User:Atcovi/VA and US History/More on Jefferson's Foreign Affairs and James Madison

Foreign Affairs

 * Napoleonic Wars
 * Failure to acknowledge US's neutrality
 * Confiscation of American ships (impressment)
 * TJ tries to keep neutrality but is unable to.

See Chesapeake–Leopard affair.

He realizes he needs to put economic pressure on the British. The Embargo of 1807 prohibits American merchants from trading with any foreign countries.

He hopes to trigger a recession in England, but it turns out that America will be the one to suffer a recession. He has unintentionally triggered an economic downturn.

As in response to Washington's 2-term precedent and the failure of the Embargo of 1807, he decides to not run for re-election. In the Election of 1808, the DR has James Madison and the Federalists have Charles Pinckney. The Federalists eventually disappear in 1816 due to the loss of popularity.

Madison has to deal with Westward Expansion.

Tensions on the Forntier

 * William Henry Harrison deals with the Indians with the Treaty of Ft Wayne, 1809.
 * Tecumseh's War
 * Tecumseh, a Shaunnee leader (and his "prophet") becomes a Native American resistance leader vs. the Treaty of Ft Wayne. Tecumseh fled to Britain's Canada. This reveals that the British have been supporting the Native American's resistance.
 * Battle of Tippecanoe
 * 1811
 * Ends Indian resistance

Warhawks

 * Mostly from the south and the west; pro-expansion; they feel that the English are blocking their westward expansion. They desire to raid Canada. The main guys are Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina. John believes that more expansion will lead to more cotton (more money, as a result).

War of 1812
Madison creates two copies of the same offer (made to France and England) known as the Macon's Bill. It states that whichever one stops impressing American sailors, we will become their ally and declare war on their enemies. Napoleon [the French] accepts first.
 * The Northerners want impressment to cease.
 * The Southerners want expansion.
 * The Westerners want to take over Canada.

Congress declares war on the British.

Most of the war is near Canada/the Great Lakes. The US has 0 naval ships in the Great Lakes and is unable to go through the St. Lawrence River (British territory). He uses privateers in the war. They arm their ship and use it as warships.

The Americans are initially successful, they capture York (Canada's capital for the British).

In 1814, the British send a huge army to the Chesapeake Bay and invaded and torched Washington D.C. The British soldiers were, before, winning against the French in Europe. The Americans are humiliated by such a catastrophe.

After Washington D.C., the Battle of Fort McHenry initiates in Baltimore between the British and the Americans. Francis Scott Key is on a British ship (trying to negotiate with the British for free of a friend) and watches the Battle of Fort McHenry. He created a poem stating that Baltimore had not fallen because the US flag was still up. The poem turns into the Star Spangled Banner.

The British eventually withdraws in late 1814.

Peace

 * Treaty of Ghent
 * December 24, 1814
 * Status Quo Antebellum (normal/standard; before the war = Everything goes back to how it was before the war)
 * Terms
 * 1) Halt to the fighting
 * 2) Return conquered territory back to its claimant.
 * 3) Recognition of pre-war boundary between Canada and the US.


 * Rush-Bagot Treaty (number of warships each country can have in the Great Lakes)
 * 1817
 * Limits Warships on Great Lakes

1815
A battle starts in New Orleans and Andrew Jackson leads the American forces there. The victory is won against the British. Nobody knew about the treaty there. The Americans use this as an excuse of winning the war, even though they were not.

Madison's Domestic Policies

 * "American System" aka "American Plan"
 * He wanted to:
 * 1) Create Protective Tariffs
 * 2) Re-strengthen the National Bank
 * 3) Sponsoring Internal Improvements (infrastructures) - roads and canals

Tariff of 1816

 * Rationale?
 * Buy American goods
 * Fund internal improvements

Internal Improvements

 * Canals and roads
 * Funded mostly by the states.
 * The Federal government organizes the
 * 1) National Road in 1811. By 1838, this road connects Maryland to Illinois.
 * 2) Erie Canal - Connects the Hudson River to Lake Erie.

Second Bank of the US

 * Goal?
 * Create a national economy with printing a national currency
 * Second Bank of the US is chartered in 1816 for 20 years.

Election of 1816

 * Candidates
 * James Monroe (DR) of VA
 * Rufus King (Fed) of NY

"Era of Good Feelings", a period of nationalism, where Monroe focuses on what America is great at. Monroe focuses on westward expansion and how they defeated the British twice (Revolutionary War and the War of 1812). Partisan politics were a minimum.

Panic of 1819
Land out west has been selling for incredibly high rates. The banks started to call in the loans for the mortgages, the buyers had to pay back the bank more than the land is actually worth ("under-water"). Unemployment skyrockets.