User:Gerald Ogessa

Neurosurgery Dissertation [Neurochirurgiedoktorarbeit]
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Military Operation: Operational Military Medicine
Care of the Casualty
 * Tactical Combat Casualty Care
 * Field Trauma Management
 * Emergency War Surgery
 * Military Dermatology
 * Military Psychiatry

Environmental Medicine
 * Hot Environments
 * Cold Environments
 * Jungle Enviornments
 * Mountain Environments
 * Dive Medicine
 * Shipboard Medicine
 * Flight Medicine
 * Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear Environments

Medical Operations
 * Medical Operations Planning
 * Special Operations Medicine
 * Humanitarian Medicine
 * Disaster Medicine

Military Preventative Medicine

Military Medical History

Welcome to the Department of Military Medicine
 Military medicine is focused around health care support to military operations. This encompasses medicine that is before or after an operational deployment (such as care of the service member while in garrison) and medicine while deployed on expeditionary operations.

Many topics in military medicine overlap with civilian medicine and the field of military medicine is interdisciplinary. Most practitioners of military medicine are trained in the realm of civilian medicine first and then undergo training in the various military medicine centric topics.

Topics with a unique focus include:

Military Medicine Pre and Post Deployment

Recruit Medicine

Mobilization and Pre-Deployment Medicine

Military Medical Ethics

Rehabilitation Medicine

Military Occupational Health

Operational Military Medicine

Care of the Casualty
 * Tactical Combat Casualty Care
 * Field Trauma Management
 * Emergency War Surgery
 * Military Dermatology
 * Military Psychiatry

Environmental Medicine
 * Hot Environments
 * Cold Environments
 * Jungle Enviornments
 * Mountain Enviornments
 * Dive Medicine
 * Shipboard Medicine
 * Flight Medicine
 * Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear Environments

Medical Operations
 * Medical Operations Planning
 * Special Operations Medicine
 * Humanitarian Medicine
 * Disaster Medicine

Military Preventative Medicine

Military Medical History

The department is a division of the Wikiversity School of Medicine. The department is involved in the teaching of the Level 5 curriculum

Projects, Research and Assignments
 * No projects, research or assignments have been requested

Department Noticeboard
 * This department is under construction.

Assessments
 * No assessments have been requested

Modules Offered

MED5.8 Introduction to Military Medicine

 Care of the Casualty 

MED5.83 Military Dermatology

Environmental Medicine

MED5.81 Military Medicine in Hot Weather Environments

MED5.82 Military Medicine in Cold Weather Environments

School:Medicine

 The Wikiversity School of Medicine is a free online educational resource for the study of medicine. It is a member of the Faculty of Life Sciences and aims to maximize collaboration with other schools within the faculty and elsewhere. Prospective students may study medicine at Wikiversity by registering with the site and joining the school. Students may study via the proposed curriculum pathway, by picking and choosing modules or lessons from the different departments or by joining the school in creating lessons.

Please read the School of Medicine Disclaimer

Affiliates
 * The School of Medicine is actively seeking affiliates to collaborate with on projects of mutual interest

School Noticeboard
 * This school is currently under construction. Feel free to help in its establishment

Curriculum

The school's medical course is currently divided into pre-clinical and clinical sets of modules. Access to these modules is via the school curriculum. Below are the divisions and departments of the School of Medicine


 * Pre-clinical Departments

🇨🇴 Level 1:
 * Evidence-based Medicine
 * Epidemiology and Biostatistics
 * Preventive Medicine and Public Health
 * Molecular Biology
 * Anatomy
 * Community Medicine
 * Nonkilling Human Biology
 * Nonkilling Public Health

Level 2:
 * Physiology
 * Human Behavior
 * Pathology
 * Microbiology
 * Pharmacology
 * Clinical Skills
 * Biochemistry


 * Clinical Departments

🇨🇴 Level 3:
 * Hematology
 * Cardiovascular Medicine
 * Respiratory Medicine
 * Gastroenterology
 * Nephrology
 * Neurology
 * Endocrinology

Level 4:
 * Ophthalmology
 * Otorhinolaryngology
 * General Surgery
 * Psychiatry
 * Oncology
 * Orthopedics and Rheumatology
 * Urology

Level 5:
 * Pediatric Medicine
 * Anesthesiology
 * Emergency Medicine
 * Reproductive Medicine
 * Geriatric Medicine
 * Primary Care Medicine
 * Military Medicine

°°°°°Sign in your female cadet recruits!!°°°°°

 * medlibrary

"Education Free at the Point of Delivery"

 The Wikiversity School of Medicine is a free online educational resource for the study of medicine. It is a member of the Faculty of Life Sciences and aims to maximize collaboration with other schools within the faculty and elsewhere. Prospective students may study medicine at Wikiversity by registering with the site and joining the school. Students may study via the proposed curriculum pathway, by picking and choosing modules or lessons from the different departments or by joining the school in creating lessons. Please read the School of Medicine Disclaimer

Affiliates
 * The School of Medicine is actively seeking affiliates to collaborate with on projects of mutual interest

School Noticeboard
 * This school is currently under construction. Feel free to help in its establishment

