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'''This book (has, had) been written as a brand new text for (students, student) who are working to the 2000 national standards for Intermediate GNVQ in Health and Social Care. It (covers, cover) the (3, three) compulsory (units, unit) and six option units for the award. '''

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B1

''Every living organism is made from ________. Most cells have a ______________. Inside the nucleus are _____________. Chromosmomes are made from a chemical called ________________.''

''Chromosomes contain thousands of ____________.Genes carry information that controls what an organism is __________. Each genes determines one characteristic. The information in a gene is a set of instructions for making __________, including

structural proteins ____________________________ enzymes to speed up ____________________________.''

''Human cells - except sperm and egg cells - contain ________________________. The chromosomes are in _____ pairs. One chromosome in each pair came from the ______________ and the other from the __________________. ''

In the two chromosomes of a pair, the same genes are in the same ___________. Often. the two genes of a pair are different from _________________. Different versions of the same gene are called ____________. For each gene, a person has either two ____________________________ or two ___________________.''

''A son shares some characteristic with his ______________. This is because he developed from a fertilized egg that got alleles from both __________. Brothers and sisters are not identical because they have different mixtures of ________________.''

''Some characteristics are determined by __________________. For example thumb shape.''

Most characteristic depend on instructions from ___________________, for example height.

''Most characteristics also depend on _______________________. For example, a man's _________ may give him a high risk of heart disease. But if he has a healthy lifestyle he reduces his chance of _________________________.''

''Huamn have one pair of ______________________ in each body cell. Female humans have two ______________. Males have one X_____________________ and one Y_______________________''

''Sex cells - sperm and eggs - contain only ________________________. The chromosomes are not ________________. Every egg has an X ___________________. Half of all sperm have an X ____________________; the other half have a Y __________________. On the Y chromosome is a gene that is the instruction to amke a male ___________________.''

At fertilisation, a sperm ______________ fuses with an egg ________________:

* if a Y sperm fertilizes an egg, the embryo develops ________________________.

* if an X sperm fertilizes the egg, the embryo develops _______________________.

''Huntington's disorder and cystic fibrosis are ______________________. They are caused by 'faulty alleles of just one __________.''

'''Huntington's disorder does not usually develop until someone is over ______. Sadly the disease is fatal.'''

Symptoms:

* Loss of control over _________________

* Memory loss and mental _________________

One faulty dominant allele ___________ causes _________________________.

A person can inherit the disease from just one ____________.

''Children with cystic fibrosis produce thick, sticky ___________. The mucus'''

* blocks the _________ and _______________, making breathing difficult

prevent ______________ getting to the gut, making digestion difficult

encourages _______________ to grow which causes ______________

'''A faulty recessive allele __________ causes cystic fibrosis. A baby who has ____ faulty alleles one from each parent - has _______________________. A baby with one faulty allele is a ___________.'''

Carriers do not have ______________, but can pass it on to their ____________________.

C1

The Earth's atmosphere is a ___________________________.

78% _______________________

21% ________________________

1% _________________________

0.04% ______________________

'''Coal is mainly ____________. Petrol and disel are mainly ______________________(compound of _____________ and _________________). These fossils fuels burn in power stations to generate _________________, and in vehicles like cars and trains.'''

When fuels burn they react with ____________ from the air.

'''This is ___________________. In all chemical reactions, the atoms are ____________________. The same atoms are present in both the _________________ and the __________________; they are just joined together differently. This is the _____________________ of atoms.'''

For example, methane reacts with oxygen to make __________________ and ______________.

'''The properties of the _____________ are very different from the properties of the ____________. Some products of hydrocarbon combustion are __________________.'''

___________________, SO2

______________________, NO

_______________________, NO2

carbon monoxide, _________

carbon dioxide, _________

'''Fossil fuels burn to make ________________.Sometimes there is not enough oygen to convert all the carbon in the fuel to ____________________. Then ________________________________ occurs. This makes carbon monoxide and _______________________.'''

'''Some fossil fuels contain _______________ impurities. When the fuel burns, the sulfur reacts with ____________ to make sulfur dioxide.'''

At high temperatures inside engines, nitrogen and ____________ from the air react to make ______________________.

Some _________________ harm human directly.

Other damages the ____________________, and so harm human indirectly.

* Particulate carbon makes surfaces ___________ and can cause _______________ problems if breathed in.

* CO is ____________________

'''* CO2 dissolves in __________________ and sea water. Plant use it for ______________________. CO2 in the atmosphere contributes to _________________________.'''

'''* SO2 and NO2 react with water and oxygen to make ____________________. NO2 may increase the risk of _________________ attacks.'''

The only way to make less CO2 is to burn less ________________.

We can reduce air pollution from fossil fuel power stations by

* using less ________________

* removing sulfur impurities from __________ before burning them

* removing _______________ and paticulates (carbon and ash) from the gases that power stations emit

We can reduce air pollution from vehicle exhaust gases by

* developing efficient engines that burn _____________________

using low- sulfur ______________

'''using catalytic converters to convert - nitrogen monoxide to ___________ and ______________

- carbon monoxide to _________________'''

using public transport instead of __________

having legal limits on __________________________

P1

''The outer layer of the Earth is made of about ____ huge piecesof rock, ______________________. They move _________ all the time. Earthquakes, _____________, and mountain building usually happen where tectonic _________________________. ''

'''Plates move apart at ________________. Molten rock (magma) rises up between the ___________'''

'''In the Himalayas, plates move towards ___________________. They collide. Huge pressure makes rock fold over on top of each other to _______________________________.'''

'''Most ______________ are at plate boundarieswhere the crust is stretching or being _______________. Magma erupts out of a hole in the ________________________. Geologists monitor volcanoes carefully. They look for ____________ in the gases emitted the _____________ of a volcano's sides '''

'''Most earthquakes happen at rock breaks, _________________________. The block of rock on each side of the fault __________. Pressure builds up until the rocks ____________.'''

The movement of tectonic plates contributes to the _________________.

Our ________________ was formed from clouds of gases and dust in space.

'''The Sun is a star at the centre of the _______________. It will probably shine for another _________________ years. A star is a ball of _____________________, mainly ______________. In stars like the sun, _____________ nuclei join together (fuse) to make __________ nuclei. This is the source of stars' energy. Stars change over time - they have a ____________________________. '''

'''Some planets have natural satellites (moons) that _________________. Comets are lumps of rock held together by ________ and frozen _________________.'''

'''Asteroids are lumps of rock that are much smaller than _______________. Most asteroids orbit the Sun between _______________ and _________________, but a few across the ____________ path.'''

'''Our Solar Sytem is a part of the _________________ galaxy. Galaxies contain thousands of millions of ______________.The ________________ is made of thousands of millions of galaxies.'''

'''Other galaxies are moving away from us, because space is ________________. '''

'''Scientists can learn about other stars and galaxies only by studying the ______________ they emit. They measure the distance to stars by looking at their relative ________________ or by _______________. '''

'''Light travels at __________________km/s. So when scientists observe distant objects they they see what the objects looked like when the light left the object. Scientists measure distance in space in ___________ years. One light - year is the distance light travels in __________________.'''

''The Earth moves from one side of the Sun to the other. Nearby stars seem to move compared to the background of distant stars. The nearer a star is to Earth, the more it sesm to move. This is _________________. ''