User:Atcovi/German Notes/Kapital 8/Notes

The topic of chapter 8 is “Verkehrsmittel und Technologie”. We will be discussing cars, driving, and public transportation in the German speaking countries. Grammatically, we will learn the ‘Pluperfect’ – das Plusquamperfekt (the pre-past – what happened before you did something) and we will take another look at comparatives (bigger) and the superlative (the biggest).

There will also be an excerpt about the Autobahn and German car brands.

Paare finden

 * 1) die Fahrkarte -  entwerten
 * 2) der Kofferraum - packen
 * 3) der Mechaniker - reparieren
 * 4) die Bushaltestelle - Schlange stehen
 * 5) die Tankstelle - tanken
 * 6) die Garage - parken

Bilder beschriften

 * der Zug
 * das Schiff
 * der Bus
 * das Fahrrad
 * die U-Bahn
 * der LKW

Wer, wen, was und wo

 * "einen platten Reifen" --> ein Mechaniker

Car Parts

 * die Windschutzscheibe - the windsheild
 * die Scheinwerfer - headlights
 * der Kofferraum - trunk

Occupations

 * der Polizist - police

Other

 * der Verkehr - traffic
 * der Unfall - accident
 * das Boot - the boat

Ein Ende mit Schrecken
George and Hans are together. George says that Berlin traffic is open and is better than Milawakee, where they only have a bus (they don't have buses & a S-Bahn system). He has a car but it breaks down a lot and is old. He keeps the old car because it takes him to Uni and back. George would like to repair it at some point.

Hans relates that his dad drives at an incredible speed of 130 kilometers per hour on the highway as opposed to the 70 km/hr in his street near Berlin city. His mother doesn't drive. Georges says that his mother (on the passenger side) has a small break (ein einige Bremse). They depart awkwardly.


 * Das ölwarnlicht - the oil warning light
 * Die Kupplung - the clutch
 * Hochstegschwindigkeit - maximum speed
 * Stundenkilometern - kilometer per hour
 * Der Beifahrerseite - passenger side

Sabite & Torstern Feud
Torsten tries to apologize for using Sabite's "plan" to drive to the restaurant, but Sabite says that's not what she was talking about. She was talking about how Torsten rudely interrupted their conversation regarding art between her and Lorenzo at the restaurant. She was so upset that she stayed at her house for Christmas so that he would learn a lesson.

Torsten recommends that she doesn't leave Berlin because he loves her. Sabite reveals that she's talken extensively with her family about going to Turkey. Torsten says he doesn't want her to go but he has no control over a strong Sabite.

Sabite calls her friend Meline and wants her to come to her location. She says she's a quarter of an hour away and will get in a U-Bahn. He calls George to get him and Hans from the U-Bahn Altstadt Spandau to the Museumsinsel. Hans was hoping that they'll break up since he likes Sabite. Sabite ended up breaking up with Torsten and it was her idea but he was faster [to move on]?

Die deutsche Autobahn
The history of the German highway system goes back to 100 years. The AVUS (Automobil-Verkehrs- und Übungsstraße ('Automobile traffic and training road')) was the first street made for cars in all of Europe. Since 1921, its extended from Berlin (Charlottenburg) to Nikolasse. It had an expensive fee at the time.

On August 6, 1932, Konrad Adanaur opened up the "Autobahn". It took three years to construct the Autobahn. In both directions of traffic, there were two-lanes and an intersection. It was just like the Autobahn that we know today except that it didn't have a median strip! That's why a final extension was added in 1958 and it is the Autobahn that we know of today.

Today Germany has the tightest interstate highway networks. The standard speed in Germany is 130 km/hr. 45% of Germany's "Autobahnkilometer" is set at 130 km/hr. On fast Autobahns, there are several service areas such as gas stations, hotels, restaurants, shops, and playgrounds.

Interactive tutorial: Das Plusquamperfekt
"Past events in relation to each other --> refer to a past event that occured before a past event".


 * Vor der Deutschstunde hatten alle Sutdenten Vokabeln gelernt.

How to form it?
hatte/hattest/hatte/hatten/hattet/hatten + past participle (no movement)

war/warst/wart/waren + past participle (movement)

- Ich hatte vergessen, die Tuer zu schliessen.

- Jasim war noch nie in Berlin gewesen.

What's the structure?
Since the "Plusquamperfekt" mode describes an event that occured prior to another past event, both events are often described in the same sentence. The event that took place first/earlier in time is in the plusquamperfekt mode, while the latest event is either in the prateritum or the perfekt.