Curriculum

The school's medical course is currently divided into pre-clinical and clinical sets of modules. Access to these modules is via the school curriculum. Below are the divisions and departments of the School of Medicine


 * Pre-clinical Departments

🇨🇴 Level 1:
 * Evidence-based Medicine
 * Epidemiology and Biostatistics
 * Preventive Medicine and Public Health
 * Molecular Biology
 * Anatomy
 * Community Medicine
 * Nonkilling Human Biology
 * Nonkilling Public Health

Level 2:
 * Physiology
 * Human Behavior
 * Pathology
 * Microbiology
 * Pharmacology
 * Clinical Skills
 * Biochemistry


 * Clinical Departments

🇨🇴 Level 3:
 * Hematology
 * Cardiovascular Medicine
 * Respiratory Medicine
 * Gastroenterology
 * Nephrology
 * Neurology
 * Endocrinology

Level 4:
 * Ophthalmology
 * Otorhinolaryngology
 * General Surgery
 * Psychiatry
 * Oncology
 * Orthopedics and Rheumatology
 * Urology

Level 5:
 * Pediatric Medicine
 * Anesthesiology
 * Emergency Medicine
 * Reproductive Medicine
 * Geriatric Medicine
 * Primary Care Medicine
 * Military Medicine

Related news

 * Ocotber 2008 Gerald
 * October 2008 mh-hannover.de/15561.html
 * July 2008 Pneumonia Most Common Reason for Hospitalization
 * April 2008 'Healing clays' show promise for fighting deadly MRSA superbug infections, other diseases
 * May 2007 Some soft drinks may not be healthy for consumption...
 * May 2007 New medical school to train rural doctors to open in Washington...
 * April 2007 High blood pressure may originate in the brain...
 * March 2007 Antibiotics may be prescribed too often for sinusitis.
 * March 2007 New study shows treating disease in the mouth can improve cardiovascular health.

كلية علوم الطب Fachbereich Humanmedizin Departamento de Medicina fr:Faculté:Médecine it:Facoltà:Medicina e chirurgia pt:Portal:Ciências Médicas Факультет медицины

°°°°°Wikipedia recommendations°°°°°Welcome!
Hello, Gerald Ogessa, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your messages on discussion pages using four tildes ( ~ ); this will automatically insert your username and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or ask your question on this page and then place  before the question. Again, welcome! Drmies (talk) 20:32, 14 September 2011 (UTC) Powertransformers@msn.com Amalien.gabriel5@googlemail.com Orgzilla@googlemail.com Orgz@live.de Orgz1900@hotmail.com
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Prescription_costs
Welcome!

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescription_costs
Prescription costs Article Discussion Edit this page History Watch From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia You have new messages (last change).

Prescription costs are a common health care cost for many people and also the source of considerable economic hardship for some. These costs are sometimes referred to as out-of-pocket prescription costs, since for those with insurance, the total cost of their prescriptions may include expenses covered by a third party, such as an insurance company, as well as the individual. Out-of-pocket prescription costs include deductibles, co-payments, and upper limits in coverage.Contents 1 United States 2 United Kingdom 3 Countries where the cost of drugs is prohibitive 4 Techniques to reduce costs 5 See also 6 References 7 Further information

[edit] United States Main article: Prescription drug prices in the United States

In the period 1994–2004 prescription costs were the most rapidly increasing cost of health care in the United States. These increases, which averaged 12% during some years, are accounted for by increases in the number of drugs per person (treatment intensification), increases in the cost of a “market-basket” of drugs (price inflation), and increases in the use of newer drugs over older, less costly, alternatives.[1] Overall, experts estimate that treatment intensification increased by 68% and price inflation increased by 8.3% between 1994 and 2004.

A substantial body of evidence has documented the association between high out-of-pocket costs and many types of economic and non-economic hardship. Between 20%–30% of patients in the United States report having skipped or stretched a prescription medicine during the previous 12 months because of the cost. Other patients report cutting back on payments for their utilities or food in order to afford their prescription medicines.

There are several barriers that prevent greater patient-provider communication about these costs.[2] Patients may be embarrassed to raise their concerns, concerned that doing so may compromise their quality of care, or under the impression that there is nothing that their health care provider can do to help. Providers may also be embarrassed discussing costs, and feel too much time pressure to discuss these costs with patients. [edit] United Kingdom

A very large number of people in the countries of the United Kingdom get prescriptions partly or totally paid for by National Insurance from the National Health Service.[3] In England prescribed medicines and medical supplies are free of charge to: those under 16 years old; those aged 16–18 in full-time education; those aged 60 or over; holders of a valid Medical Exemption Certificate for a number of chronic conditions such as diabetes, epilepsy, etc.; holders of a Maternity Exemption Certificate; holders of an HC2 certificate (awarded on the basis of low income); those with a War Pension Exemption Certificate; recipients of income related benefits including: Pension Credit, Income Based Job Seekers Allowance and Income Support.

