User:Atcovi/AP European History/WWI

Alliances

 * Triple Entente - UK, France, Russia
 * Triple Alliance - Germany, Austria, Italy

Italy joins the Triple Entente, making the Allied Powers. Turkey and Bulgaria replaces Italy's place in the Triple Alliance, creating the Central Powers.

Major Players [Allied Powers]

 * Nicholas II - Russia
 * George V - UK
 * Victor Emmanuel III - Italy
 * Pres. Poincare - France

Major Players [Central Powers]

 * Wilhem II - German
 * Enver Pasha - Turkey
 * Franz Josef - Austria

Militarism and Arms Race
Huge increase in total defense expenditures in the years 1910-14.

Aggressive Nationalism

 * Pan-Germanism - movement to unify German-speaking people.
 * The "Powder Keg" of Europe - Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914.

Spark

 * The Assassination: Sarajevo - Gavrilo Princip

Nationalism being demonstrated:


 * 1) Austria blamed Serbia for the assassination, declared war on them
 * 2) Germany pledged allegiance to Austria [Germ-nationalism]
 * 3) Russia sided with Serbia [Slavic-nationalism]
 * 4) Germany declares war on Russia [Kaiser Wilhem II vs. Czar Nicholas II]
 * 5) France pledges their support for Russia (and refuses to surrender their forts along the border)
 * 6) Germany declares war on France
 * 7) Germany invades Belgium on the way to France
 * 8) GB supports Belgium and declares war on Germany
 * 9) Japan joins on the sides of the Allies for imperialistic reasons

The Schlieffen Plan

Russia not terribly advanced. Issue with railroads and unskilled soldiers.

Battles
German offensive on Vernon, each side had 500,000 casualties. When fighting stopped the Western Front had only moved 10 miles.
 * Battle of Marne, Sept. 5-10 1914 - French and German troops collide in northeastern France... After 4 days of shelling the French were able to push the Germans back 50 miles from Paris.

Somme: 60k British casualties in one day. Over 1mil killed in 5 months. "The heaviest loss ever suffered in a single day .. by any army in any war".


 * The Gallopi Disaster, 1915.
 * The Tsar with General Brusilov

1914

 * Russians invaded East Prussia and are defeated at Tannenberg.
 * Austria was failing against Serbs and RU
 * Germany aided Austria and turned the fight on the whole Eastern Front.
 * SO, Germany was fighting on two fronts.
 * November 1917, revolution in Russia forced them to seek peace. [Lenin secretly goes to Russia by Germany, they do it to secretly get him to end the war. Lenin ends the war with Germany despite the tzar abrogated the throne].

Brest-Litovsk

 * Bolsheviks gain power [Vladimir Lenin]
 * Russia loses: Poland, Ukraine, Finland, Baltic Provinces - 34% of RU's population, 89% coal mines, 32% farmland, 54% industry.
 * Sikh British Soldiers in India/African Soldiers/French IndoChina

Sinking of the Lusitania/Zimmerman Telegram

 * World War I/United States

1918 Flu Pandemic

 * Spanish flu
 * 50m died

Final Days
At the Battle of Belleau Woods, the Allies stopped the Germans
 * Kaiserschlacht
 * Bulgaria withdraws in Sept. 1918.
 * Ottoman's stop fighting in Oct. 1918
 * Austria-Hungary withdraw on Nov 3.

November 11, 1918 - Weimar signs the Armistice. Russia has more casualties than anyone else.

Treaties
The End of WWI: The Treaty of Versailles: -	The Big 3 (Plus, Italy) o	David Lloyd George- GB o	Georges Clemenceau (nickname- “The Tiger”)- France o	Woodrow Wilson- USA 	He wanted all to follow his 14 Points for Peace •	No more secret treaties •	Reduce weapons and armed forces •	National self- determination •	League of Nations o	Vittorio Orlando- Italy- kind of counts… o	Dozens of other countries attended- but, didn’t get much of a say -	Signed by the Weimar Republic on June 28th 1919 (really they had no choice) o	Wilhelm had abdicated (Fall of the Hohenzollerns) -	What did it say: o	Article 231: Germany must accept ALL guilt for the war- this is called the war guilt clause- o	Germany must pay huge reparations- the number would be eventually set at 132 billion gold marks- way more than Germany could pay o	French would occupy the Rhineland(for 15 years) to create a buffer between Germany and France 	The Rhineland must be permanently demilitarized. o	German military must be 100,000 troops or less. 	No air force or u- boats; only 6 naval ships allowed o	Germany loses all of its colonies (given over to the League of Nations, and then later given out to the victorious Allies) 	And some parts of the German Empire turned over to Belgium, Denmark, or Czechoslovakia o	Germany must give Alsace- Lorraine given back to France o	Germany is forbidden to unite with the newly created Austria o	All territories that Germany won in the Treaty of Brest- Litovsk must be given up- a new map of Europe is drawn creating Poland and the Baltic States o	A League of Nations would be created The Other Peace Settlements: -	Austria- Hungary (Fall of the Hapsburgs) o	Austria signed the Treaty of Saint Germain o	Hungary signed the Treaty of Trianon 	Both of these treaties created separate Austrian and Hungarian states 	Both lost lands to neighboring countries and new countries were created out of the former empire: •	Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia, some land went to Italy- 	Both had to pay some reparations -	Bulgaria o	Signed the Treaty of Neuilly 	Had to give up land to also help create the new Yugoslavia 	Reduce military 	Pay some reparations -	Turkey (Ottoman Empire) o	Signed the Treaty of Sevres 	This was pretty harsh 	Turkey had to give up all of its European holdings- except the Dardanelles and Bosporus and the little bit of Turkey in Europe. But, the League of Nations would administer the water ways. 	The land held by the Ottomans in Arabia was turned into a Mandate ruled by the British and the French until those people were ready to govern themselves

Maps: Europe in 1919:

The Mandate System in the Middle East: [see doc]