User:Atcovi/History/Reformation

The Protestant Reformation

 * What was Europe like before (prior to) the Reformation?


 * Roman Catholic Church was the only Christian Church in Europe
 * Resistance to the Church resulted in birth of new political and economic institutions

People who criticized or questioned the Catholic Church were Heretics

The Catholic Church was centered in Rome.


 * What were some criticisms of the Church before the Protestant Reformation began?
 * Merchants challenged the Church’s view of usury charging interest or making a profit
 * German and English nobility disliked the fact that there had never been a pope from their countries
 * Church corruption and the sale of indulgences- paying for the forgiveness of sins
 * Simony - the buying and selling of Church positions (jobs)

What happened to early critics of the Church?
Early critics challenged the power of the Church and said that the Bible was the ultimate authority in religious teaching. These leaders were heretics and therefore, excommunicated.

Who were some early dissenters?

 * John Wycliffe of England
 * Jan Hus of Bohemia

Who began the Protestant Reformation?

 * Martin Luther
 * Martin Luther.jpg

What Church practice angered Luther the most? Selling of indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter’s Cathedral Why did this anger Luther? Gave the impression that you could bypass God’s right to judge

What did Luther write and do to challenge the Church? The 95 Theses

What were Luther’s views (teachings)?
People could win salvation only by faith alone; Bible is the ultimate authority; All humans equal before God; Luther’s actions lead to the birth of Protestant Church; Luther succeeds in translating the New Testament into German.


 * What did Luther’s actions lead to? Protestant Church
 * Luther made it possible for people in the Holy Roman Empire to read the Bible by translating it into German.


 * How did the Pope and others react (respond) to Luther’s actions?
 * Pope Leo-X.jpg
 * Once the number of Luther’s followers increased, Pope Leo ordered Luther to recant - give up his beliefs. Luther refused and would be excommunicated from the Church and declared Luther a heretic and outlaw.

Other Protestant Movements
Henry’s Wives and Children What happened to all of the church’s land that the Catholic Church owned in England? Henry seized land in England that “used” to be part of the Catholic Church
 * Henry VIII in England
 * Henry VIII a devout Catholic
 * Broke with Church for political and personal reasons
 * Needed a male heir (son) to succeed to the throne
 * Wife Katherine of Aragon had 5 children; only one survived; Mary
 * Henry wants the Pope to annul his marriage
 * Pope refuses
 * Parliament grants Henry’s request to annul his marriage and passes a law; “act of supremacy”
 * Henry is now the head of a new church: the Anglican Church or the Church of England.
 * What is the name of Henry’s first daughter? Mary and Catherine to Spain
 * What is the name of Henry’s second daughter? Elizabeth
 * What is the name of Henry’s only son? Edward
 * Effects of Henry VIII

Who now headed the Protestant Church of England? Henry VIII