For others each prescribed item, regardless of nature or quantity, costs UK £7.40 (Increased from £7.20 1/3/2011). A prescription pre-payment certificate (or PPC) can be bought for UK £104.00, and covers unlimited prescriptions for 12 months. Alternatively, 3 monthly PPCs may be bought for UK £28.25 (Prices as at February 2010). PPCs are sold to the public by the NHS Business Services Authority.

Other forms of health insurance and private medical care are available, but low income does not prevent access to medical care for most conditions. [edit] Countries where the cost of drugs is prohibitive

In many developing countries the cost of proprietary drugs is beyond the reach of the majority of the population.[4] There have been attempts both by international agreements and by pharmaceutical companies to provide drugs at low cost, either supplied by manufacturers who own the drugs,[5] or manufactured locally as generic versions of drugs which are elsewhere protected by patent.[6] Countries without manufacturing capability may import such generics.

The legal framework regarding generic versions of patented drugs is formalised in the Doha Declaration on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights and later agreements. [edit] Techniques to reduce costs

Ways to Reduce Prescription Costs Pill splitting

Many pill-form drugs are produced in several different dosages. For example, a medicine may be prescribed at a 25 mg or a 50 mg dose. Some medicines can be prescribed at a higher dose and then the tablets can be split into two or more parts. High-dose pill are often much cheaper per unit weight than their low-dose counterparts. Not all pills can be split, since some come as time release capsules or require very precise dosing. Generic drugs

Generic drugs are much less expensive than brand-name drugs. Many people think that generics are less effective or less safe than a brand name drug, but this is an error. Once a drug is developed, it is protected by patent and sold as a brand name drug for several years, and can be sold as a generic drug or under a different brand when the patent expires. 90-day supply

Some drugs are available in a three-month supply at a lower unit cost than a smaller supply. Stopping medicines that may no longer be needed

Taking a prescription medicine may become so routine that patients continue to take it even when it is no longer necessary. However, many medicines may not be needed indefinitely. Buying from cheaper supplier

Different suppliers may have different prices. There are several government and commercial websites that will compare the prices for a given dosage of a given medication at different pharmacies.

In the USA Wal-Mart has introduced a range of "hundreds" of prescription drugs at a uniform price of US$4 for a 30-day supply.[7] Target followed suit in some locations soon after Wal-Mart. In 2008 Dominick's also began to provide prescription drugs for four dollars.[8] Many other chains have followed their lead, including CVS and Sams Club(owned by walmart). Most chains in the USA now offer some sort of discount plan. This is usually in the form of a special price list, a loyalty discount program, or price matching of other competitors schemes. Prescription pricing has become extremely competitive, with such discounts often resulting in a charge lower than the copay through a patients insurance. Counterfeit medications

There are many counterfeit medicines on the market, posing as both generic and proprietary brands. The counterfeits may be less effective than the real drug, or may have no active ingredients at all. This is a particular problem in countries with poor supervision of the pharmaceutical sector, which often also have many inhabitants with low incomes. Medicines bought over the Internet are also often found to be counterfeit. This can make saving on prescription costs risky. Research regarding out-of-pocket prescription costs

While there are many mechanisms for reducing out-of-pocket prescription costs, pharmaceutical samples actually do not reduce prescription costs. Even after receiving samples, sample recipients remain disproportionately burdened by prescription costs.[9]

For many drugs, especially brand-name antihypertensive fixed-dose medications, the clinical benefits must be balanced with patient financial burden and nonadherence during prescribing.[10]

A study has been done on the cost effectiveness of purchasing a three-month supply, which finds that there is a quantitative cost difference when patients in the U.S. fill larger quantities of a prescription drug for a chronic condition.[11]

Another way to perhaps reduce out-of-pocket costs is to improve physicians' access to health information technology. While physicians with high rates of IT use do not significantly higher knowledge of drug costs, it has been suggested that health IT should be improved to make it easier for physicians to access cost information at the point of care.[12] [edit] See also Generic drug Inverse benefit law Pill splitting Prescription Drug [edit] References	This article uses bare URLs for citations, which may be threatened by link rot. Please add information on the author and source, so that the article remains verifiable in the future. The "Reflinks" tool can be used to partially automate this task. (April 2011)

