics of Industrialization

 * State ownership of some industries (RRs --> Belgium and most of Germany)
 * National Banks granted a monopoly on issuing bank notes (Bank of England and Bank of France)
 * Companies required to register with the government and publish annual budgets (New Legislation to create rules!)
 * Postal system
 * Free trade zones --> Ger. Zollverein

Copied Notes
1)      The Repeal of the Combination Acts (1824)


 * What they were -  The Combination Acts were laws that were passed in 1799/1800 during the French wars that were passed Pitt’s government.
 * They forbade societies or amalgamations of persons for the purpose of political reform
 * They were passed because there was:
 * A fear of both industrial and social democracy, which were equated with Jacobinism
 * There was a desire and determination from Pitt to prevent industry being held to ransom in wartime
 * There was a belief that the lower orders should be kept in their place
 * The landed gentry did not understand industrial society and harsh legislation was their way of maintaining law and order
 * Francis Place was a radical London tailor and political agitator and the radical member of Parliament, Joseph Hume who led a campaign which led to the result of the repeal of the acts
 * What it said - It was repealed because there was open public disorder occurring between 1815-1824 because there was no safe way through which the lower orders could express their dissatisfaction.
 * Significance: The Combination Acts were put back in place less than a year later but were ultimately repealed again. While the new act severely restricted the activities permitted to workers’ groups, it did allow trade unions a legal existence which is ultimately very significant.
 * Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool = prime minister in 1824

2)      Reform Bill of 1832-

3)      Factory Act of 1833-Factory Act of 1833:


 * Improved working conditions for children working in factories, passed by Parliament in 1833.
 * Limited work hours of children under 13 to 9 hours per day
 * Children ages 13-18 worked up to 12 hours per day
 * 2 hours schooling per day for children
 * No workers under 9 years of age
 * Employers must have an age certificate to put children to work
 * Children could not work at night
 * Four factory inspectors were appointed to enforce the law (different factory each day)
 * Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey

4)      Mines Act of 1842-


 * Parliament of the United Kingdom banned all girls and boys under 10 from working underground in coal mines.
 * Developed by Anthony Ashley Cooper
 * This is important because it was a big step in improving child labor laws.
 * Robert Peel was the prime minister

5)      Repeal of Corn Laws (1846) - 🌽


 * Sir Robert Peel was the prime minister and repealed the Corn Laws
 * Seen by historians as the beginning of true Free Market throughout Great Britain
 * The Repealing of the Corn Laws removed the tariffs and other restrictions off of corn.
 * The significance of the Repeal of the Corn Laws was it allowed Great Britain to transition into a true capitalistic society and enabled people to have the ability to choose what grain they wanted to consume and who they bought it from

6)      Ten Hours Act (1847)


 * United Kingdom Act of Parliament which restricted the working hours of women and young persons (13-18) in textile mills to 10 hours per day.
 * This is significant because it allowed women to focus more on their family and working at home rather than working in the factories. This is also significant because it helped to preserve children’s health as well as giving them an opportunity to get an education.
 * Prime Minister: John Russell, 1st Earl Russell

7)      Second Reform Bill of 1867


 * Prime Minister: Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby
 * granted the vote to all householders in the boroughs as well as lodgers who paid rent of £10 a year or more
 * Men only
 * reduced the property threshold in the counties and gave the vote to agricultural landowners and tenants with very small amounts of land
 * roughly doubled the electorate in England and Wales from one to two million men

8)      Third Reform Bill of 1884


 * Established uniform franchise throughout the country and towns/cities
 * “One man, one vote”
 * Women were still not allowed to vote
 * Increased size of electorate considerably
 * Established modern one-person representation
 * Led the way for later universal suffrage
 * Prime minister in 1884 = William Ewart Gladstone

9)      Parliament Act of 1911: Act passed on August 10th of 1911 in the English Parliament which deprived the House of Lords of its absolute power of veto on legislation. . The act was introduced by the liberal majority of the House of Commons. The act was introduced after the House of Lords vetoed a significant land tax bill. Because of the act, any bill passed by the House of Commons in three distinct sessions, without alteration could be presented for the royal review without the  consent of the Lords, providing that two years had passed since the bill’s introduction. The house of Commons could also now could stay in session for five years instead of seven.  Prime minister in 1911 = H. H. Asquith

10)  Equal Franchise Act 1928-


 * Created by parliament in attempt to give women electoral equality
 * Gave women 21 and older the right to vote, regardless of property ownership.
 * Before this law, only women over 30 with a high amount of property could vote
 * Millicent Fawcett was the main advocator behind the law
 * Stanley Baldwin = Prime minister of UK in 1928