User:Atcovi/Spring2024/Child Psychology/Chapter 10: Early Childhood: Social and Emotional Development

What Are the Dimensions of Childrearing?

 * Warmth-Coldness: Warm parents are affectionate, cold parents ignore/berate their children.
 * Restrictiveness–Permissiveness: Parents that are restrictive impose harsh rules and are over-watchful of their children. Authoritative parents control but support. Permissive parents have few rules. According to research, this allows children to be higher in self-esteem and adjustment.

How Do Parents Enforce Restrictions?

 * Explanation and need for change in behavior --> using inductive reasoning. Just an ego-show? Not healthy ("spare the rod, spoil the child"). Withdrawal of love is also another form of discipline.

What Parenting Styles Are Involved in the Transmission of Values and Standards?
Baumrind did some research...


 * Authoritative: Controlling, but supporting [best].
 * Authoritarian: Controlling, but hurting. ("because I said so")
 * Permissive-Indulgent: No control, but a lot of love.
 * Rejecting-Neglecting: No control and no love, either.

How Do the Situation and the Child Influence Parenting Styles?
Baumrind gave some advice, such as giving clear rules appropriate for the child's age, but do NOT yell or spank them.

How Do Siblings Influence Social and Emotional Development in Early Childhood?
Siblings can play great social benefits and provide protection and comfort. Fighting between siblings actually improves self-identity, social competence, and to rear their OWN children in the future (in a proper way).

As they grow older, their relationship becomes more egalitarian and conflict is less intense.

The Birth of a New Sibling


 * Regression - Imitating newer sibling cuz they 'cute', so falling back in development.
 * Sibling rivalry - Parental support and fore-warning can decrease this.

What Are the Characteristics of Play? How Does Play Affect Children’s Development?

 * Dramatic Play - Children enact roles. Includes functional, symbolic, constructive, and formal.

THEORIES


 * Nonsocial play - Solitary/looking out/unoccupied play.
 * Social play - Associative/cooperative play.

Toys/different type of games could be different based on gender.

What Is Prosocial Behavior? How Does It Develop?

 * Prosocial behavior (altruism) - Behavior that benefits others without reward.
 * Empathy - Sensitivity towards others. Girls rule in this!

Aggression—The Dark Side of Social Interaction: How Does It Develop?
Aggression is common within younger children, whilst older children show aggression towards certain persons.

What Are the Causes of Aggression in Children?

 * Evolutionary Theory: "Struggle for Survival"
 * Biological Factors: Genetic factors, including testosterone.
 * Cognitive Factors: Lack empathy, think everyone is out for them.`
 * Social Cognitive Theory (behavior): Focus on environmental values.
 * Media Influences: Albert Bandura's Bobo doll. Showcase disinhibited behaviors (ok, I wanted to do this for so long, but now that he's doing it with no consequences, imma follow through!).

How Does the Self Develop During Early Childhood?

 * Categorical self: Definitions of the self that refer to concrete external traits ("baby, child, adult" + "boy, girl").
 * Pre schoolers have stable traits, such as behaving themselves in front of adults.
 * Positive self-esteem lives on (securely attached).
 * Make judgements on their cognitive and social compentnece.
 * Increased self-regulation.

Initiative versus Guilt
Erikson's stage.


 * They seek independence/to do things by themselves.

The Horrors of Early Childhood: What Sorts of Fears Do Children Have During the Preschool Years?

 * Fears go from fake stuff (a monster under the bed) to real things (insects, thunder, strangers). A lot revolves around personal safety.

Ways of getting rid of fears goes as...
 * 1) Desensitization
 * 2) Operant Conditioning
 * 3) Participant Modeling (imitant behavior that invokes fear, to which the imitated behavior is of no fear to the target).

Girls are more fearful.

What Is Gender Identity? How Does It Develop?

 * Gender Identity - One's sense of being a man or a woman.
 * Sex assignment - The labeling of a man or a woman.
 * Transgender - People who see themselves as a different gender than their sex.


 * Gender roles = Traits that men and women fall into. Girls show more fear/empathy, men are dominant