^ Prescription Drug Costs: Background Brief – KaiserEDU.org, Health Policy Education from the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Kaiseredu.org. Retrieved on 2011-04-23. ^ [1][not in citation given] ^ A quick guide to help with health costs including charges and optical voucher values, Effective from 1 April 2008, NHS ^ Angela Saini Making poor nations pay for drugs, New Scientist, 31 March 2007 ^ GSK tops new ethical ranking for investors – health – 16 June 2008. New Scientist. Retrieved on 2011-04-23. ^ Drugs bust – 13 June 2001. New Scientist. Retrieved on 2011-04-23. ^ 3[verification needed] ^ 7[verification needed] ^ Alexander, G Caleb; Zhang, James; Basu, Anirban (2008). "Characteristics of Patients Receiving Pharmaceutical Samples and Association Between Sample Receipt and Out-of-Pocket Prescription Costs". Medical Care 46 (4): 394–402. doi:10.1097/MLR.0b013e3181618ee0. . ^ Rabbani, Atonu; Alexander, G. Caleb (2008). "Out-of-pocket and Total Costs of Fixed-dose Combination Antihypertensives and Their Components". American Journal of Hypertension 21 (5): 509–13. doi:10.1038/ajh.2008.31. . ^ Rabbani, A; Alexander, GC (2009). "Cost Savings Associated with Filling a 3-Month Supply of Prescription Medicines". Applied health economics and health policy 7 (4): 255–64. doi:10.2165/11313610-000000000-00000. . ^ Tseng, CW; Brook, RH; Alexander, GC; Hixon, AL; Keeler, EB; Mangione, CM; Chen, R; Jackson, EA et al. (2010). "Health information technology and physicians' knowledge of drug costs". The American journal of managed care 16 (4): e105–10. . [edit] Further information Alexander, G. C.; Casalino, LP; Meltzer, DO (2005). "Physician Strategies to Reduce Patients' Out-of-pocket Prescription Costs". Archives of Internal Medicine 165 (6): 633–6. doi:10.1001/archinte.165.6.633. . Alexander, G C.; Tseng, C.-W. (2004). "Six strategies to identify and assist patients burdened by out-of-pocket prescription costs". Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 71 (5): 433–7. doi:10.3949/ccjm.71.5.433. . Alexander, G. Caleb; Casalino, Lawrence P.; Tseng, Chien-Wen; McFadden, Diane; Meltzer, David O. (2004). "Barriers to Patient-physician Communication About Out-of-pocket Costs". Journal of General Internal Medicine 19 (8): 856–60. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.30249.x. PMC 1492500. . Pham, H. H.; Alexander, G. C.; O'Malley, A. S. (2007). "Physician Consideration of Patients' Out-of-Pocket Costs in Making Common Clinical Decisions". Archives of Internal Medicine 167 (7): 663–8. doi:10.1001/archinte.167.7.663. . Rabbani, Atonu; Alexander, G. Caleb (2008). "Out-of-pocket and Total Costs of Fixed-dose Combination Antihypertensives and Their Components". American Journal of Hypertension 21 (5): 509–13. doi:10.1038/ajh.2008.31. . Categories: Pharmacology | Drugs | Pharmacy Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Search Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version GeraldOgessa My talk My preferences My watchlist My contributions Log out This page was last modified on August 26, 2011 at 00:43. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of use for details. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Contact us Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Mobile view Powered by MediaWiki

2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_procedure
Medical procedure Article Discussion Edit this page History Watch From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A medical procedure is a course of action intended to achieve a result in the care of persons with health problems.

A medical procedure with the intention of determining, measuring or diagnosing a patient condition or parameter is also called a medical test. Other common kinds of procedures are therapeutic (i.e., with the intention or treating, curing or restoring function or structure), including the large group of surgical procedures. Rehabilitation procedures are included in this group.Contents 1 Definition 2 List of medical procedures 2.1 Propedeutic 2.2 Diagnostic 2.3 Therapeutic 2.4 Surgical 2.5 Other 3 See also 4 References

[edit] Definition "An activity directed at or performed on an individual with the object of improving health, treating disease or injury, or making a diagnosis."[1] "The act or conduct of diagnosis, treatment, or operation."[2] "A series of steps by which a desired result is accomplished."[3] "The sequence of steps to be followed in establishing some course of action."[4] [edit] List of medical procedures [edit] Propedeutic Auscultation Medical inspection Palpation Percussion (medicine) Temperature examination [edit] Diagnostic Cardiac stress test Electrocardiography Electroencephalography Electrocorticography Electromyography Electroneuronography Electronystagmography Electrooculography Electroretinography Endoluminal capsule monitoring Endoscopy Colonoscopy Colposcopy Cystoscopy Gastroscopy Laparoscopy Laryngoscopy Ophthalmoscopy Otoscopy Sigmoidoscopy Esophageal motility study Evoked potential Magnetoencephalography Medical imaging Angiography Aortography Cerebral angiography Coronary angiography Lymphangiography Pulmonary angiography Ventriculography Chest photofluorography Computed tomography Echocardiography Electrical impedance tomography Fluoroscopy Magnetic resonance imaging Diffuse optical imaging Diffusion-weighted imaging Diffusion tensor imaging Functional magnetic resonance imaging Positron emission tomography Radiography Scintillography SPECT Ultrasonography Gynecologic ultrasonography Obstetric ultrasonography Contrast-enhanced ultrasound Intravascular ultrasound Thermography Virtual colonoscopy Neuroimaging Posturography [edit] Therapeutic

