User:Atcovi/PSY 225 Final Exam Study Guide

Final exam focuses on the 8 perspectives:


 * 1) Psychoanalytic theory
 * 2) Neo-analytic & ego aspects of personality
 * 3) Biological perspective
 * 4) Behaviorism
 * 5) Cognitive perspective
 * 6) Trait perspective
 * 7) Existential & humanistic perspective
 * 8) Interactionist perspective

Psychoanalytic
Definition: Findings of the unconscious mind and sexual repressions; Humans as a bundle of sexual and aggressive drives constrained by civilization.

Concepts


 * Digging into the unconscious through hypnosis, dream analysis (manifest vs. storyline), and free association.
 * Structure of the mind (Id, ego, superego; id vs. superego, ego balances it).
 * Psychosexual development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital).
 * Sexist views on women
 * Ego defense mechanisms (repression, reaction formation, sublimation, etc.).

Limitations

Primary theorists, theories, and approaches, and the main contribution of each
 * No control of our own personality as its the unconscious acting for us.
 * Hydraulic model
 * Hard to study the unconsciousness objectively
 * Sexist views against women
 * Lack of identity


 * Sigmund Freud - founder of psychoanalytical psychology

Modern Approaches


 * It has been proven that our unconscious is responsible for our emotions/motivations.
 * Concept of free will: Evidence has shown that our brain sometimes act different right before a certain action - is this really a chosen behavior (free will) or is it coming from our unconscious?
 * Hypermnesia, infantile amnesia, anterogade amnesia, trying to forget a memory distorts it.

Neo-analytic & Ego
Definition: Humans as conscious actors and strivers. Look into identity more and studied the role of the ego, social interactions, and unconsciousness.

Concepts (Jung)


 * Conscious ego (sense of who we are)
 * Personal unconscious (irrelevant info/repressed memories) vs. collective unconscious [deep level of the unconscious] (made up of architypes)
 * Complexes (guilty complex)

Concepts (Adler)


 * Individual psychology
 * Superiority vs. inferiority - aggression drive, masculine protest, fictional goals
 * Birth order
 * Adler's typology (the learning type, the avoiding type, the ruling type, and the socially helpful type)

Concepts (Horney)


 * Womb envy vs. penis envy
 * Basic anxiety & moving towards/against/away
 * The Self (real self, despised self, ideal self, healthy self [goal])

Concepts (Erikson)


 * Psychosocial stages

Limitations

 * Difficult to test empirically
 * Relies on abstract concepts

Modern Approaches


 * Collective identity, relational identity, self-monitoring [dispositional orientation vs. situational orientation]
 * Roles of goals & life tasks [personal projects, personal striving, life tasks, fulfilling one's social needs]
 * Possible selves

Biological Perspective
Definition: Humans as genes, brains, and hormones/survival of the fittest.

Concepts (Darwin)
Concepts
 * Natural selection (survival of the fittest)
 * Functionalism (function of the gene?)
 * Behavioral genomics vs behavioral genetics
 * Temperament (Eysenck/Gray [BIS/BAS])


 * Epigenetics
 * Biological predesposition (homosexuality)
 * Biological advantage (homosexuality)

Limits

 * Minimize human potential and growth
 * No sense of consciousness
 * Room for racism and misuse

Behaviorism
Definition: All about involuntary/reflexive responses

Concepts (Ivan Pavlov)

 * Classical conditioning

Concepts (John B. Watson)

 * "Albert" rat experiment
 * Founded behaviorist approach

B.F. Skinner

 * Operant conditioning (positive/negative reinforcement, shaping, punishment)
 * Maladaptive behaviors vs. adaptive behaviors
 * Personality is a set of reinforced behaviors

Dollard and Miller

 * Social learning theory
 * + internal drives and human-embedded culture

Limitations

 * Dehumanizes human potential
 * Limited human free will

Modern Approaches

 * 1) Reinforcement sensitivity theory
 * 2) Act frequency approach
 * 3) Systematic desensitization

Cognitive
Definition: Humans as scientists and information processors

Limitations

 * Ignores emotional/subjective aspect of personality

Kurt Lewin

 * Field theory (B = f(p, e)) ["an individual’s behavior (B) is a function (f) of the the person (P), including their history, personality and motivation, and their environment (E), which includes both their physical and social surroundings."] https://worldofwork.io/2019/07/lewins-behavior-equation/
 * Field dependency

Piaget

 * Schemas - cognitive structures/categorizations that are brought up when a similar situation takes place.
 * Complex schemas (also caalled scripts) guide our behavior in social situations. Our personality, according to this view, is seen as the series of scripts that direct and circumscribe our behavior.

George Kelly

 * Personal construct theory - suggests that we each actively try to understand the world + create our own world (we each create our own hypothesis and test them based off of our own experiences).
 * Explanatory style (optimism vs. pessimism)

Julian Rotter's Locus of Control

 * Social cognitive theory: outcome expectancy/reinforcement value/generalized vs. specific explanations

Albert Bandura

 * Self-system/latent learning/self-efficacy
 * Bobo doll experiment & observational learning
 * Turing test

Trait
Definition: Humans as cluster​s of temperaments and traits.

Cattell

 * 16 personality factors, used factor analysis

Eysenck's Big Three

 * Extroversion, neuroticism, psychoticism

Jung's Big Five

 * Extroversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness

Allport

 * Came up with different traits from the dictionary
 * Opposed Freud, believed internal motives were separate from childhood

Limitations

 * May give labels based on scores
 * Underestimate influences/motives of early childhood

Existential & Humanism
Definition: Humans as free, sentient beings seeking spiritual fulfillment.

Erich Fromm

 * Love is an art
 * Dialectical humanism/existential alienation

Carl Rodgers

 * Actualizing tendency

Rollo May

 * Explains anxiety's role

Abraham Maslov
Limitations
 * Hierachy of needs: D-needs vs. B-needs
 * May avoid scientific/objective analysis

Interactionist
Definition: Humans as an ongoing dialogue between self and environment.

Sullivan

 * Interpersonal psychiatry
 * "We become different people in different social groups"

Murray

 * Thema = needs + motivations + environmental pressure
 * Thematic apperception test (TAT)

Mischel

 * Michel suggested that it [behavior and personality] is a result of environmental constraints, the social situation and our cognitive characteristics (my internal judgement of the situation is our own personality of the situation)

Limitations


 * Difficult to study the many complexities

Modern Approaches

 * Longitudinal study
 * Circumplex model
 * Affiliative vs. assertiveness