User:Atcovi/VA and US History/Chapter 7

New Government Takes Control

 * March 1789 -- NYC [first capital under the Constitution] = Congress is seated.
 * Washington is elected president, in which he was sworn in on April 30, 1789.

Washington's Presidency
Levies are held (weekly meetings) and you can interact with Washington and his wife.
 * September, 1789-90:
 * Setting precedents (sets a standard)
 * The new gov't:
 * Executive Branch (Art II): Washington and VP J. Adams
 * Legislative Branch (Art I): Congress
 * Judicial Branch (Art III): Supreme Court
 * Judiciary Act, 1789 - Supreme Court is made up of 5 justices with 1 chief justice. It has an even number which will result in ties. Sets the rules on the constitutionality of state court decisions. Sets up 13 state courts and whatever the Supreme Court rules are the Supreme Law of the Land.

Executive Branch
Washington creates a cabinet: His cabinet begins a new precedent: A 2-party system, which is Hamilton (industry) vs. Jefferson (agrarian) and their visions.
 * Department of State - TJ
 * Department of Treasury - Alexander Hamilton
 * Department of War - Henry Knox
 * Department of Justice - Edmond Randolph
 * Conflicts (Hamilton vs. TJ)


 * TJ wants a simple, agricultural government with no cities on top of cities like in Europe. Jefferson does not want banks as the Consitution does not mention a bank, therefore the Constitution does not grant the government to make a bank as it does not expressively state the power to conduct banks. Jefferson supports France despite the French Revolution and the majority-rule.
 * Hamilton wants industrialized cities and supports England. He believes the first class should gain power and wants them to correct the lower class. He believed men were inherently selfish and the elite should be granted power. He has very pessimistic views on mankind.
 * Hamilton says that the gov't needs a bank to collect taxes, store and print money. TJ says that the constitution does not mention a bank at all. Hamilton's economic plan, Reports on Public Credit, comes up with the Assumption Plan: The Federal Government needs to assume/take responsibility for state debt. Hamilton says that the US has bad credit because the 13 states and the federal government are defaulting on their loans.

Hamilton
The Southern states are mostly debt-free and they don't want to pay off the Northerners' debt. Differences between the Republicans and the Democrats and the differences between the Southerners and the Northerners. - Funding at par - The US gov't assumes payments of the bonds at the exact same rate as the Articles have promised. The governments are going to pay for all the bonds that they have gotten. They were trying to be like "We ain't gonna pay the debt cuz it was under a dif. gov't [Articles]".

Raising tariffs were a way of protecting industries. Goods made in the US were cheaper than the imported industries, but the Northerners were ok with this as they exported goods all the time but the Southerners had problems as they imported goods all the time. Excise Taxes were a problem as well.

The National Bank where were the Americans store the governments' savings account/tax revenues. The bank will have private shareholders and government shareholders.

The Southerners are against everything about Hamiltons' plans. The legislature branch is going to place these laws in. Congress was more populated from the Southerners (3/5 compromise) than the Northerners. Their issues were (NB):
 * 1) Hamilton [loose interpretation]
 * 2) Jefferson [strict interpretation]

Compromise
Jefferson invites Madison and Hamilton to his home and they enjoy a meal and discuss Hamilton's plan about the National Bank. The compromise was Madison ensures Hamilton that it will become law but Hamilton has to give up the capital of the US [New York] and moved to the [Federal City]. It is named "Washington D.C." after 1799 (Washington's death).

Pinckney Treaty

 * Between the US and Spain


 * Terms
 * 1) Right of Deposit at New Orleans (tax-free)
 * 2) 31st parallel border of Florida
 * 3) Spain will remove all fortifications in Georgia and the Mississippi territory
 * 4) Spain will stop inciting NA Indians to resist American settlement.

Worsening Tensions with the NA Indians

 * Cause: As more and, more Americans were moving into the midwest, more NA Indians were resisting them. They are resisting the Americans with British assistance (trade with guns).
 * Northwest Indian War, 1785-95
 * Battle of Fallen Timbers = 1794, "Mad Anthony Wayne" - he is able to defeat the Shawnee, Ohio, and Miami - turning point in the NW Indian War.
 * Treaty of Greenville = August 3, 1795, makes them give up all their land in Ohio.