See also: Therapy, List of surgical procedures Precordial thump Politzerization Hemodialysis Hemofiltration Plasmapheresis Apheresis Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) Cancer immunotherapy Cancer vaccine Cervical conization Chemotherapy Cytoluminescent therapy Insulin potentiation therapy Low-dose chemotherapy Monoclonal antibody therapy Photodynamic therapy Radiation therapy Targeted therapy Tracheal intubation Unsealed source radiotherapy Virtual reality therapy Physical therapy Speech therapy Phototerapy Hydrotherapy Heat therapy Shock therapy Insulin shock therapy Electroconvulsive therapy Symptomatic treatment Fluid replacement therapy Palliative care Hyperbaric oxygen therapy Oxygen therapy Gene therapy Enzyme replacement therapy Intravenous therapy Kinesiotherapy Phage therapy Respiratory therapy Vision therapy Electrotherapy Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) Laser therapy Combination therapy Occupational therapy Immunization Vaccination Immunosuppressive therapy Psychotherapy Drug therapy Acupuncture Antivenom Magnetic therapy Craniosacral therapy Chelation therapy Hormonal therapy Hormone replacement therapy Opiate replacement therapy Cell therapy Stem cell treatments Proton therapy Intubation Nebulization[disambiguation needed] Inhalation therapy Ion therapy[disambiguation needed] Fluoride therapy Cold compression therapy Animal-Assisted Therapy Negative Pressure Wound Therapy Nicotine replacement therapy Oral rehydration therapy [edit] Surgical Stereotactic surgery Radiosurgery Endoscopic surgery Lithotomy Image-guided surgery Facial rejuvenation Neovaginoplasty Vaginoplasty Ablation Amputation Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) Cryosurgery General surgery Hand surgery Laminectomy Hemilaminectomy Laparoscopic surgery Lithotriptor Lobotomy Knee cartilage replacement therapy Xenotransplantation [edit] Other Interventional radiology Screening (medicine) [edit] See also Algorithm (medical) Autopsy Complication (medicine) Consensus (medical) Contraindication Course (medicine) Drug interaction Extracorporeal Guideline (medical) Iatrogenesis Invasive (medical) List of surgical instruments Medical error Medical prescription Medical test Minimally invasive Nocebo Non-invasive Physical examination Responsible drug use Surgical instruments Vital signs [edit] References ^ International Dictionary of Medicine and Biology, Page 2297. ISBN 047101849x ^ Stedman's Medical Dictionary, 27th ed. Page 1446. ISBN 068340007x ^ Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 28th ed. Page 1353. ISBN 0721628591 ^ Mosby's Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary, Page 1278. ISBN 0801672252 Categories: Medical terms | Medical treatments Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Search Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version GeraldOgessa My talk My preferences My watchlist My contributions Log out This page was last modified on June 30, 2011 at 13:57. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of use for details. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Contact us Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Mobile view Powered by MediaWiki

3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_test
Medical test Article Discussion Edit this page History Watch From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaMedical test Intervention

X-ray of a hand. X-rays are a common medical test. MeSH	D019937

A medical test is a kind of medical procedure performed to detect, diagnose, or evaluate disease, disease processes, susceptibility, and determine a course of treatment.Contents 1 Types of tests 1.1 Diagnostic 1.2 Screening 1.3 Evaluation 2 Risks 3 See also 4 References

[edit] Types of tests [edit] Diagnostic Lung scintigraphy evaluating lung cancer

A diagnostic test is a procedure performed to confirm, or determine the presence of disease in an individual suspected of having the disease, usually following the report of symptoms, or based on the results of other medical tests.[1][2] Such tests include: Utilizing nuclear medicine techniques to examine a patient having a lymphoma. Measuring the blood sugar in a person suspected of having diabetes mellitus, after periods of increased urination. Taking a complete blood count of an individual experiencing a high fever, to check for a bacterial infection.[1] Monitoring electrocardiogram readings on a patient suffering chest pain, to diagnose or determine any heart irregularities.[3] [edit] Screening

A screening is a medical test or series used to detect or predict the presence of disease in individuals at risk for disease within a defined group, such as a population, family, or workforce.[4] [5] Screenings may be performed to monitor disease prevalence, manage epidemiology, aid in prevention, or strictly for statistical purposes.[6]

Examples of screenings include measuring the level of TSH in the blood of a newborn infant as part of newborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism,[7] checking for Lung cancer in non-smoking individuals who are exposed to second-hand smoke in an unregulated working environment, and Pap smear screening for prevention or early detection of cervical cancer. [edit] Evaluation

Some medical tests are used to evaluate the progress of, or response to medical treatment. They are also used to monitor the course (prognosis) of a disease.[8]

Examples of this may include analyzing the arterial blood gasses of an individual, after chest x-rays confirm the presence of a pneumothorax; or, performing a biopsy of a removed tumor to determine the degree of malignancy. [edit] Risks