- Als ich am Bahnsteig angekommen bin/ankam, war der Zug schon abgefahren. (if the sentence starts with a conjunction, the second clause starts with a verb)

Conjunctions
When a clause begins with als or nachdem, move the conjugated verb to the end of the clause.
 * als - when
 * bevor - before
 * nachdem - after

..., nachdem ich nach Deutschland gezogen war.

After als and bevor, use the prateirutum/perfekt and put the main clause in the plusquamperfekt.

- Als Tom zur Bushaltestelle kam, war der Bus schon abgeafahren.

With nachdem, use the plusquamperfekt and put the main clause in the prateritum/perfekt.

- Der Bus ist endlich gekommen, nachdem wir schon 30 Minuten gewartet haben.

TIP: Use "Nachdem" in the class with the Plusquamperfekt and use "bevor" in the clause with the regular conjugation. For example:

- Der Lehrer hatte die Tür schon zugemacht, bevor ich ins Klassenzimmer kam.

- Nachdem ich die Prüfung geschrieben hatte, traf ich mich mit meinen Freunden.

(Nachdem ich die Pruefung (perfekt) (hatten/waren inflictin) [plusquamperfekt], [prateritum] ich mich mit meinen Freunden)

Examples
Nachdem Paul seine Sachen gepackt hatte, hat er eine Karte an Greta geschrieben.

Als Amila nach Hause kam, hatte ihre Familie schon mit dem Essen angefangen. Wir haben noch lange geredet, nachdem wir gegessen hatten. Bevor du zurückkamst, hatte ich dich überall gesucht. Hattest du meinen Geburtstag vergessen, oder wolltest du mich überraschen? Ich war sehr traurig, nachdem du weggegangen warst.

Interactive Tutorial: Comparatives and superlatives
Comparatives and superlatives of adjectives/adverbs are used to compare 2 or more people or things.


 * Grundform (normal): schnell (fast)
 * Komparativ (comparing): schneller (faster) [add umlaut/for -er, -el, drop the e as well]
 * Superlativ (best of everything): am schnellsten (fastest; +st to the Grundform; d, t, or ss: you add -ste; add umlaut for this as well)

Der Komparativ
- [nicht] so ... wie = [not] as ... as

- genau ... wie = just ... as

Ein Spaziergang durch Spandau (Fotoroman) [a stroll through Berlin]
George & Sabite are standing on a tower above two rivers. One is "die Havel" and the other river is "die Spree". The "Spandau Citadel" is 1600 years old and this was built instead of a city. It is the oldest building in the city. Sabite went with Torsten to this area, who she hasn't contacted in ages. Even tho she's gotten rid of his number, she still has the schall that I assume both of them shared.

Hans knocks on Meline's door spewing a bunch of stuff along the lines of: "if yo internet isnt working, use mine". Meline says Sabite (Hans crush) isn't there and she already told her he was gonna stop by. Meline closed the door on Hans, but Hans creepily made up an excuse saying that he can't get into his apartment, which housed all of his prized possessions (phone, coat, wallet). He wants to come in and wait for George to get back. Meline gets bored and gives him Lorenzo's coat and some money for him to stay at the cafe in the corner - she's going to let George know that Hans is going to be there.

Two old folks come by the couple and make romantic remarks about them: "When she laughs, his eyes lit up". After claiming that they were friends, they kissed. I don't know why but they just did. George says the elderly couple weren't wise although old.

Meline, being fake, apologizes to Hans for her rudeness at the cafe and then tells him, after knowing that he's good at computers, that his computer crashed because she downloaded some chat file. Hans told her to switch off her computer.

Genitive Case

 * Wessen? - Whose?

- when its the case of "the ... [noun]" --> Der Bildschirm des teuren Fernsehers ist größer als ein Fenster. You add -n

Genitive Prepositions

 * statt, anstatt - instead of
 * ausserhalb - outside of
 * innerhalb - inside of
 * trotz - despite
 * waehrend - during
 * wegen - because of

Interactive Tutorial: Demonstratives
- Pronouns: Use these to refer to someone that has already been mentioned


 * Denen (dative, plural)
 * Dessen (masculine, genitive)
 * Deren (feminine, genitive)
 * Dessen (neuter, genitive)
 * Deren (plural, genitive)

Use dessen or deren when referring to a person in a sentence to avoid confusion. For example, Erik hat Daniel auf dessen neuem Boot gesehen. Use hier or da to demonstrate this one or that one, respectively.

- Der-words:


 * Dieser - this/that (pl. these/those)
 * Jeder - each/every
 * Alle - all
 * Mancher - some
 * Solcher - such (solche, pl.; so ein, that kind, singular)
 * Welcher? - which?

https://language-easy.org/german/grammar/pronouns/demonstrative/