Jay's Treaty

 * John Jay: Washington's ambassador to England.
 * Reasons why Jay went to Britain
 * 1) Arming the NA Indians with weapons
 * 2) Seizing American ships and sailors through a process called "impressment" (stop a ship from another country, seize it, and then force/impress the sailors on that ship into your country's navy [England --> American ships]).

Jay is able to deal with the NW territory issue but the impressment issue is not dealt with. The treaty needs to be ratified by the senate. It was controversial with the North as the North did not want their ships being seized. Washington is severely criticized for his support of the John Treaty. This is the key reason as to why Washington resigns and does not seek presidential re-election in 1796.

Washington's Farewell Address

 * Drafted with Alex Hamilton
 * Used by G. W. to warn Americans about...
 * Not getting involved in European affairs
 * No "perm. alliances"
 * Avoid political parties
 * Avoid sectionalism (southerners, northerners and [3rd group])
 * Promotes the federal system

Election of 1796
Four individuals ran in which two from each party ran for either presidency or vice presidency. The person that won the majority vote in the Electoral College was John Adams and TJ came second [in votes], becoming the VP. Adams was of the Federalists party and TJ was of the DR Party. Sectionalism and political parties begin as the north voted for J. Adams [Federalists] while the south voted for TJ [DR Party].

Adams' Administration

 * XYZ Affair - Diplomatic disputes between the US and the French. The US send diplomats to the French, in which negotiations were not taken in as bribes were demanded from French [Talleyrand]. The XYZs are the ones that demanded bribes.
 * Quasi-War - Result of the XYZ Affair. Involved the French and America. Undeclared war. Mostly naval battles in the Carribean. Response to insults [bribes] from the French. The DR party's popularity increases.
 * Naturalization Act/Alien Act/Sedition Act - Series of laws that are controversial. Made up of 4 bills signed by John Adams [Federalist]. It passed in 1798. Created in preparation in the war against France. It made it hard to become a citizen in the US (NA - 14 years before you can apply for citizenship; AA - President has the power to deport any alien if suspected of being friendly to an enemy nation). The 3rd act, the Sedition Act, oppressed criticism of the government. The act is illegal according to the constitution but the Feds populate the Executive Branch. All acts expire by the early 1800s. The DR party is still furious, so they pass these resolutions.
 * Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions - Response to the above acts by the DR party. States retain the right to nullify federal law that is unconstitutional, aiming specifically at the Sedition Act. Asserts "nullification" proposed by Madison and Jefferson.
 * Judiciary Act of 1801 - Political attempt by Adams and the Federalists to populate the courts of the US with Federalists. Adams appointed some judges at the last minute in an attempt, according to the DR party, to populate the judiciary courts with Federalist supporters in an attempt to maintain political control after the 1800s defeat. When TJ became president, he revoked this act in around 1802. Took number of judiciary judges from 6 to 5 and brought Federalist judges. John Marshall was one of the appointed Federalists by John Adams.

Election of 1800

 * Candidates: John Adams, FED; Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr (Dem-Rep)
 * The Dem-Rep did not expect their two candidates to tie, but... TJ and Burr had a tie of 73 electors each . 35 votes are conducted in the House of Representatives. Alexander Hamilton (relative obscurity of the Carribean; aide for Washington [war]) does not really like Aaron Burr (royalty; more common on the Canadian front [war]). Burr defeats Phillip Skylar, Hamilton's father-in-law [New York senate seat]. Hamilton is furious about his father-in-law being destroyed. Burr campaigned (he went door-to-door asking for votes) in a modern fashion. Aaron Burr represents democratic principles rather than republican principles.

Hamilton is bad-mouthing Burr now to every Federalist. He argues that TJ has principles, unlike Aaron Burr (who would do whatever the people told him). In the 36th vote, TJ wins in the House of Representatives. He is inaugurated in March of 1801 as president. In 1804, Aaron Burr runs for Governor of New York, hitting off with Alexander Hamilton again.

Jefferson renews the bank, which is suspicious as he went against the National Bank.