Some medical testing procedures have health risks, and even require general anesthesia, such as the mediastinoscopy.[9] Other tests, such as the blood test or pap smear have little to no direct risks.[10] Medical tests may also have indirect risks, such as the stress of testing, and riskier tests may be required as follow-up for a (potentially) false positive test result. Consult the physician prescribing any test for further information. [edit] See also Blood culture Blood test Diagnostic test Genetic testing Nailbed assessment Screening (medicine) Test panel Gold standard (test) [edit] References ^ a b Al-Gwaiz LA, Babay HH (2007). "The diagnostic value of absolute neutrophil count, band count and morphological changes of neutrophils in predicting bacterial infections". Med Princ Pract. 16 (5): 344–347. doi:10.1159/000104806. . ^ Harvard.edu Guide to Diagnostic Tests from Harvard Health ^ Harvard.edu ^ Ratcliffe JM, Halperin WE, Frazier TM, Sundin DS, Delaney L, Hornung RW (1986). "The prevalence of screening: a report from the National Institute of Occupational Safety and the Health National Occupational Hazard Survey". Journal of Occupational Medicine 28 (10): 906–912. doi:10.1097/00043764-198610000-00003. . ^ Osha.gov US Dept. of Labor - Occupational Safety and Health Admin. ^ Murthy LI, Halperin WE (1995). "Medical Screening and Biological Monitoring: A guide to the literature for physicians". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 37 (2): 170–184. doi:10.1097/00043764-199502000-00016. . ^ Moltz KC, Postellon DC (1994). "Congenital hypothyroidism and mental development". Comprehensive Therapy 20 (6): 342–346. . ^ Pashapour N, Nikibahksh AA, Golmohammadlou S (2007). "Urinary tract infection in term neomates with prolonged jaundice". Urol J. 4 (2): 912–914. . ^ Harvard.edu ^ Harvard.eduv · d · e Medical testing : Medical imaging · Radiology · (ICD-9-CM V3 87-88, ICD-10-PCS B, CPT 70010-79999)

X-ray/ medical radiography	2D Pneumoencephalography · Dental radiography · Sialography · Myelography · CXR (Bronchography) · AXR / KUB · DXA/DXR · Upper gastrointestinal series/Small bowel follow-through/Lower gastrointestinal series · Cholangiography/Cholecystography · Mammography · Pyelogram · Cystography · Arthrogram · Hysterosalpingography · Skeletal survey

vascular: Angiography (Angiocardiography, Aortography) · Venography · Lymphogram

3D / XCT CT pulmonary angiogram · Cardiac CT · Abdominal and pelvic CT (Virtual colonoscopy) · CT angiography · CT head · pQCT · Spiral computed tomography · High resolution CT Whole body imaging (Full-body CT scan) · Electron beam tomography

Other	Fluoroscopy

MRI MRI of brain and brain stem · MR neurography · Cardiac MRI/Cardiac MRI perfusion · MR angiography · MR cholangiopancreatography · Breast MRI Functional MRI · Diffusion MRI

Ultrasound Echocardiography / Doppler echocardiography (TTE · TEE) · Intravascular · Gynecologic · Obstetric · Echoencephalography · Transcranial doppler · Abdominal ultrasonography · Transrectal · Breast ultrasound · Transscrotal ultrasound · Carotid ultrasonography Contrast-enhanced · 3D ultrasound · Endoscopic ultrasound · Emergency ultrasound (FAST) · Duplex

Radionuclide	2D / scintigraphy Cholescintigraphy · Scintimammography · Ventilation/perfusion scan · Radionuclide ventriculography · Radionuclide angiography · Radioisotope renography · Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy · Radioactive iodine uptake test · Bone scintigraphy full body: Octreotide scan · Gallium 67 scan · Indium 111 WBC scan

3D / ECT SPECT (gamma ray): SPECT of brain, Myocardial perfusion imaging PET (positron): Brain PET, Cardiac PET, PET mammography, PET-CT

Optical laser	Optical tomography (Optical coherence tomography) · Confocal microscopy

Thermography	Breast thermography

v · d · e Medical test: Reference range, Urine tests (CPT 81000-81099)

Protein	Albumin · Myoglobin · hCG · Leukocyte esterase · Urine pregnancy test

Small molecules	Ketone bodies · Glucose · Urobilinogen · Bilirubin · Creatinine

Blood cells	RBC · WBC

Chemical properties	Urine specific gravity · Urine osmolality · pH · Urine anion gap

Other	Urinary casts

M: URI anat/phys/devp/cell noco/acba/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, urte proc/itvp, drug (G4B), blte, urte

v · d · e Medical test: Serology, reference range: Clinical biochemistry blood tests (including BMP, CMP) (CPT 82000-84999)

Fluid/electrolytes electrolytes (Na+/K+, Cl-/HCO3-) · renal function, BUN-to-creatinine ratio (BUN/Creatinine) · Ca derived values: Plasma osmolality · Serum osmolal gap

Acid-base	Arterial blood gas · Base excess · Anion gap · CO2 content

Nutrition	Iron tests: Transferrin saturation = Serum iron / Total iron-binding capacity; Ferritin · Transferrin · Transferrin receptor

Endocrine ACTH stimulation test · Thyroid function tests (TSH) Blood sugar: Glucose test · C-peptide · Fructosamine · Glycated hemoglobin

Metabolic	Blood lipids

Cardiovascular	Cardiac marker: Troponin test · CPK-MB test · LDH · Myoglobin · Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB

Digestive Liver function tests: protein tests (Human serum albumin, Serum total protein) · ALP · transaminases (ALT, AST, AST/ALT ratio) · Bilirubin (Unconjugated, Conjugated) Amylase · Lipase (Pancreatic lipase)

M: URI anat/phys/devp/cell noco/acba/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, urte proc/itvp, drug (G4B), blte, urte

M: END anat/phys/devp/horm noco(d)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon proc, drug (A10/H1/H2/H3/H5)

M: HRT anat/phys/devp noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr proc, drug (C1A/1B/1C/1D), blte

M: DIG anat(t, g, p)/phys/devp/enzy noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon proc, drug(A2A/2B/3/4/5/6/7/14/16), blte

v · d · e Medical test: Myeloid blood tests (CPT 85002-85999)

MEP	Clotting (megakaryocytes) CBC (Platelet count) · Mean platelet volume · vWF: Ristocetin induced platelet agglutination

clotting factors: Prothrombin time · Partial thromboplastin time · Thrombin time

other/general coagulation: Bleeding time · animal enzyme (Reptilase time, Ecarin clotting time, Dilute Russell's viper venom time) · Thromboelastography fibrinolysis: Euglobulin lysis time · D-dimer

Red blood cell indices (erythrocytes) CBC (RBC count, Hematocrit, Hemoglobin)

ratios: Mean corpuscular hemoglobin · Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration · Mean corpuscular volume

Fetal hemoglobin: Apt-Downey test · Kleihauer-Betke test · Red blood cell distribution width

Reticulocyte index · Haptoglobin Mentzer index

CFU-GM	Nitro blue tetrazolium chloride test · CBC (Absolute neutrophil count)

Other	Blood film · Blood viscosity · Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

M: MYL cell/phys (coag, heme, immu, gran), csfs rbmg/mogr/tumr/hist, sysi/epon, btst drug (B1/2/3+5+6), btst, trns

v · d · e Medical test: Reference ranges, CSF tests (CPT 82000-84999)

Albumin	CSF albumin · CSF/serum albumin ratio

Glucose	CSF glucose · CSF/serum glucose ratio

Other	Baricity

see also reference ranges for urine tests M: CNS anat(n/s/m/p/4/e/b/d/c/a/f/l/g)/phys/devp noco(m/d/e/h/v/s)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr proc, drug(N1A/2AB/C/3/4/7A/B/C/D)

v · d · e Medical test: Immunologic techniques and tests (CPT 86000-86849)

Immunologic techniques and tests · serology/ diagnostic immunology	Immunoprecipitation	Chromatin immunoprecipitation · Immunodiffusion (Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion, Radial immunodiffusion, Immunoelectrophoresis, Counterimmunoelectrophoresis)

Immunoassay	ELISA · ELISPOT · Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique · RAST test · Radioimmunoassay · Radiobinding assay · Immunofluorescence

Agglutination	Hemagglutination/Hemagglutinin (Coombs test) · Latex fixation test

Other	Nephelometry · Complement fixation test · Immunocytochemistry · Immunohistochemistry (Direct fluorescent antibody) · Epitope mapping · Skin allergy test · Patch test

Inflammation C-reactive protein · Procalcitonin

Total complement activity · MELISA CBC (lymphocyte count)

M: LMC cell/phys/auag/auab/comp, igrc imdf/ipig/hyps/tumr proc, drug(L3/4)

v · d · e Medical test: Antibodies: autoantibodies

Anti-nuclear antibody PBC: Anti-gp210 · Anti-p62 · Anti-sp100

ENA: Anti-topoisomerase/Scl-70 · Anti-Jo1 · ENA4 (Anti-Sm, Anti-nRNP, Anti-Ro, Anti-La)

Anti-centromere Anti-dsDNA

Anti-mitochondrial antibody	Anti-cardiolipin

Anti-cytoplasm antibody	Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic (C-ANCA, P-ANCA) · Anti-smooth muscle (Anti-actin) · Anti-TPO/Antimicrosomal

Cell membrane	Anti-ganglioside · Anti-GBM

Extracellular Anti-thrombin · Lupus anticoagulant

Gluten sensitivity: Anti-transglutaminase · (Anti-gliadin not autoantibody) RA (Rheumatoid factor/anti-IgG, Anti-citrullinated peptide)

Multiple locations	Anti-phospholipid · Anti-apolipoprotein

Ungrouped	Anti-glutamate receptor antibodies

M: LMC cell/phys/auag/auab/comp, igrc imdf/ipig/hyps/tumr proc, drug(L3/4)

v · d · e Transfusion medicine

General concepts	Apheresis (plasmapheresis, plateletpheresis, leukapheresis) · Blood transfusion · Coombs test (direct and indirect) · Cross-matching · Exchange transfusion · International Society of Blood Transfusion · Intraoperative blood salvage · ISBT 128 · Transfusion reactions

Blood group systems/ blood types	ABO · Chido-Rodgers · Colton · Cromer · Diego · Dombrock · Duffy · Gerbich · GIL · Hh · Ii · Indian · JMH · Kell (Xk) · Kidd · Knops · LW · Lewis · Lutheran · MNS · OK · P · Raph · Rh and RHAG · Scianna · T-Tn · Xg · Yt · Other

Blood products/ blood donation Whole blood · Platelets · Red blood cells · Plasma/Fresh frozen plasma/PF24 (Cryoprecipitate + Cryosupernatant) · Blood substitutes

M: MYL cell/phys (coag, heme, immu, gran), csfs rbmg/mogr/tumr/hist, sysi/epon, btst drug (B1/2/3+5+6), btst, trns

v · d · e Medical test: Infectious blood tests (CPT 87001-87999)

Bacterial infection	syphilis (VDRL, rapid plasma reagin, Wassermann test, FTA-ABS) · Rickettsia (Weil-Felix test) · Helicobacter (HelicoCARE direct) · Streptococcus (antistreptolysin O titre)

Viral infection	HIV (HIV test, BDNA test, mChip) · Epstein-Barr virus (monospot test) · Dengue fever (NS1 antigen test)

Protozoan infection	toxoplasmosis (Sabin-Feldman dye test)

M: BAC bact (clas) gr+f/gr+a(t)/gr-p(c)/gr-o drug(J1p, w, n, m, vacc)

M: VIR virs(prot)/clss cutn/syst (hppv/hiva, infl/zost/zoon)/epon drugJ(dnaa, rnaa, rtva, vacc)

M: PRO ambz, excv, chrm (strc) ambz, excv, chrm ambz, excv, chrm

v · d · e Medicine: Pathology

Principles of pathology Disease/Medical condition (Infection, Neoplasia) · Hemodynamics (Ischemia) · Inflammation · Wound healing

Cell death: Necrosis (Liquefactive necrosis, Coagulative necrosis, Caseous necrosis, Fat necrosis) · Apoptosis · Pyknosis · Karyorrhexis · Karyolysis

Cellular adaptation: Atrophy · Hypertrophy · Hyperplasia · Dysplasia · Metaplasia (Squamous, Glandular) accumulations: pigment (Hemosiderin, Lipochrome/Lipofuscin, Melanin) · Steatosis

Anatomical pathology	Surgical pathology · Cytopathology · Autopsy · Molecular pathology · Forensic pathology · Dental pathology Gross examination · Histopathology · Immunohistochemistry · Electron microscopy · Immunofluorescence · Fluorescent in situ hybridization

Clinical pathology	Clinical chemistry · Hematopathology · Transfusion medicine · Medical microbiology · Diagnostic immunology · Immunopathology Enzyme assay · Mass spectrometry · Chromatography · Flow cytometry · Blood bank · Microbiological culture · Serology

Specific conditions	Myocardial infarction

v · d · e Medical test: Electrodiagnosis

Electrocardiography	Vectorcardiography · Magnetocardiography

Central nervous system	Electroencephalography (Intracranial EEG) · Magnetoencephalography

Peripheral nervous system	Electromyography (Facial electromyography) · Nerve conduction study

Eyes	Electronystagmography · Electrooculography · Electroretinography

Digestive system	Electrogastrogram · Magnetogastrography

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http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Transition_Metals
Transition Metals:
 * Scandium
 * Titanium
 * Vanadium
 * Chromium
 * Manganese
 * Iron
 * Scandium
 * Titanium
 * Vanadium
 * Chromium
 * Manganese
 * Iron
 * Cobalt
 * Nickel
 * Copper
 * Zinc
 * Manganese
 * Yttrium
 * Zirconium
 * Niobium
 * Molybdenum
 * Technetium
 * Ruthenium
 * Rhodium
 * Palladium
 * Silver
 * Cadmium
 * Hafnium
 * Tantalum
 * Tungsten
 * Rhenium
 * Osmium
 * Iridium
 * Platinum
 * Gold
 * Mercury
 * Unnilquadium
 * Unnilpentium
 * Unnilhexium
 * Unnilseptium
 * Unniloctium
 * Unnilennium
 * Ununnilium
 * Unununium
 * Ununbium

http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Nanotechnology
Welcome to the Division of Nanotechnology, a division of Interdisciplinary Studies, the School of Engineering, and the Department of Materials Science.

The Center for Nanotechnology provides a multi-disciplinary approach in cooperation with Engineering and Technology the School of Physics and the Department of Molecular Biology.

Subdivisions and departments
Like divisions, subdivisions and departments are pages in the Topic namespace) and their names start with the "Topic:" prefix. Individual departments can be used by multiple schools. Schools that use (link to) the same department should cooperate to develop the department. Subdivisions are used by large divisions to help organize related departments. Not all divisions have subdivisions. If you need a subdivision in your division, you can use the Template:Subdivision boilerplate template to start a subdivision.

Learning resources and projects

 * Nanotechnology readings

Active participants
The histories of Wikiversity pages indicate who the active participants are. If you are an active participant in this division, you can list your name here (this can help small divisions grow and the participants communicate better; for large divisions a list of active participants is not needed).
 * Dr SHOEB82

Division news

 * September 16, 2006 - Division founded!
 * February 26, 2007 - Added some related news items to the department page.

Scholarly papers

 * Fuel-Powered Artificial Muscles

Open source software

 * SXM++ - Program to capture data from scanning tunneling microscopes

Related news

 * January 2009 Seventy-year quest to synthesize compound could have big pay off in nanotechnology
 * August 2008 True properties of carbon nanotubes measured
 * July 2008 'Nanonet' circuits closer to making flexible electronics reality
 * January 2008 New process makes nanofibers in complex shapes and unlimited lengths
 * December 2007 Nanowire battery can hold 10 times the charge of existing lithium-ion battery
 * Archives